Colloid mill.pptx
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This document discusses colloid mills and mortar & pestles used in pharmaceutical engineering. It was prepared by Kashish Wilson, an assistant professor at MM College of Pharmacy located in Mullana Ambala. The author thanks the reader for their time.
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The document discusses three main modes of size reduction: cutting, compression, and impact. Cutting involves using sharp blades to cut fibrous and waxy materials, like in a cutter mill. Compression crushes soft materials between rollers through applied pressure, as in a roller mill. Impact involves high-speed hammers or bars splitting materials apart on impact, making it suitable for all drugs. Examples of impact mills are fluid energy mills and ball mills. Attrition breaks down brittle drugs through rubbing action between surfaces, as also seen in fluid energy and ball mills.
colloidal mill
The document discusses a colloid mill, which is a machine that reduces the particle size of solids in suspension or the droplet size of emulsions. It works on the principle of a rotor and stator, where high shear stress applied by the rotor grinding against the stator breaks down particles or droplets into smaller sizes. The main parts include a hopper, rotor and stator assembly, motor, and discharge outlet. It is commonly used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries to process suspensions, emulsions, and ointments into smaller, more stable formulations.
SIZE SEPARATION
This document discusses size separation techniques used to separate particles of different sizes. Size separation, also known as sieving or screening, is important to obtain particles of a narrow size range or uniform particle size. It improves properties like mixing, flow, and suspension stability. Common mechanisms of size separation include agitation (oscillation, vibration, gyration), brushing, and centrifugal forces. Standard sieves made of woven wire or mesh are used to separate particles according to their ability to pass through openings of different sizes. Instruments like sieve shakers, cyclones, air separators, and filter bags can be employed for size separation in pharmaceutical applications.
Pharmaceutical Engineering: Size separation
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This document discusses mixing and homogenization processes. It defines mixing as combining two or more substances together, and identifies perfect mixing as each particle of one material lying adjacent to a particle of the other material. The objectives of mixing are outlined. There are three types of mixtures discussed: positive, negative, and neutral. The mechanisms and equipment used for mixing powders, liquids, and semi-solids are described. Homogenization is defined as preparing a fine emulsion from a coarse one by converting large globules to small globules. Common homogenization equipment like hand homogenizers, Silverson mixers, and colloidal mills are summarized.
Drying- Pharmaceutical Engineering
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
Pharmaceutical Drying Process
This document discusses different drying methods used in pharmaceutical applications. It describes tray dryers and fluidized bed dryers. Tray dryers consist of cabinets with trays that allow heated air to circulate and dry materials placed on the trays. Fluidized bed dryers suspend materials in a fluidized state using heated air blown through a removable bowl, allowing for rapid drying. Both methods are used to dry granules for tablets and powders, with fluidized bed dryers being faster but risking electrostatic charges or attrition in some materials.
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Size reduction is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles using external forces. The key mechanisms of size reduction are cutting, compression, impact, attrition, and a combination of impact and attrition. Different types of mills use these mechanisms, including hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills. Factors like hardness, toughness, stickiness, softening temperature, and moisture content affect how easily a material can undergo size reduction. Laws of Rittinger, Kick, and Bond govern the energy requirements for size reduction.
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colloidal mill
The document discusses a colloid mill, which is a machine that reduces the particle size of solids in suspension or the droplet size of emulsions. It works on the principle of a rotor and stator, where high shear stress applied by the rotor grinding against the stator breaks down particles or droplets into smaller sizes. The main parts include a hopper, rotor and stator assembly, motor, and discharge outlet. It is commonly used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries to process suspensions, emulsions, and ointments into smaller, more stable formulations.
SIZE SEPARATION
This document discusses size separation techniques used to separate particles of different sizes. Size separation, also known as sieving or screening, is important to obtain particles of a narrow size range or uniform particle size. It improves properties like mixing, flow, and suspension stability. Common mechanisms of size separation include agitation (oscillation, vibration, gyration), brushing, and centrifugal forces. Standard sieves made of woven wire or mesh are used to separate particles according to their ability to pass through openings of different sizes. Instruments like sieve shakers, cyclones, air separators, and filter bags can be employed for size separation in pharmaceutical applications.
