This document discusses various color models used in computer graphics including RGB, HSV, HSL, CMY, and CMYK. It explains the key components of each model such as hue, saturation, value, and how colors are represented. Common applications of different color models are also summarized such as RGB for computer displays and CMYK for printing. In addition, the concepts of dithering and half-toning techniques used to reproduce colors on devices are introduced.
Color fundamentals and color models - Digital Image ProcessingAmna
This presentation is based on Color fundamentals and Color models.
~ Introduction to Colors
~ Color in Image Processing
~ Color Fundamentals
~ Color Models
~ RGB Model
~ CMY Model
~ CMYK Model
~ HSI Model
~ HSI and RGB
~ RGB To HSI
~ HSI To RGB
Color fundamentals and color models - Digital Image ProcessingAmna
This presentation is based on Color fundamentals and Color models.
~ Introduction to Colors
~ Color in Image Processing
~ Color Fundamentals
~ Color Models
~ RGB Model
~ CMY Model
~ CMYK Model
~ HSI Model
~ HSI and RGB
~ RGB To HSI
~ HSI To RGB
An illumination model, also called a lighting model and sometimes referred to as a shading model, is used to calculate the intensity of light that we should see at a given point on the surface of an object.
color image processing is divided into two major areas:
1. Full Color image Processing
2. Pseudo Color image Processing
It Includes Color Fundamentals,Color Models,Pseudo color image Processing,Full Color image Processing,Color Transformation.
Any colour that can be specified using a model will correspond to a single point within the subspace it defines. Each colour model is oriented towards either specific hardware (RGB,CMY,YIQ), or image processing applications (HSI).
An illumination model, also called a lighting model and sometimes referred to as a shading model, is used to calculate the intensity of light that we should see at a given point on the surface of an object.
color image processing is divided into two major areas:
1. Full Color image Processing
2. Pseudo Color image Processing
It Includes Color Fundamentals,Color Models,Pseudo color image Processing,Full Color image Processing,Color Transformation.
Any colour that can be specified using a model will correspond to a single point within the subspace it defines. Each colour model is oriented towards either specific hardware (RGB,CMY,YIQ), or image processing applications (HSI).
Lecture 4 Decision Trees (2): Entropy, Information Gain, Gain RatioMarina Santini
attribute selection, constructing decision trees, decision trees, divide and conquer, entropy, gain ratio, information gain, machine leaning, pruning, rules, suprisal
Do Not just learn computer graphics an close your computer tab and go away..
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Here I presented my presentation slide about color image processing.
In color image processing, an abstract mathematical model known as color space is used to characterize the colors in terms of intensity values. This color space uses a three-dimensional coordinate system. For different types of applications, a number of different color spaces exists. The saturation is determined by the excitation purity, and depends on the amount of white light mixed with the hue. A pure hue is fully saturated, i.e. no white light mixed in. Hue and saturation together determine the chromaticity for a given colour. Finally, the intensity is determined by the actual amount of light, with more light corresponding to more intense colours[1].
Achromatic light has no colour - its only attribute is quantity or intensity. Greylevel is a measure of intensity. The intensity is determined by the energy, and is therefore a physical quantity. On the other hand, brightness or luminance is determined by the perception of the colour, and is therefore psychological. Given equally intense blue and green, the blue is perceived as much darker than the green. Note also that our perception of intensity is nonlinear, with changes of normalised intensity from 0.1 to 0.11 and from 0.5 to 0.55 being perceived as equal changes in brightness[2].
Colour depends primarily on the reflectance properties of an object. We see those rays that are reflected, while others are absorbed. However, we also must consider the colour of the light source, and the nature of human visual system. For example, an object that reflects both red and green will appear green when there is green but no red light illuminating it, and conversely it will appear red in the absence of green light. In pure white light, it will appear yellow (= red + green).
full color,pseudo color,color fundamentals,Hue saturation Brightness,color model,RGB color model,CMY and CMYK color model,HSI color model,Coverting RGB to HSI, HSI examples
RGB color stands for RED,GREEN and BLUE. This color model is used in computer monitors, television sets,
and theater. It's an additive color model.
CMYK refers to the four inks used in some color printing: cyan, magenta, yellow and key (black).
Presentation By daroko blog-where IT learners apply Skills in real business environment.
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This presentation will introduce you to color representation in computer graphics.
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Do Not just learn computer graphics an close your computer tab and go away..
APPLY them in real business,
Visit Daroko blog for real IT skills applications,androind, Computer graphics,Networking,Programming,IT jobs Types, IT news and applications,blogging,Builing a website, IT companies and how you can form yours, Technology news and very many More IT related subject.
