Raw water should be treated to make it potable/fit for drinking. So a line of treatments should be followed to treat the water. After Coagulation and sedimentation the process of filtration and disinfection are followed.
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
Primary waste water treatment powerpointb presntationkanchan jadon
This ppt basically depends on primary waste water treatment. It gives brief description about what is water treatment,sources of waste water,types of waste water basically mostly focus on primary treatment like screening,types of screening,description on every type of screens, grit removal,communator,primary sedimentation.
Rapid sand filtration is a technique common in developed countries for treating large quantities of drinking water. It is a relatively sophisticated process usually requiring power-operated pumps for backwashing or cleaning the filter bed, and flow control of the filter outlet. A continuously operating filter will usually require backwashing about every two days when raw water of relatively low turbidity is used.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
filtration of water treatment. types of filters and filtration. slow sand filter. environmental engineering-1. water treatment methods. filtration of raw water. design and construction of slow sand filters. cleaning of slow sand filters. slow sand filters were explained. about rapid sand filters and pressure filters will be explained in next publication.
Deals with rapid gravity filtration, slow sand filtration and Roughing filters.
Aspects covered include
Filter media and their characterization is described.
Filter running and filter backwashing,
Filter hydraulics.
Suspended solids, turbidity and bacterial removal from water.
Primary waste water treatment powerpointb presntationkanchan jadon
This ppt basically depends on primary waste water treatment. It gives brief description about what is water treatment,sources of waste water,types of waste water basically mostly focus on primary treatment like screening,types of screening,description on every type of screens, grit removal,communator,primary sedimentation.
Rapid sand filtration is a technique common in developed countries for treating large quantities of drinking water. It is a relatively sophisticated process usually requiring power-operated pumps for backwashing or cleaning the filter bed, and flow control of the filter outlet. A continuously operating filter will usually require backwashing about every two days when raw water of relatively low turbidity is used.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Components of Water Treatment Plant, Methods of Water Treatment, Process of Water Treatment such as Aeration, Sedimentation, Filtration and Disinfection etc.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
filtration of water treatment. types of filters and filtration. slow sand filter. environmental engineering-1. water treatment methods. filtration of raw water. design and construction of slow sand filters. cleaning of slow sand filters. slow sand filters were explained. about rapid sand filters and pressure filters will be explained in next publication.
Deals with rapid gravity filtration, slow sand filtration and Roughing filters.
Aspects covered include
Filter media and their characterization is described.
Filter running and filter backwashing,
Filter hydraulics.
Suspended solids, turbidity and bacterial removal from water.
Comparing Hot JavaScript Frameworks: AngularJS, Ember.js and React.js - Sprin...Matt Raible
JavaScript MVC Frameworks are all the rage these days. They’ve taken the web development world by storm. This session explores the various features of the three hottest JavaScript MVC frameworks: AngularJS, Ember.js and React.js. It also compares client-side templating vs. server-side templating and how well each framework supports Isomorphic JavaScript (code that can run both client-side and server-side). Finally, it ranks each framework on 10 different criteria using Yevgeniy Brikman’s framework scorecard.
Video on InfoQ: https://www.infoq.com/presentations/comparing-angular-ember-react
Concerned with the coagulation-flocculation-settling removal of colloidal and suspended solids.
Coagulation and flocculation is explained, and coagulating and flocculating agents and their functioning is described.
Design of different units including the clari-flocculator associated with the coagulation-flocculation-settling process is described.
Conducting a settling column test, plotting settling profile graph and using the settling profile graph in the design of a clarifier is described.
This presentation explains the slow sand filter for water treatment. These filters require large areas of land and a correspondingly large quantity of filter media (sand) and base material (gravel).
Cleaning of the filter is done by surface scrapping which may involve a lot of labor. A slow sand filter is suitable when the availability of land, labor, filter media are at a low cost.
A distinguishing property of slow sand filters is the availability of a thin layer, called the schmutzdecke, which results on the surface of the sand bed and contains a large variety of biologically active microorganisms. It is a very simple and effective technique for purifying surface water.
It will remove practically all of the turbidity from the water as well as most of the pathogens without the addition of chemicals. If turbidity of raw water is high then plain sedimentation would be required to reduce turbidity to some extent so that the fillers arc not unduly loaded.
06 Treatment of water -Filtration and Water Softeningakashpadole
The presentation has prepared as per the syllabus of Mumbai University.
Go through the presentation, if you like it then share it with your friends and classmates.
