The document discusses coagulation and flocculation processes in water treatment. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles in water by neutralizing their negative charges. Flocculation is the process of agglomerating the destabilized particles into larger flocs that are easier to remove through sedimentation or flotation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose for treatment. Factors such as coagulant type and dosage, flocculator design parameters, and alkalinity consumption are considered to optimize the processes.
The document discusses coagulation and flocculation processes in water treatment. It describes how coagulation uses chemicals like aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride to neutralize negatively charged colloids in water. Flocculation is the process where these destabilized particles agglomerate into larger floc particles that can be removed through sedimentation or flotation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Various types of flocculators including hydraulic, mechanical, and differential settling designs are presented to gently mix water and promote floc formation and settling.
Coagulation and flocculation are important water treatment processes used to remove small particles from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles and reduce charges. This allows particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Mechanical and hydraulic flocculators are then used to slowly mix water and form flocs, which are removed by sedimentation. Proper design of coagulant chambers, flocculators, and clarifiers is needed for effective treatment.
Coagulation and flocculation are processes used to remove small particles called colloids from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals called coagulants to destabilize the colloids by neutralizing their surface charge. This allows the colloids to agglomerate into larger particles during flocculation. Proper coagulation requires optimizing the coagulant dosage and pH, which is determined through jar testing. Rapid mixing is used to disperse the coagulant uniformly followed by gentle mixing to promote flocculation without breaking up the formed flocs.
This document summarizes different methods of water softening, including ion exchange, distillation, and reverse osmosis. Ion exchange is the most common method, using insoluble resins to exchange calcium and magnesium ions for sodium or hydrogen ions. Distillation heats water to steam to remove contaminants, but requires a lot of energy. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to push water through a semi-permeable membrane, removing most particles. Each method has advantages like removing various contaminants, and disadvantages such as high costs or energy usage. The document recommends choosing a softening system based on one's needs and water hardness.
The document discusses coagulation, which is a process used in water treatment plants to remove fine particles from water. Coagulants such as aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, and polymers are added to water to combine fine particles together and form larger clumps or flocs that are then removed by sedimentation. Common coagulants include aluminum sulfate, ferrous sulfate, chlorinated copperas, and magnesium carbonate. Aluminum sulfate is the most widely used coagulant. The coagulation process occurs in basins containing chambers for inlet, coagulant feeding and mixing, flocculation, sludge removal, and clear water collection.
This document discusses water treatment processes for rivers and waste water. It covers pre-treatment of river water which includes chlorination, clarification, and filtration to produce good quality demineralized water. Clarification removes suspended solids through coagulation, flocculation, and settling. Proper pre-treatment is important to prevent ion exchange resins from fouling during demineralization. The document also discusses properties of water like turbidity, color, conductivity, pH, and alkalinity and how impurities like dissolved and suspended solids are removed.
coagulation and flocculation Processes for waste water treatmentDeep Kotak
After the coagulation and flocculation process, the wastewater is treated up to that parameter (COD, BOD, etc.) which are acceptable as per government criteria to dump into water bodies instead of directly dumping and also to overcome problems like toxicity and health hazard posed by inorganic coagulants, production of large amount of toxic sludge, ineffectiveness in removing heavy metals and emerging contaminants, increase in effluent color, inefficient pollutant removal using natural coagulants, and complexity of scaling up procedure are presented
The document discusses coagulation and flocculation processes in water treatment. It describes how coagulation uses chemicals like aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride to neutralize negatively charged colloids in water. Flocculation is the process where these destabilized particles agglomerate into larger floc particles that can be removed through sedimentation or flotation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Various types of flocculators including hydraulic, mechanical, and differential settling designs are presented to gently mix water and promote floc formation and settling.
Coagulation and flocculation are important water treatment processes used to remove small particles from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride to destabilize colloidal particles and reduce charges. This allows particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Mechanical and hydraulic flocculators are then used to slowly mix water and form flocs, which are removed by sedimentation. Proper design of coagulant chambers, flocculators, and clarifiers is needed for effective treatment.