-simply google:Daroko blog(professionalbloggertricks.com)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
• Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Presentation by Daroko blog, to see More tutorials more than this one here, Daroko blog has all tutorials related with IT course, simply visit the site by simply Entering the phrase Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com) to search engines such as Google or yahoo!, learn some Blogging, affiliate marketing ,and ways of making Money with the computer graphic Applications(it is useless to learn all these tutorials when you can apply them as a student you know),also learn where you can apply all IT skills in a real Business Environment after learning Graphics another computer realate courses.ly
• Be practically real, not just academic reader
An evaluation of two popular segmentation algorithms, the mean shift-based segmentation algorithm and a graph-based segmentation scheme. We also consider a hybrid method which combines the other two methods.
4.1Introduction
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- Confinement Problems
- Design Issues in Building Secure Distributed Systems
4.2 Cryptography
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- Asymmetric Cryptosystem
4.3 Secure Channels
- Authentication
- Message Integrity and Confidentiality
- Secure Group Communication
4.4 Access Control
- General Issues
- Firewalls
- Secure Mobile Code
4.5 Security Management
- Key Management
- Issues in Key Distribution
- Secure Group Management
- Authorization Management
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. 2
Properties of Light
Color Models
Standard primaries and the chromaticity diagram
The RGB color model
The YIQ and related color model
The HSV color model
The HSL Color model
The CMY and CMYK Color models
Color Models Applications
Dithering VS Half-toning
3. 3
Properties of Light
Each frequency value within the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum
corresponds to a distinct spectral color.
FIGURE-1
4. 4
• When white light is incident on an opaque object , some
frequencies are reflected and some are absorbed.
• The combination of frequencies present in the reflected in the
reflected light determines the color of the object that we
see.(Dominant frequency or Hue)
Properties of Light
6. 6
Characteristics of Color
1. Dominant Frequency (Hue)
The color we see (red, green,
purple).
2. Brightness
The total light energy, how bright is the color (How bright
are the lights illuminating the object?)
3. Purity (Saturation)
Purity describes how close a light appears to be to a pure
spectral color, such as pink is less saturated than red.
Chromaticity refers to the two properties (purity & hue)
together.
7. 7
•A color model is an abstract mathematical model
describing the way colors can be represented as tuples of
numbers, typically as three or four values or color
components. [Wikipedia]
•Any method for explaining the properties or behavior of
color within some particular context is called a Color
Model.[Hearn, Baker ,computer graphics with OpenGL]
Color Model
8. 8
Color Model
Primary Colors
Sets of colors that can be combined to make a useful range of
colors
Color Gamut
Set of all colors that we can produce from the primary colors.
Complementary Colors
Pairs of colors which, when combined in the right proportions,
produce white.
Example, in the RGB model: red & cyan , green & magenta , blue
& yellow.
•No finite set of real primary colors can be combined to produce all possible visible
colors.
•However, given a set of three primary colors, we can characterize any fourth color
using color-mixing processes.
9. 9
Shades , Tints & Tones
• A shade is produced by “dimming ” a hue.[Adding black].
Dark Blue = pure blue + black
• A tint is produced by "lightening" a hue. [Adding white].
Pastel red = pure red + white
• Tone refers to the effects of reducing the "colorfulness" of a hue.
[adding gray] or [adding black & white].
Thus, shading takes a hue toward black, tinting takes a hue
towards white, and tones cover the range between.
Color Model
10. 10
Color Model
Additive color
Uses light to display color. Mixing begins with black and ends with white; as more
color is added, the result is lighter and tends to white. Used for computer displays
Example: The RGB colors are light primaries and colors are created with light.
A subtractive color
Uses ink to display color. Mixing means that one begins with white and ends with
black; as one adds color, the result gets darker and tends to black. Used for printed
material
It is called 'subtractive' because its wavelength is less than sum of the wavelengths
of its constituting colors.
Example: The CMYK color system is the color system used for printing.
11. 11
Standard Primaries & the chromaticity diagram
•This is an international standard for primary colors
established in 1931.
• It allows all other colors to be defined as weighted sum of the
three "primary" colors.
• There are no real three colors that can be combined to give
all possible colors. Therefore the Three standard primaries are
selected [imaginary numbers].
•They are defined mathematically with positive color-matching
functions that specify the amount of each primary needed to
describe any spectral color.
12. 12
Standard Primaries & the chromaticity diagram
Color-matching functions
A color in the
vicinity of
500nm can be
matched only
but subtracting
an amount of
red light from a
combination of
blue and green
lights.
14. 14
Standard Primaries & the chromaticity diagram
To define a color in CIE model, provide weights for
the X, Y and Z primaries, just as you would for an
RGB display (e.g. color = xX + yY + zZ).
• X, Y and Z form a three dimensional color volume.
• We can ignore the dimension of luminance by
normalizing with total light intensity, x+y+z = 1.
CIE chromaticity diagram.
15. 15
Standard Primaries & the chromaticity diagram
Gamut Color
Complementary Color Dominant Wavelength
&
Purity
RGB Model
16. 16
•The red, green, and blue (RGB) color space is
widely used throughout computer graphics.
