This document discusses color image processing and provides information on various color models and color fundamentals. It describes full-color and pseudo-color processing, color fundamentals including the visible light spectrum, color perception by the human eye, and color properties. It also summarizes RGB, CMY/CMYK, and HSI color models, conversions between models, and methods for pseudo-color image processing including intensity slicing and intensity to color transformations.
Color fundamentals and color models - Digital Image ProcessingAmna
This presentation is based on Color fundamentals and Color models.
~ Introduction to Colors
~ Color in Image Processing
~ Color Fundamentals
~ Color Models
~ RGB Model
~ CMY Model
~ CMYK Model
~ HSI Model
~ HSI and RGB
~ RGB To HSI
~ HSI To RGB
color image processing is divided into two major areas:
1. Full Color image Processing
2. Pseudo Color image Processing
It Includes Color Fundamentals,Color Models,Pseudo color image Processing,Full Color image Processing,Color Transformation.
Color fundamentals and color models - Digital Image ProcessingAmna
This presentation is based on Color fundamentals and Color models.
~ Introduction to Colors
~ Color in Image Processing
~ Color Fundamentals
~ Color Models
~ RGB Model
~ CMY Model
~ CMYK Model
~ HSI Model
~ HSI and RGB
~ RGB To HSI
~ HSI To RGB
color image processing is divided into two major areas:
1. Full Color image Processing
2. Pseudo Color image Processing
It Includes Color Fundamentals,Color Models,Pseudo color image Processing,Full Color image Processing,Color Transformation.
Here in the ppt a detailed description of Image Enhancement Techniques is given which includes topics like Basic Gray level Transformations,Histogram Processing.
Enhancement using Arithmetic/Logic Operations.
image averaging and image averaging methods.
Piecewise-Linear Transformation Functions
Image Restoration And Reconstruction
Mean Filters
Order-Statistic Filters
Spatial Filtering: Mean Filters
Adaptive Filters
Adaptive Mean Filters
Adaptive Median Filters
Basic Introduction about Image Restoration (Order Statistics Filters)
Median Filter
Max and Min Filter
MidPoint Filter
Alpha-trimmed Mean filter.
and Brief Introduction to Periodic Noise
Any Question contact kalyan.acharjya@gmail.com
This presentation describes briefly about the image enhancement in spatial domain, basic gray level transformation, histogram processing, enhancement using arithmetic/ logical operation, basics of spatial filtering and local enhancements.
COM2304: Intensity Transformation and Spatial Filtering – I (Intensity Transf...Hemantha Kulathilake
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to;
describe spatial domain of the digital image.
recognize the image enhancement techniques.
describe and apply the concept of intensity transformation.
express histograms and histogram processing.
describe image noise.
characterize the types of Noise.
describe concept of image restoration.
This slides about brief Introduction to Image Restoration Techniques. How to estimate the degradation function, noise models and its probability density functions.
Do Not just learn computer graphics an close your computer tab and go away..
APPLY them in real business,
Visit Daroko blog for real IT skills applications,androind, Computer graphics,Networking,Programming,IT jobs Types, IT news and applications,blogging,Builing a website, IT companies and how you can form yours, Technology news and very many More IT related subject.
-simply google:Daroko blog(professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Presentation by Daroko blog, to see More tutorials more than this one here, Daroko blog has all tutorials related with IT course, simply visit the site by simply Entering the phrase Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com) to search engines such as Google or yahoo!, learn some Blogging, affiliate marketing ,and ways of making Money with the computer graphic Applications(it is useless to learn all these tutorials when you can apply them as a student you know),also learn where you can apply all IT skills in a real Business Environment after learning Graphics another computer realate courses.ly
• Be practically real, not just academic reader
Here in the ppt a detailed description of Image Enhancement Techniques is given which includes topics like Basic Gray level Transformations,Histogram Processing.
Enhancement using Arithmetic/Logic Operations.
image averaging and image averaging methods.
Piecewise-Linear Transformation Functions
Image Restoration And Reconstruction
Mean Filters
Order-Statistic Filters
Spatial Filtering: Mean Filters
Adaptive Filters
Adaptive Mean Filters
Adaptive Median Filters
Basic Introduction about Image Restoration (Order Statistics Filters)
Median Filter
Max and Min Filter
MidPoint Filter
Alpha-trimmed Mean filter.
and Brief Introduction to Periodic Noise
Any Question contact kalyan.acharjya@gmail.com
This presentation describes briefly about the image enhancement in spatial domain, basic gray level transformation, histogram processing, enhancement using arithmetic/ logical operation, basics of spatial filtering and local enhancements.
COM2304: Intensity Transformation and Spatial Filtering – I (Intensity Transf...Hemantha Kulathilake
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to;
describe spatial domain of the digital image.
recognize the image enhancement techniques.
describe and apply the concept of intensity transformation.
express histograms and histogram processing.
describe image noise.
characterize the types of Noise.
describe concept of image restoration.