Coagulation and flocculation are processes used to remove small particles called colloids from water. Coagulation involves adding chemicals called coagulants to destabilize the colloids by neutralizing their surface charge. This allows the colloids to agglomerate into larger particles during flocculation. Proper coagulation requires optimizing the coagulant dosage and pH, which is determined through jar testing. Rapid mixing is used to disperse the coagulant uniformly followed by gentle mixing to promote flocculation without breaking up the formed flocs.
This document summarizes different methods of water softening, including ion exchange, distillation, and reverse osmosis. Ion exchange is the most common method, using insoluble resins to exchange calcium and magnesium ions for sodium or hydrogen ions. Distillation heats water to steam to remove contaminants, but requires a lot of energy. Reverse osmosis uses pressure to push water through a semi-permeable membrane, removing most particles. Each method has advantages like removing various contaminants, and disadvantages such as high costs or energy usage. The document recommends choosing a softening system based on one's needs and water hardness.
The document discusses coagulation, which is a process used in water treatment plants to remove fine particles from water. Coagulants such as aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride, and polymers are added to water to combine fine particles together and form larger clumps or flocs that are then removed by sedimentation. Common coagulants include aluminum sulfate, ferrous sulfate, chlorinated copperas, and magnesium carbonate. Aluminum sulfate is the most widely used coagulant. The coagulation process occurs in basins containing chambers for inlet, coagulant feeding and mixing, flocculation, sludge removal, and clear water collection.
This document discusses water treatment processes for rivers and waste water. It covers pre-treatment of river water which includes chlorination, clarification, and filtration to produce good quality demineralized water. Clarification removes suspended solids through coagulation, flocculation, and settling. Proper pre-treatment is important to prevent ion exchange resins from fouling during demineralization. The document also discusses properties of water like turbidity, color, conductivity, pH, and alkalinity and how impurities like dissolved and suspended solids are removed.
coagulation and flocculation Processes for waste water treatmentDeep Kotak
After the coagulation and flocculation process, the wastewater is treated up to that parameter (COD, BOD, etc.) which are acceptable as per government criteria to dump into water bodies instead of directly dumping and also to overcome problems like toxicity and health hazard posed by inorganic coagulants, production of large amount of toxic sludge, ineffectiveness in removing heavy metals and emerging contaminants, increase in effluent color, inefficient pollutant removal using natural coagulants, and complexity of scaling up procedure are presented
Sedimentation is the process of removing solid particles from water via gravity. It is commonly used in water treatment after coagulation and flocculation. The document discusses sedimentation tank design and calculations for settling velocity based on particle size and density. Examples are provided to design rectangular and circular sedimentation tanks for pre-treating river water to remove grit and sand based on a flow rate of 20,000 m3/day and using an overflow rate of 31 m/hour.
The document discusses sedimentation in water treatment. It defines sedimentation as the gravitational accumulation of solids at the bottom of water. It then discusses factors that affect sedimentation rates such as particle size and shape, water viscosity, and temperature. Stokes' formula and other equations for calculating particle settling velocity are provided. The main types of sedimentation tanks - quiescent/fill and draw, horizontal flow rectangular and circular, and vertical flow - are described. Key design considerations like surface overflow rate and detention period are also summarized. Finally, the need for periodic sludge removal from sedimentation tanks is mentioned.
DESIGN OF A 30 MLD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT(PROJECT REPORT) Ratnesh Kushwaha
This is a project report on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water, various treatment units, design calculations and a layout of sewage treatment plant. This report also includes the future scope of this project.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading power point presentation of this project
Sedimentation tanks allow suspended solids in liquid to settle out under gravity. Particles settle to the bottom and are removed by scrapers. Slowing the flow rate or bubbling air causes floccules to settle or float, forming sludge blankets that filter out smaller particles. Sedimentation tanks have four zones - inlet, outlet, settling, and sludge. Tanks are designed based on operation type (fill and draw or continuous flow), location (primary or secondary), and shape (circular, rectangular, or hopper bottom). Design guidelines specify detention time, flow velocity, dimensions, and slopes. Rectangular tanks are large capacity while circular tanks are used for small to medium applications and constant flows.
