The document discusses cogeneration and distributed energy resources from an electrical engineering perspective. It provides examples of different renewable energy sources like wind turbines, hydro turbines, and solar panels that can be used in distributed generation and microgrid systems. It also discusses important considerations for cogeneration facility design like reliability, equipment quality, costs, and regulatory compliance. Electrical diagrams are shown for typical cogeneration systems connected to single or dual utility services with basic paralleling protection.

1. Cogeneration: An
ELECTRICAL
PERSPECTIVEPERSPECTIVE
- Diep Nguyen, PE, Principal -
DTN Engineers, Inc.
www. dtnengrs.com
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2. RENEWABLE DISTRIBUTED
ENERGY SOURCES (DER)
WINDWIND
 WATER (HYDRO POWER)
 SUN
 GEOTHERMAL GEOTHERMAL
 BIOMASS
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3. WIND TURBINES IN LIVERMORE, CA
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4. 300KW HYDROTURBINES AT ACWD
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5. DUAL -AXIS SOLAR TRACKER AT WEST
COUNTY WPCP RICHMOND CA
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COUNTY WPCP RICHMOND CA

6. MANTRIA BIOFUEL POWER PLANT KNOXVILLE TN.
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7. STEAM
TRADITIONAL COGEN PLANT
STEAM
HEAT
RECOVERRECOVER
SYSTEMELECTRICITY
GAS ENGINE TURBINE
GEN
SF IAS Jan 2010 Meeting DTN Engrs, Inc.FUEL

8. 7.5MW DIGESTER GAS COGEN PLANT
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9. COGEN SWITCHGEAR
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10. 5MW DIGESTER GAS COGEN PLANT
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11. 100KW DIGESTER GAS
MICROTURBINEMICROTURBINE
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12. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION/MICROGRIDS
MICRO-
TURBINES
UTILITY GRID
MICRO WIND
FARM
FUEL CELL
MICRO
HYDRO-
TURBINES
PV SYSTEM
COGEN
PLANTSPV SOLAR
THERMALTHERMAL
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13. TWO IMPORTANT PG&E
RULES
 RULE NO. 2
RULE NO 21 RULE NO. 21
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14. PG&E ELECTRIC RULE 2PG&E ELECTRIC RULE 2
DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES
 VOLTAGE
 SERVICE CONFIGURATION
 LOAD LIMITATIONS
 INTERFERENCES
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15. PG&E ELECTRIC RULE 21PG&E ELECTRIC RULE 21
GENERAL FACILITY INTERCONNECTIONSGENERAL FACILITY INTERCONNECTIONS
 Application Process
 Interconnection Requirements Interconnection Requirements
 Protection Relays
S t P f System Performance
 Metering, monitoring and Telemetry
S t C tifi ti d T ti System Certification and Testing
( )PG&E INTERCONNECTION HANDBOOK (updated 2009)
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16. IEEE 1547
IEEE Standard for Interconnecting Distributedg
Energy Resources (DER) with Electric Power
Systemy
 Functional Requirements for interconnections. Not a design
handbook or application guidehandbook or application guide
 Section 2 – Guide for interconnection
 Section 3 – Guide for monitoring, information exchange and controlSection 3 Guide for monitoring, information exchange and control
 Section 4 – Guide for design, operation and integration of island
system
S G f f Section 5 – Guide for interconnection of sources larger than 10 MVA
 Section 6 – Recommended practice for interconnection
w/secondary Network/seco da y e o
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17. MAIN CONSIDERATIONS INMAIN CONSIDERATIONS IN
COGEN FACILITY DESIGN:
1. RELIABILITY
2. EQUIPMENT QUALITY2. EQUIPMENT QUALITY
3. COSTS
4. REGULATION COMPLIANCE
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18. TYPICAL SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM
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19. COGEN SYSTEM – SINGLE UTILITY SERVICE
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20. COGEN SYSTEM – DUAL UTILITY SERVICE
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21. BASIC PARALLELING PROTECTION
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22. ELECTRICAL SWITCHGEARELECTRICAL SWITCHGEAR
STANDARD RATINGS
Short CircuitsShort Circuits
Circuits Breakers UL
250 MVA 1200A ANSI/IEEE C37.20.2
350 MVA 2000A
500 MVA 3000A (Formerly UL-1670
750 MVA 4000A Metal-Clad SWGR))
1000 MVA
1500 MVA
(UL-891 Switchboards
UL-1558 Metal-enclosed SWGR
Low voltage)
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Low voltage)

23. LOAD SHEDDING SYSTEM:LOAD SHEDDING SYSTEM:
A FREQUENCY BASED (Hz)A. FREQUENCY-BASED (Hz)
B. LOAD –BASED (KW)
LOAD INHIBITING SYSTEMLOAD INHIBITING SYSTEM
A. ESSENTIAL LOADS
B NON ESSENTIAL LOADSB. NON-ESSENTIAL LOADS
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24. COGEN FACILITYCOGEN FACILITY
AUXLIARY SYSTEMS
S1. FUEL SUPPLY
2. CONTROL SYSTEM (SCADA)2. CONTROL SYSTEM (SCADA)
3. STANDBY POWER (BLACK START)
4. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
5 COMMUNICATIONS5. COMMUNICATIONS
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25. QUESTIONSQUESTIONS
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