This slides about brief Introduction to Image Restoration Techniques. How to estimate the degradation function, noise models and its probability density functions.
Do Not just learn computer graphics an close your computer tab and go away..
APPLY them in real business,
Visit Daroko blog for real IT skills applications,androind, Computer graphics,Networking,Programming,IT jobs Types, IT news and applications,blogging,Builing a website, IT companies and how you can form yours, Technology news and very many More IT related subject.
-simply google:Daroko blog(professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com)
• Presentation by Daroko blog, to see More tutorials more than this one here, Daroko blog has all tutorials related with IT course, simply visit the site by simply Entering the phrase Daroko blog (www.professionalbloggertricks.com) to search engines such as Google or yahoo!, learn some Blogging, affiliate marketing ,and ways of making Money with the computer graphic Applications(it is useless to learn all these tutorials when you can apply them as a student you know),also learn where you can apply all IT skills in a real Business Environment after learning Graphics another computer realate courses.ly
• Be practically real, not just academic reader
full color,pseudo color,color fundamentals,Hue saturation Brightness,color model,RGB color model,CMY and CMYK color model,HSI color model,Coverting RGB to HSI, HSI examples
The Importance of Terminology and sRGB Uncertainty - Notes - 0.5Thomas Mansencal
The organised and formatted embodiment of the Colour Science notes I have taken along the years.
It is aimed at the VFX industry, and is the work-in-progress subset of a broader and generic Colour Science presentation.
The human visual system can distinguish hundreds of thousands of different color shades and intensities, but only around 100 shades of grey. Therefore, a great deal of extra information in an image may be contained in color. This additional information can simplify image analysis such as object identification and extraction based on color.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
5. Color Fundamentals
• Color Image Processing is divided into two major areas:
• 1) Full-color processing
• Images are acquired with a full-color sensor, such as a
color TV camera or color scanner
• Used in publishing, visualization, and the Internet
• 2) Pseudo color processing
• Assigning a color to a particular monochrome intensity
or range of intensities
6. Color Fundamentals
• In 1666, Sir Isaac Newton discovered that when a beam of
sunlight passes through a glass prism, the emerging beam
of light is split into a spectrum of colors ranging from violet
at one end to red at the other
7. Color Fundamentals
• Visible light as a narrow band of frequencies in EM
• A body that reflects light that is balanced in all visible
wavelengths appears white
• However, a body that favors reflectance in a limited range
of the visible spectrum exhibits some shades of color
• Green objects reflect wavelength in the 500 nm to 570 nm
range while absorbing most of the energy at other
wavelengths
8. Color Fundamentals
• If the light is achromatic (void of color), its only attribute is
its intensity, or amount
• Chromatic light spans EM from 380 to 780 nm
• Three basic quantities to describe the quality:
• 1) Radiance is the total amount of energy that flows from
the light source, and it is usually measured in watts (W)
• 2) Luminance, measured in lumens (lm), gives a measure of
the amount of energy an observer perceives from a light
source
• For example, light emitted from a source operating in the
far infrared region of the spectrum could have significant
energy (radiance), but an observer would hardly perceive
it; its luminance would be almost zero
9. Color Fundamentals
• 3) Brightness is a subjective descriptor that is practically
impossible to measure. It embodies the achromatic notion
of intensity and is one of the key factors in describing color
sensation
10. Color Fundamentals
• Cones are the sensors in the eye responsible for color
vision. 6 to 7 million cones in the human eye can be divided
into three principle categories: red, green, and blue
11. Color Fundamentals
• Approximately 65% of all cones are sensitive to red light,
33% are sensitive to green light, and only about 2% are
sensitive to blue (but the blue cones are the most sensitive)
• According to CIE (International Commission on
Illumination) wavelengths of blue = 435.8 nm, green =
546.1 nm, and red = 700 nm
13. Color Fundamentals
• To distinguish one color from another are brightness, hue,
and saturation
• Brightness embodies the achromatic notion of intensity
• Hue is an attribute associated with the dominant
wavelength in a mixture of light waves. Hue represents
dominant color as perceived by an observer. Thus, when we
call an object red, orange, or yellow, we are referring to its
hue
• Saturation refers to the relative purity or the amount of
white light mixed with a hue. The pure spectrum colors are
fully saturated. Colors such as pink and lavender are less
saturated, with the degree of saturation being inversely
proportional to the amount of white light added
14. Color Fundamentals
• Hue and saturation taken together are called Chromaticity
• Therefore a color may be characterized by its brightness
and chromaticity
• The amounts of red, green, and blue needed to form any
particular color are called the Tristimulus values and are
denoted, X, Y, and Z, respectively
• Tri-chromatic coefficients
ZYX
X
x
ZYX
Y
y
ZYX
Z
z
1 zyx
16. Color Fundamentals
• For any value of x and y, the corresponding value of z is
obtained by noting that z = 1-(x+y)
• 62% green, 25% red, and 13% blue
• Pure colors are at boundary which are fully saturated
• Any point within boundary represents some mixture of
spectrum colors
• Equal energy and equal fractions of the three primary
colors represents white light
• The saturation at the point of equal energy is zero
• Chromaticity diagram is useful for color mixing
18. Color Fundamentals
• Printing gamut is irregular because color printing is a
combination of additive and subtractive color mixing, a
process that is much more difficult to control than that of
displaying colors on a monitor, which is based on the
addition of three highly controllable light primaries
19. Color Models
• Also known as color space or color system
• Purpose is to facilitate the specification of colors in some
standard, generally accepted way
• Oriented either toward hardware (such as monitors and
printers) or toward applications (color graphics for
animation)
• Hardware oriented models most commonly used in
practices are the RGB model for color monitors or color
video cameras, CMY and CMYK models for color printing,
and the HSI model, which corresponds closely with the way
humans describe and interpret color.