Removal of colour and turbidity (coagulation, flocculation filtration)Ghent University
This document discusses methods for analyzing water quality parameters like biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and toxicity. BOD measures how much oxygen is used by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water. COD measures the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize all organic compounds. TDS measures the total dissolved solids in water. The document provides equations to calculate these parameters based on experimental measurements like oxygen consumption and solid residue weights. It then gives sample data measured for conventional and cationized water treatment to calculate and compare these parameters between the two treatments.
The document discusses clarifiers, which are settling tanks used to remove solids from liquid through sedimentation. There are two main types of clarifiers: rectangular and circular. Clarifiers work by allowing heavier solids to settle to the bottom while lighter materials such as scum float to the surface. Primary clarifiers are used to remove solids before biological wastewater treatment, typically removing 90-95% of settleable solids. Secondary clarifiers separate treated wastewater from activated sludge after biological processes. Design considerations for clarifiers include hydraulic loading, solid loading, detention time, and surface overflow rate.
The document summarizes the water treatment process. Raw water is taken from sources like lakes and rivers and contains particles like viruses, bacteria, and sediments. It then goes through coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to remove harmful particles. Coagulants are added to help particles combine and form clumps that are then removed. The treated water is stored, distributed, and consumed by homes after ensuring it is clean and safe.
Dissolved Air Flotation is a Wastewater Treatment technology that removes harmful impurities from industrial, commercial, & residential wastewater through air pressure and makes it usable for other purposes...know more: https://kelvinindia.in/dissolved-air-flotation
The saturation index (SI) is a measurement used to determine if water is corrosive or scale-forming. The SI is calculated based on factors like temperature, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, pH, and calcium hardness. An SI between -0.3 and 0.3 is considered acceptable, as outside this range the water can damage surfaces. A negative SI below -0.3 means the water is corrosive and will dissolve surfaces, while a positive SI above 0.3 means the water is scale-forming and will deposit minerals on surfaces. The SI should be measured regularly and adjustments made to factors like TDS, alkalinity, pH, and hardness to keep the water in the acceptable range
Water Treatment Processes:- Coagulation , Flocculation, Filtration by Kalpesh...kalpesh solanki
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. It provides details on each major step:
- Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to destabilize particles in water and allow them to agglomerate. Flocculation then forms these particles into larger flocs to facilitate their removal.
- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
- Other key processes discussed include sedimentation to remove settled particles, aeration to improve odor and taste, and disinfection to kill
The document discusses raw water impurities and demineralization systems. It begins by describing common impurities found in raw water such as calcium, magnesium, bicarbonates, sulfates and chlorides. It then discusses methods for expressing dissolved impurities and difficulties caused by various impurities. The document outlines pretreatment processes including coagulation, settling and filtration to remove suspended solids. It also describes demineralization systems using ion exchange materials like cation and anion exchange resins. Different demineralization configurations are listed that can be used depending on raw water quality and purity requirements.
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY IN TAMIRABARANI RIVER ENCROACHED BY WAT...Jenson Samraj
This dissertation explains the analysis of water quality in which the Eichhornia crassipes lives further from many different samples the water was analyzed by my friend Mr. Esakki Raja
This presentation is about both conventional and advanced treatment of water. TSS and turbidity removal and disinfection by conventional treatment. TDS removal and removal of ionic and non-ionic contaminants by ion exchange, adsorption, and membrane processes is included as the advanced treatment processes.
Sediments are transported in rivers in different ways depending on their size and the river's velocity. Bed load consists of heavier grains that roll and slide along the river bottom, while suspended load is carried throughout the water by turbulence. The critical shear stress needed for sediments to begin moving depends on their size and weight. The Hjulstrom diagram shows the relationship between sediment size and the velocity required for erosion, transportation, or deposition. Smaller sediments are carried farther as wash load, while larger grains move as bed load or suspended close to the river bottom. The Rouse number determines whether sediments will be transported as bed load, suspended load, or wash load based on particle size and fluid properties.
This document provides an overview of clarifiers, which are used in sewage treatment plants to remove solids from wastewater. It discusses the different types of clarifiers, including primary and secondary clarifiers. Primary clarifiers remove settable solids before biological treatment, producing primary sludge. Secondary clarifiers remove biomass from the aerated water, producing secondary sludge. Common clarifier designs include circular and rectangular shapes. The clarification process involves the settling of heavier solids to the bottom of the tank due to gravity, while scum and lighter materials float to the surface.
