Downloaded 1,443 times
Uploaded byMUHAMMAD ANEEQUE KHAN
Coagulation cascade
The document summarizes key aspects of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. It describes the three steps of blood coagulation including the formation of prothrombin activator and its conversion to thrombin. It also discusses the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways. Common coagulation tests are outlined including their components and normal values. Various coagulation disorders like hemophilia and liver disease are described. Commonly used anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs are explained in terms of their mechanisms and adverse effects.
More Related Content
Similar to Coagulation cascade
Coagulation cascade
- 1. DR.M.ANEEQUE aneeque86@gmail.com Department of AnesthesiologySICU and Pain Management Civil Hospital Karachi
- 2. Coagulation is amajor haemostatic function responsible for prevention and termination of bleeding following injury. It is balanced by fibrinolytic system.
- 3. MECHANISM OF BLOOD COAGULATION Theblood coagulation takes place in three steps. i. Formation of prothombin activator in response to rupture or damage to the blood vessels. ii. Conversion of prothombin activator to thombin. iii. The thrombin act as an enzyme to convert fibrinogen to fibrin thread that mesh platelates, Blood cells and plasma to form the clots.
- 4. Coagulation system isdivided into two pathways Extrinsic Pathway: Which begins after trauma to vascular wall and surrounding tissue. Intrinsic Pathway: Which begins in blood itself
- 8. FIBRINOLYSIS If coagulation iscontinue and un controlled then spontaneous clot formation results pathological state The process of fibrinolysis results breakdown of clot. In this tissue injury -> release of plasminogen -> plasmin which bind to fibrin and form fibrin degradation producet
- 9. Prothrombin time (PT) Testof Extrinsive pathway Measure Vitamin K dependent factor activity (factor II, VII, IX and X) Normal value 12-14 seconds International normalize ratio (INR) Standardized PT reporting Normal value 0.8-1.2 seconds Most sensitive to alteration in factor VII levels. Prolonged decrease of normal factor VII activity.
- 10. ACTIVATED PARTIAL PROTHROMBIN (APTT) Testfor intrinsic common pathway Depends activity of all coagulation factor except factor VII, XIII Normal value 25-35 seconds Prolonged only if coagulation factor reduced to <30% of normal
- 11. ACTIVATED CLOTTING TIME(ACT) Monitor heparin anti-coagulant in the cardiac vascular surgery. Normal value 90-120 seconds.
- 12. THROMBIN CLOTTING TIME(TCT) 1. Reflect abnormalities in fibrinogen -> fibrin. 2. Prolonged by heparin, low fibrinogen thrombin inhibitor.
- 13. BLEEDING TIME (BT) Monitorplatelet function Non-specific indicator of platelet function. Unreliable No evidence as a predictor of risk of hemorrhage Useful indicator of efficacy of anti-platelet therapy. Insensitive to mild platelet defect.
- 14. Lab Test ComponentMeasured Normal Value Bleeding Time Platelet Function, Vascular integrity 3-10 minutes PT I, II, V, VII, IX & X 12-14 seconds APTT I,II,V,VIII,IX,X,XI &XII except VII & XIII 24-35 seconds Thrombin Time I & II 12-20 seconds
- 15. COAGULATION DISORDER Congenital Disorder: Disorderof clotting may not present until challenged by trauma, surgery in adult life. Acquired Disorder: Is due to lack of synthesis of coagulation factor. Increased loss due to DIC, Massive Blood Loss. A family history of hemophilia A, B sex linked recessive, Von willbrand disease
- 16. In severe hemophiliaA (factor VIII) bleeding occurs spontaneously. In mild hemophilia A (factor VIII) bleeding occurs only after trauma. Medical problem such as liver disease, malabsorption (Vitamin K Deficiency) infection, malignancy, DIC, auto-immune disease, systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis as well as medication aspirin, NSAIDS.