Thank you :)
This presentation provides with information regarding the processes , methods , applications of Water Treatment and simple design of water treatment filters. It incorporates chlorination, aeration, and other miscellaneous methods for water treatment
A Building Management System (BMS) is a computer-based control system installed in buildings that controls and monitors the building’s mechanical and electrical equipment such as ventilation, lighting, power systems, fire systems, and security systems
FIRE HAZARD:
A fire hazard is any situation in which there is a greater than normal risk of harm to people or property due to fire
For a fire to start- 3 things needed
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. FILTRATION OF WATER
“In order to remove or to reduce the contents of impurities still
further, the water is filtered through the beds of fine granular
material like sand”
THEORY OF FILTRATION:
• Mechanical straining
• Sedimentation
• Biological metabolism
• Electrolytic changes
4. FILTER SAND
Filter sand is classified on the basis of effective size and uniformity
coefficient.
• The effective size is the size of sieve through which 10% of the
sample of sand by weight will pass.
• Uniformity coefficient: sieve size/ effective size
CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS:
Slow sand
Gravity filters
filters Rapid sand
Filters
Pressure filters
filters
5. SLOW SAND FILTERS:
Purpose:
The water is allowed to pass slowly through a layer of sand placed
above the base material and thus the purification process aims at
simultaneously improving the biological, chemical, and physical
characteristics of water.
6. Essential parts:
Enclosure tank: -stone masonry/brick masonry
-waterproof material
-bed slope is 1 in 100 to 1 in 200
-depth of the tank is 2.5 m to 3.5 m
Underdrainage system:
Central drain
Lateral drain
7. Lateral drain:
• Placed at a distance of about 2.5 to 3.5 m.
• Stopped at a distance of 500 mm to 800 mm from walls of the tank.
• Open joint pipes
Base material:
• Placed on top of the underdrainage system
• Varies from 300 mm to 700 mm depth
• Graded and laid in layers of 150 mm
LAYER DEPTH OF SIZE OF
LAYER GRAVEL
Topmost 150mm 3mm- 6mm
Intermediate 150mm 6mm- 20mm
150mm 20mm- 40mm
Lowest 150mm 40mm- 65mm
Total 600mm depth
8. Filter media:
• Sand layer is placed above the gravel of layer depth 600 mm
to 900 mm.
• Size of the sand varies from 0.2 mm to 0.3 mm.
• Uniformity coefficient of sand is 2 to 3.
• The finer the sand, the better will be the filtration.
Working:
• The water is allowed to enter the filter through the inlet
chamber. It descends through the filter media and during this
process, it gets purified.
• These filters are usually worked for a maximum filtration head
of 750 mm.
9. Cleaning:
• Top layer of the sand is removed to a depth of 15 to 25 mm
• Effective depth of filter media is reduced
• Fresh layer of 150mm depth of graded sand is added
Rate of filtration:
100 to 200 liters per hour per m² of filter area
Efficiency:
• Bacterial load: 99.50 to 99.9 percent is removed
•Colour: less efficient in removal of colour(20-25%)
•Turbidity: can remove turbidity of 50 p.p.m
11. Filter media of sand:
• Filtering medium: sand ( effective size of sand particles 0.4-0.7 mm,
coarse sand)
• Depth of sand bed: 1-1.5 feet deep
• Clogging of filters by suspended impurities and bacteria: Loss of
Head
• Cleaning by back-washing daily or weekly for 15 minutes
12. Layout of typical rapid sand filter(gravity type)
Advantages:
• Rapid sand filter can deal with raw water directly
• No preliminary storage is needed
• The filter beds occupy less space
• Filtration is rapid, 40 – 50 times that of a slow sand filter
• The washing of the filter is easy
• There is more flexibility in operation
13. COMPARISON OF RAPID & SLOW SAND FILTERS
Properties Rapid sand filter Slow sand
filter
Area Small area Large area
Rate of 4000-7500 100-400
filtration(L/m2/hr)
Sand size (diameter) 0.4-0.7 mm 0.2-0.3 mm
Pretreatment Coagulation and Sedimentation
sedimentation
Filter cleaning Backwashing Scraping
Operation More skilled Less skilled
Removal of colour Good Better
Removal of bacteria 98-99% 99.9%-99.99%
Prior water storage Storage needed No need
14. PRESSURE FILTERS:
“Filter is enclosed in space and the water passes under pressure
greater than atmospheric pressure”
15. Construction:
•Closed steel cylinders.
•Diameter varies from 1.5 to 3.0 m.
•Length or height varies from 3.5 to 8.0m.
•Manholes are provided at the top for inspection.