Pharmaceutical Engineering: Size separation
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Mixing
This document discusses mixing and homogenization processes. It defines mixing as combining two or more substances together, and identifies perfect mixing as each particle of one material lying adjacent to a particle of the other material. The objectives of mixing are outlined. There are three types of mixtures discussed: positive, negative, and neutral. The mechanisms and equipment used for mixing powders, liquids, and semi-solids are described. Homogenization is defined as preparing a fine emulsion from a coarse one by converting large globules to small globules. Common homogenization equipment like hand homogenizers, Silverson mixers, and colloidal mills are summarized.
Drying- Pharmaceutical Engineering
Definition of drying
Importance of drying
Difference between drying and evaporation
Drying is defined as removal of the liquid from a material by application of heat & is accomplished by transfer of a liquid from the surface into an unsaturated vapor phase .
Drying is the final removal of water from material (usually by heat)
Drying is commonly the last stage in a manufacture process
Non-thermal drying
1- As Squeezing wetted sponge
2- Adsorption by desiccant (desiccation)
3- Extraction.
Preservation of drug products
Preparation of bulk drugs
Improved handling
Improved characteristics
Equipments
Drying is necessary in order to avoid deterioration. A few examples are…
--blood products, tissues… undergo microbial growth
--effervescent tablets, synthetic & semi synthetic drugs undergo…. chemical decomposition.
Pharmaceutical Drying Process
This document discusses different drying methods used in pharmaceutical applications. It describes tray dryers and fluidized bed dryers. Tray dryers consist of cabinets with trays that allow heated air to circulate and dry materials placed on the trays. Fluidized bed dryers suspend materials in a fluidized state using heated air blown through a removable bowl, allowing for rapid drying. Both methods are used to dry granules for tablets and powders, with fluidized bed dryers being faster but risking electrostatic charges or attrition in some materials.
Size reduction
Size reduction is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles using external forces. The key mechanisms of size reduction are cutting, compression, impact, attrition, and a combination of impact and attrition. Different types of mills use these mechanisms, including hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills. Factors like hardness, toughness, stickiness, softening temperature, and moisture content affect how easily a material can undergo size reduction. Laws of Rittinger, Kick, and Bond govern the energy requirements for size reduction.
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This document discusses size reduction, which is the process of reducing larger particles into smaller particles of a desired size and shape using external forces. It defines size reduction and comminution, and lists the objectives of size reduction such as increasing surface area and achieving intimate mixing. The document describes various size reduction mechanisms, factors affecting size reduction, and theories related to the energy required. It provides details on different size reduction equipment like hammer mills, ball mills, fluid energy mills, edge runner mills, and end runner mills.
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The document describes the construction and working of a Silverson emulsifier. It consists of a head attached to a central shaft powered by a motor. The head contains turbine blades surrounded by a perforated mesh. Liquids are sucked into the head and subjected to intense mixing by the high-speed blades. This creates small emulsion globules that exit through the mesh openings, producing a fine emulsion. The Silverson emulsifier provides advantages like rapid mixing, particle size reduction, and homogenization through its high-shear action. Occasional clogging of the mesh pores is its main disadvantage.
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Drying is defined as the removal of water or other liquids from a material through the application of heat. It involves three steps: heat transfer to the material, mass transfer of moisture to the surface and evaporation, and transfer of vapor away from the material. There are several theories that describe the drying mechanism, including diffusion, capillarity, and pressure gradient theories. The drying rate curve shows an initial adjustment period, constant rate period, falling rate periods, and an equilibrium moisture content where drying stops. Factors like material properties, air conditions, and particle size influence the drying process and rate.
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This document discusses methods for particle size separation and analysis. Size separation involves separating particles of different sizes using sieves, microscopes or sedimentation. Particle size analysis determines the size of particles in a substance or mixture. Sieving is commonly used to separate powder grades by passing materials through sieves of different mesh sizes. Sedimentation analysis particle size based on measuring the settling rate of particles dispersed in a liquid. Both methods are useful for quality control in pharmaceutical production processes.