- 17. Disorder Platelet CountPT/INR APTT TT Fibrinogen Others Hemophilia A Normal Normal Increase Normal Normal Decrease VIII Hemophilia B Normal Normal Increase Normal Normal Decrease IX Vonwillebrand disease Normal Normal Increase Normal Normal Decrease VIII, VWF, Increase bleeding time Liver Disease Normal Increase Increase Normal Normal Decrease V Vitamin K deficiency Normal Increase Increase Normal Normal Decrease II, VII, IX & X Massive Transfusion Decrease Increase Increase Normal Normal / Decrease Normal FDP (Fibrinogen de- gradation product) Heparin Normal Normal Increase Increase Normal Increase ANT Xa Warfarin Normal Increase Increase Normal Normal Decrease II, VII, IX & X
- 18. Haemostatic Process Effected Class ofDrug Specific Drug Platelet plug formation Anti Platelet drug NSAID,Clopidogrel Coagulation cascade IV anticoagulant oral anticoagulant Heparin Warferin Fibrinolysis Fibrinolytic agent Streptokinase , urokinase DRUGS EFFECTING COAGULATION
- 19.
- 20. Aspirin inhibits cyclo-oxygenase thromboxaneA2 synthesis inhibits both COX 1 and COX 2 irreversibly Should stop 7 days prior to surgery
- 22. COX-1 vs COX-2inhibitors
- 23. • GI ulceration •Haemorrhage • Bronchospasm • Interstitial nephritis, papillary necrosis, proteinuria, renal failure • Reye’s syndrome in children Adverse effects
- 24. Alternative to aspirin Firstchoice for aspirin intolerance Clopidogrel Block activation of platelets by reducing ADP activation of Gp IIb / IIIa receptor complex Should stop 5 days prior to surgery
- 25. Heparin Glycoaminoglycan containing amixture of sulfated muco-polysaccharides of various sizes - Un-fractionated (5000-30000 Da) - Low molecular weight (LMWH) (1000-10000 Da)
- 26. Heparin - enhances theaction of Antithrombin III (AT-III) (plasma protease inhibitor) 1000 fold ↑ activity - antithrombin III inhibits clotting factor proteases, Thrombin (IIa), IXa, Xa, XIa and XIIa, by forming stable complexes - heparin binds to AT-III and causes a conformational change thereby activating AT-III LMWH - predominantly inhibit factor Xa Mechanism of Action
- 28. Increased bleeding - antidote(protamine sulfate) Heparin induced thrombocytopaenia Osteoporosis with long term high-dose administration 3-6mths Inhibit aldosterone synthesis Adverse effects
- 29. Unpredictable pharmacokinetics Requires regularmonitoring Infusion Higher incidence of HITs Rebound ischaemia Unfractionated heparin
- 30. Eg Enoxaparin; Tinzaparin Morepredictable pharmacokinetics Lower incidence of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia Ease of administration s/c injection No need for monitoring Possible improvement in outcomes of acute coronary syndromes Low Mol Weight Heparins
- 31. Highly plasma proteinbound Metabolised by liver Substrate of CYP450 enzymes Excreted in urine and stool Warfarin Should stop 2-4 days prior to surgery
- 32. Block the VitaminK-dependent glutamate carboxylation of precursor clotting factors II, VII, IX and X Also inhibits Proteins C & S 8-12 hour delay in action because of T1/2 of clotting factors in plasma recovery needs synthesis of new clotting factors action is reversed with vitamin K Mechanism of action
- 34. Bleeding Contraindicated in pregnancy -teratogenic effects, crosses placenta risk foetal haemorrhage Warfarin induced skin necrosis - paradoxical local thrombosis - increased in patients with protein C or S deficiency "Purple toes syndrome," cholesterol microembolization Hepatic dysfunction Adverse effects
- 35. Derived from bacterialprotein Cleaves Plasminogen Low fibrin specificity Cheap Streptokinase Fibrinolytics
- 36. Intrinsic compound Isolated fromurine or renal cell cultures Cleaves plasminogen Urokinase