• HSI model also has the advantage that it decouples the
color and gray-scale information in an image
20. RGB Color Models
• Each color appears in its primary spectral components of
red, green, and blue.
• Model based on a Cartesian coordinate system
21. RGB Color Models
• RGB primary values are at three corners; the secondary
colors cyan, magenta, and yellow are at the other corners;
black is at the origin; and white is at the corner
• In this model, the gray scale (points of equal RGB values)
extends from black to white along the line joining these
two points
• The different colors in this model are points on or inside
the cube, and are defined by vectors extending from the
origin
• RGB images consist three images (R, G, and B planes)
• When fed into an RGB monitor, these three images
combine on the screen to produce a composite color image
22. RGB Color Models
• Number of bits used to represent each pixel in RGB space is
called the pixel depth
• RGB image has 24 bit pixel depth
• True color or full color image is a 24 bit RGB image
• Total colors in 24-bit image is (28)3 = 16,777,216
24. RGB Color Models
• Many systems in use today are limited to 256 colors
• Many applications require few colors only
• Given the variety of systems in current use, it is of
considerable interest to have subset of colors that are likely
to be reproduced faithfully, this subset of colors are called
the set of safe RGB colors, or the set of all-systems-safe
colors
• In internet applications, they are called safe Web colors or
safe browser colors
• On the assumption that 256 colors is the minimum number
of colors that can be reproduced faithfully
• Forty of these 256 colors are known to be processed
differently by various operating systems
26. CMY and CMYK Color Models
• CMY are the secondary colors of light, or, alternatively, the
primary colors of pigments
• For example, when a surface coated with cyan pigment is
illuminated with white light, no red light is reflected from
the surface because cyan subtracts red light from reflected
white light
• Color printers and copiers require CMY data input or
perform RGB to CMY conversion internally
B
G
R
Y
M
C
1
1
1
27. CMY and CMYK Color Models
• Equal amounts of the pigment primaries, cyan, magenta,
and yellow should produce black
• In practice, combining these colors for printing produces a
muddy-looking black
• So, in order to produce true black, a fourth color, black, is
added, giving rise to the CMYK color model
28. HSI Color Model
• Unfortunately, the RGB, CMY, and other similar color
models are not well suited for describing colors in terms
that are practical for human interpretation
• For example, one does not refer to the color of an
automobile by giving the percentage of the primaries
composing its color
• We do not think of color images as being composed of
three primary images that combine to form that single
image
• When human view a color object, we describe it by its hue,
saturation, and brightness
33. Converting from HSI to RGB
• RG sector:
)1( SIB
)60cos(
cos
1
H
HS
IR
)(3 BRIG
1200 H
34. Converting from HSI to RGB
• GB sector:
)1( SIR
)60cos(
cos
1
H
HS
IG
)(3 GRIB
120 HH
240120 H
35. Converting from HSI to RGB
• GB sector:
)1( SIG
)60cos(
cos
1
H
HS
IB
)(3 BGIR
240 HH
360240 H
36. HSI Color Model
• HSI (Hue, saturation, intensity) color model, decouples the
intensity component from the color-carrying information
(hue and saturation) in a color image
37. Pseudocolor Image Processing
• Pseudocolor (false color) image processing consists of
assigning colors to gray values based on a specified
criterion
• It is different than the process associated with the color
images
• Principal use of pseudocolor is for human visualization and
interpretation of gray scale events in an image or sequence
of images
• Two methods for pseudocolor image processing:
• 1) Intensity Slicing
• 2) Intensity to Color Transformations
38. Intensity Slicing
• Also called density slicing and piece wise linear function
• If an image is interpreted as a 3-D function, the method can
be viewed as one of placing planes parallel to the
coordinate plane of the image; each plane then “slices” of
the function in the area of intersection
43. Intensity to Color Transformations
• Achieving a wider range of pseudocolor enhancement
results than simple slicing technique
• Idea underlying this approach is to perform three
independent transformations on the intensity of any input
pixel
• Three results are then fed separately into the red, green,
and blue channels of a color television monitor
• This produces a composite image whose color content is
modulated by the nature of the transformation functions
• Not the functions of position
• Nonlinear function