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Construction and working of silverson emulsifier
The document describes the construction and working of a Silverson emulsifier. It consists of a head attached to a central shaft powered by a motor. The head contains turbine blades surrounded by a perforated mesh. Liquids are sucked into the head and subjected to intense mixing by the high-speed blades. This creates small emulsion globules that exit through the mesh openings, producing a fine emulsion. The Silverson emulsifier provides advantages like rapid mixing, particle size reduction, and homogenization through its high-shear action. Occasional clogging of the mesh pores is its main disadvantage.
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This document discusses methods for particle size separation and analysis. Size separation involves separating particles of different sizes using sieves, microscopes or sedimentation. Particle size analysis determines the size of particles in a substance or mixture. Sieving is commonly used to separate powder grades by passing materials through sieves of different mesh sizes. Sedimentation analysis particle size based on measuring the settling rate of particles dispersed in a liquid. Both methods are useful for quality control in pharmaceutical production processes.
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- Aerosols contain active ingredients that are released as a fine dispersion upon activation of a valve. They are used for topical, nasal, oral, or inhalation applications.
- Components include propellants, containers, valves/actuators, and product concentrate. Common propellants are hydrocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, compressed gases like carbon dioxide.
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Coulson and Moffitt proposed that the carbon-carbon bonds in cyclopropane rings are bent based on quantum mechanical calculations. This idea of bent bonds is supported by electron density maps from X-ray studies. Molecular orbital theory explains that the overlap of orbital axes is maximized in cyclohexane, resulting in stronger carbon-carbon bonds, whereas in cyclopropane the orbital overlap is less, making the bonds weaker and allowing for ring-opening. Factors like bond angle strain from deviations from normal tetrahedral angles, torsional strain from non-staggered conformations, and steric strain from van der Waals repulsion between non-bonded atoms all contribute to the relative stability of different molecular conformations
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1) An emulsion is an unstable mixture of two immiscible liquids, where one liquid is dispersed as globules in the other liquid. Emulsions can be O/W (oil in water) or W/O (water in oil) types.
2) Pharmaceutical emulsions are used to deliver unpleasant tasting drugs, provide slow release of water-soluble drugs, and enhance absorption of oil-soluble drugs.
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Drying presentation for 2nd semester and 4th semester students as per GTU syllabus.
Spreading coefficient
INCLUDES SPREADING COEFFICIENT AND ITS THEORY AND ALSO FEW OF ITS APPLICATION IN PHARMACEUTICAL FIELD
WILL BE HELPFUL FOR B PHARMACY STUDENTS
INCLUDES HOW IT IS DERIVED AND ALSO HOW IT IS RELATED TO SPREADING OF A CREAM OR OINTMENT ON OUR SKIN
IMPORTANCE OF SPREADING COEFFICIENT
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This document discusses fluidized bed dryers (FBDs) used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It provides information on:
1) The principle of fluidization where hot air is passed through granules in a container, lifting and suspending them in a "fluidized state" for drying.
2) The construction of FBDs using stainless steel with a detachable bowl, fan, filters and air inlets/outlets.
3) The working where granules are placed in the dryer and hot air flows through them to achieve drying before the air exits.
Rotational viscometers
Rotational Viscometers,
The viscometers that used to measure the viscosity using retarding force due to the viscous drag.
typers and sub-types, advantages,disadvantages,working of different rotational viscometers.
1.cup and bob viscometer,
2.cone and plate viscometer,
plug flow development, etc.
Chapter: Rheology
4th semester B.Pharm.
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Total quality management (TQM) is defined as an integrated organizational effort to improve quality at every level based on key principles: focusing on customers, continuous improvement, teamwork and mutual respect, and producing quality work the first time. TQM is characterized by process improvements, measuring processes, flexible production, and an open organization. Benefits of TQM include improved teamwork, quality, productivity, and profitability. Seven gurus contributed to the development of TQM, including Deming who proposed the PDCA cycle and Juran who developed the concept of quality trilogy.
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Total quality management (TQM) aims to improve quality at all levels through an integrated organizational effort. The main TQM principles are focusing on customers, continuous improvement, teamwork, and producing quality work. TQM is characterized by process improvements, measuring processes, flexible production, and an open organization. Benefits of TQM include improved teamwork, quality, productivity, and profitability. The seven gurus of TQM who developed key concepts include Walter Shewhart, W. Edwards Deming, Joseph Juran, Armand Feigenbaum, Philip Crosby, Genichi Taguchi, and Kaoru Ishikawa.