Working:
•The water mixed with coagulant is directly admitted to the pressure filter.
•In working condition all valves are closed except those for raw water and
filtered water.
Cleaning
•The compressed air may be used to agitate sand grains.
•Valves for wash water and wash water drain are opened during washing.
Rate of filtration: 6000-15000litres/hr/sq.m.
Efficiency: Less efficient than the rapid sand filters.
17. DISINFECTION OF WATER
• Disinfection is the process of removing harmful bacteria.
• The substances or materials which are to be used for disinfection
are called the disinfectants.
• When water leaves the filter plant, it is till
found to contain some of the impurities.
These impurities can be grouped as:
-Bacteria,
-dissolved inorganic salts,
-colour, odour and taste,
-iron and manganese.
18. METHODS OF DISINFECTION:
BOILING METHOD
• This is the most effective method of killing bacteria but impracticable
in large scale.
• Most of bacteria are destroyed when the water
has attained of about 80˚C temperature.
• Prolonged boiling is unnecessary and wasteful.
EXCESS LIME TREATMENT
• Treatment of lime is given to the water for the removal of dissolved
salts.
• Excess lime added to water works as disinfecting material.
• When pH value is about 9.50, bacteria can be removed to the extent
of 99.93 per cent.
• Lime is to be removed by recarbonation after disinfection.
19. IODINE AND BROMINE TREATMENT
• Use of iodine or bromine is limited to small water supplies such as
swimming pools, troops of army, private plants, etc.
• Dosage of iodine or bromine is about 8 p.p.m.
• Contact period with water is 5 minutes.
• Available in the form of pellets or small pills.
SILVER TREATMENT
• Colloidal silver is used to preserve the quality of water stored in jars.
• Metallic silver is placed as filter media. Water get purified while
passing through theses filters.
• Dosage of silver varies from 0.05 to 1 p.p.m.
• Contact period is about 15 minutes to 3 hours.
• It is costly and limited to private individual houses only.
20. OZONE TREATMENT(3O2 =2O3)
• Nascent oxygen is very powerful in killing bacteria.
• Ozone is unstable and doesnot remain in water when reaches the
consumer.
• Ozoniser:
• Dosage of ozone is about 2 to 3 p.p.m. to obtain residual ozone of
0.10 p.p.m
• Contact period is about 10 minutes
21. POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE TREATMENT(KMnO4)
• It is a powerful oxidising agent, effective in killing cholera bacteria
• Restricted to disinfection of water of village wells and ponds
• Dosage is about 2.1 p.p.m
• Contact period of 3 to 4 hours
• The treated water produces a dark brown coating
on porcelain vessels and this is difficult to remove
except with scratching or rubbing.
ULTRA-VIOLET RAY TREATMENT
• For generating these rays, the mercury is enclosed in one or more
quartz bulbs and electric current is then passed through it.
• The water should be passed round the
bulbs several times .
• Depth of water over the bulbs should
not exceed 10 cms.
22. CHLORINATION
Used as a disinfecting material as,
• It is easy to apply due to relatively high
solubility of about 7000 mg per litre.
• Readily available as gas, liquid or powder.
• Very toxic to most of the micro-organisms.
• Cheap and reliable.
• Chlorine can be applied in water in one
of the following ways:
as bleaching powder,
as chloramines, or
as free chlorine gas.
Mechanism of action:
• 1. H2O+Cl2 (at pH 7) = HCl + HOCl (main disinfectant)
HOCl (at pH > 8.5) H+ + OCl- (minor action)
• 2. NH3+ HOCl = NH2Cl/NHCl2/NCl3 + H2O
(Mono, Di ,Tri Chloramines)
23. These processes help the sanity of public health but
it is up to people to make consciousness of the
importance of avoiding contamination and
pollution of our water streams. These processes cost
more money day by day as water pollution
increases.
Plant: In this plant, the atmospheric air is dried.Generator: The function of a generator is to create ozone in the dry airInjector: the injector mixes water with the ozonised air.Tank: a verical tank with baffles is provided to keep water and ozonized air in contact for a long period.The bacteria are destroyed and the water of a sufficiently high standard of bacterial purity for public supply purposes is obtainedThe colour of water which is not removed by other methods of treatment is reducedThe decomposition of ozone into oxygen indicates the absence of any foreign subtance in water
Invisible light rays beyond the violet spectrum are very effective in killing all types of bacteria.Does not develop any taste or colour.There is no danger or overdose.Unsuitable for large scale treatment plants.Can be adopted for private institutions especially of swimming pools.