•Additive Color Model.
•Unit Cube defined on R, G & B axes.
•The Origin (0,0,0) represents black and the
diagonally opposite vertex (1,1,1) is White.
•Vertices of the cube on the axes represent
primary colors, and the remaining vertices are
the complementary color points for each of the
primary colors.
•Shades of gray are represented along the
main diagonal.
RGB Model
17. 17
Each color point within the unit cube can be represented as
w weighted vector sum of the primary colors, using unit
vectors R,G and B.
C(λ) =(R,G,B) = RR +GG+ BB
Where R,G, and B are assigned values in the range from 0
to 1.0.
For example , the magenta vertex is obtained by adding the
maximum red and blue values to produce : (1,0,1)
RGB Model
18. 18
YIQ model
•YIQ model is used for US TV broadcast.
•This model was designed to separate chrominance (I and
Q) from luminance (Y).
•This was a requirement in the early days of color television
when black-and-white sets still were expected to pick up
and display what were originally color pictures
•The Y-channel contains luminance information (sufficient
for black-and-white television sets) while the I and Q
channels carried the color information.
19. 19
•A color television set would take these three channels, Y, I, and Q, and map
the information back to R, G, and B levels for display on a screen.
•The advantage of this model is that more bandwidth can be assigned to the
Y-component (luminance) because the human visual system is more
sensitive to changes in luminance than to changes in hue or saturation
YIQ model
Convert From RGB To YIQ Convert From YIQ To RGB
20. 20
HSV Model
Every color is represented by three components Hue ( H ),
Saturation ( S ) and Value ( V )
21. 21
HSV Model
The Hue (H) of a color refers to which pure color it resembles.
All tints, tones and shades of red have the same hue. (simply
the color we see)
22. 22
HSV Model
The Saturation (S) of a color describes how white the color is.
Or the amount of white added to the color. A pure red is fully
saturated (S=1) means no white added
23. 23
HSV Model
The Value (V) of a color, also called its lightness, describes
how dark the color is. A value of 0 is black, with increasing
lightness moving away from black.
25. 25
HSL Model
• Vertical Axis is called Lightness(L).
• At L=0 we have black , and at L=1 we have white
• Grayscale values are along the L axis
• The pure colors lie at the axis where L=0.5 and S=1.0
26. 26
•Subtractive Color Model.
•Stands for cyan-magenta-yellow.
•Used for hardcopy devices (ex. Printers).
•A printed color that looks red absorbs
the other two components G and B and
reflects R.
•Thus the C-M-Y coordinates are just the
complements of the R-G-B coordinates.
CMY and CMYK Model
27. 27
In additive color models such as RGB, white is the “additive”
combination of all primary colored lights, while black is the absence
of light.
In the CMYK model, it is the opposite: white is the natural color of the
paper or other background, while black results from a full
combination of colored inks.
CMY and CMYK Model
RGB To CMY CMY To RGB
28. 28
CMYK Color Model
Although cyan, magenta and yellow inks might be expected be sufficient for
color printing, most actual color printing uses black ink in addition.
This is partly because a mixture of the first three inks may not yield a black
that is neutral enough, or dark enough, but also because the use of black
spares the use of the more expensive colored inks, and also reduces the total
amount of ink used, thus speeding drying times.
K used instead of equal amounts of CMY
• called under color removal
• richer black
• less ink deposited on paper – dries more quickly
• First approximation – nonlinearities must be
accommodated:
K = min(C, M, Y)
C’ = C – K
M’ = M – K
Y’ = Y – K
CMY and CMYK Model
29. Color Model Application Area Color Model Application Area
RGB
- Computer graphics
- Image processing
- Image Analysis
- Image Storage
CMY(K) Printing
HSV, HSL
- Human visual perception
- Computer graphics processing
- Computer Vision
- Image Analysis
- Design image
- Human vision
- Image editing software
- Video editor
YIQ
- TV broadcasting
- Video system
Color Models Applications
30. 30
• A technique used in newspaper printing
Only two intensities are possible, blob of ink and no blob of
ink. But, the size of the blob can be varied
Halftone
32. 32
Half toning is the reproduction of grayscale images using dots
but with varying size.
Typical Application Laser printer.
If a monitor can't show a certain color, dithering approximates
the color by placing close together pixels in colors that the
computer can display.
Typical Application Web graphic designers often limit their
images to 256 colors and use dithering to imply other colors.
Halt-Toning Vs. Dithering
33. 33
References
• Hearn, Baker and Carithers,
Computer Graphics with OpenGL
• https://www.siggraph.org/education/m
aterials/HyperGraph/color/colorcm.ht
m
• www.wikipedia.com
• http://www.cs.sun.ac.za/~lvzijl/courses
/rw778/grafika/OpenGLtuts/Big/graphi
csnotes008.html