TQM Advantages & disadvantages.pptx
Total quality management (TQM) aims to improve quality at all levels through an integrated organizational effort focused on customer satisfaction. Key elements of TQM include focusing on the customer, employee involvement, and continuous improvement. Some advantages of TQM are improved quality, employee participation, teamwork, and better working relationships, while disadvantages can include initial introduction costs and worker resistance to change. TQM is important in the pharmaceutical industry for ensuring quality in areas like handling, storage, packaging, facilities, equipment, and sterile areas.
ICH goals and process.pptx
The document discusses the goals and process of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). The ICH aims to harmonize technical requirements for pharmaceutical registration across regions to increase efficiency and access to new medicines while maintaining quality and safety. The ICH process involves developing guidelines through formal procedures, answering questions, revising existing guidelines, and maintaining established standards.
Introduction to ICH.pptx
The document introduces the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH), which aims to harmonize technical requirements for pharmaceutical registration across regions to increase consistency, make more efficient use of resources, and help develop new medicines while maintaining safety and effectiveness. ICH seeks to standardize guidelines and registration processes for drugs to reduce costs and better meet public health needs.
Mixing.pptx
The document discusses mixing in the context of pharmaceutical production. It outlines that the main objective of mixing is to produce a bulk mixture that, when divided into doses, ensures each dose contains the correct proportions. It notes mixing is a critical intermediate step for tablets and capsules. The document also lists factors that affect mixing and different mechanisms for solid, liquid, and semisolid mixing. Specifically, it explains solid mixing involves convective, shear, and diffusive mechanisms while liquid mixing uses bulk transport, turbulent flow, laminar flow, and molecular diffusion.
Freeze dryer.pptx
Freeze drying, or lyophilisation, is a process that converts solutions or suspensions into solids for storage and distribution. It works by sublimating a material, changing it directly from a solid to a gas, below the triple point. Key components of a freeze dryer include a drying chamber, heating elements, a vapor condensing system, and a vacuum pump. Freeze drying has advantages like preserving heat-sensitive materials and proteins without denaturation. However, it is an expensive and slow process limited to specific valuable products.
Vacuum dryer
The document describes a vacuum dryer used to dry heat sensitive and hygroscopic materials. It works by reducing chamber pressure below water vapor pressure through a vacuum pump, allowing water to boil and evaporate faster. Trays inside the hollow oven increase surface area for heat conduction. Materials are dried at 25-30°C as water vapor is evaporated under vacuum and condenses before being collected.
FLUIDIZED BED DRYER
The document summarizes a fluidized bed dryer. It works by fluidizing wet solid particles using hot air forced through a perforated bed from the bottom. The dryer is made of stainless steel or plastic with a detachable bowl for charging and discharging materials. Hot air is circulated through the bed to dry particles completely before exiting through bag filters. It allows for continuous, rapid drying at a constant rate with high efficiency and capacity compared to other dryers. Pharmaceutical uses include drying granules for tablet production and granule coating.
SPRAY DRYER
Spray drying is an industrial process that transforms a liquid feed containing dissolved or dispersed solids into a spray of small droplets that are exposed to hot air to be dried. It allows for effective control of product quality and properties during continuous high-tonnage production. While spray dryers are bulky and expensive, they permit thermolabile pharmaceuticals to be dried at low temperature and are used to dry products like penicillin, enzymes, and vaccines.
Drum Dryer
The document describes a drum dryer, which consists of one or two horizontally mounted hollow cylinders or drums that are heated internally by steam and rotated. Liquid or slurry is spread as a film onto the heated, rotating drum surface where it dries rapidly via conduction and steam heating. The dried material is then scraped off and collected while the drum continues rotating. Drum drying allows for rapid drying of thermosensitive materials in a compact system, though it requires careful control of processing parameters and has high maintenance costs.
tray drayer.pptx
The tray dryer uses forced hot air convection to remove moisture from solids placed on stainless steel trays. It has double-walled insulation and doors with gaskets. Hot air is blown through the chamber at 2-5 meters per second to evaporate water from the surface of the solids on each tray, which are loaded and unloaded batch-wise. Tray dryers are efficient, require little labor, and are available with capacities from 6 to 192 trays.
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