The document discusses coagulation and flocculation processes used in water treatment. It begins by explaining that coagulation uses chemicals like aluminum and iron salts to neutralize the negative charges on small particles and colloids in water. This destabilizes the particles so they can agglomerate during flocculation. Flocculation is the process where the destabilized particles collide and form larger flocs that are easier to remove by sedimentation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimal pH and coagulant dose. Different types of flocculators including mechanical mixers and hydraulic designs that utilize baffles or differential settling are also described.
This document provides information about coagulation and flocculation processes used in water treatment. It discusses how coagulants are used to remove very fine suspended particles by neutralizing their electrical charges. The processes involve rapid mixing of coagulants, followed by slow mixing or flocculation to form larger floc particles that are then removed by sedimentation. Common coagulants used are aluminum and iron salts. Jar tests are described as a way to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose for effective treatment.
Sedimentation is the process of removing solid particles from water via gravity. It is commonly used in water treatment after coagulation and flocculation. The document discusses sedimentation tank design and calculations for settling velocity based on particle size and density. Examples are provided to design rectangular and circular sedimentation tanks for pre-treating river water to remove grit and sand based on a flow rate of 20,000 m3/day and using an overflow rate of 31 m/hour.
The document discusses sedimentation in water treatment. It defines sedimentation as the gravitational accumulation of solids at the bottom of water. It then discusses factors that affect sedimentation rates such as particle size and shape, water viscosity, and temperature. Stokes' formula and other equations for calculating particle settling velocity are provided. The main types of sedimentation tanks - quiescent/fill and draw, horizontal flow rectangular and circular, and vertical flow - are described. Key design considerations like surface overflow rate and detention period are also summarized. Finally, the need for periodic sludge removal from sedimentation tanks is mentioned.
DESIGN OF A 30 MLD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT(PROJECT REPORT) Ratnesh Kushwaha
This is a project report on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water, various treatment units, design calculations and a layout of sewage treatment plant. This report also includes the future scope of this project.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading power point presentation of this project
Sedimentation tanks allow suspended solids in liquid to settle out under gravity. Particles settle to the bottom and are removed by scrapers. Slowing the flow rate or bubbling air causes floccules to settle or float, forming sludge blankets that filter out smaller particles. Sedimentation tanks have four zones - inlet, outlet, settling, and sludge. Tanks are designed based on operation type (fill and draw or continuous flow), location (primary or secondary), and shape (circular, rectangular, or hopper bottom). Design guidelines specify detention time, flow velocity, dimensions, and slopes. Rectangular tanks are large capacity while circular tanks are used for small to medium applications and constant flows.
Removal of colour and turbidity (coagulation, flocculation filtration)Ghent University
This document discusses methods for analyzing water quality parameters like biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), and toxicity. BOD measures how much oxygen is used by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water. COD measures the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize all organic compounds. TDS measures the total dissolved solids in water. The document provides equations to calculate these parameters based on experimental measurements like oxygen consumption and solid residue weights. It then gives sample data measured for conventional and cationized water treatment to calculate and compare these parameters between the two treatments.
The document discusses clarifiers, which are settling tanks used to remove solids from liquid through sedimentation. There are two main types of clarifiers: rectangular and circular. Clarifiers work by allowing heavier solids to settle to the bottom while lighter materials such as scum float to the surface. Primary clarifiers are used to remove solids before biological wastewater treatment, typically removing 90-95% of settleable solids. Secondary clarifiers separate treated wastewater from activated sludge after biological processes. Design considerations for clarifiers include hydraulic loading, solid loading, detention time, and surface overflow rate.
The document summarizes the water treatment process. Raw water is taken from sources like lakes and rivers and contains particles like viruses, bacteria, and sediments. It then goes through coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection to remove harmful particles. Coagulants are added to help particles combine and form clumps that are then removed. The treated water is stored, distributed, and consumed by homes after ensuring it is clean and safe.
Dissolved Air Flotation is a Wastewater Treatment technology that removes harmful impurities from industrial, commercial, & residential wastewater through air pressure and makes it usable for other purposes...know more: https://kelvinindia.in/dissolved-air-flotation
The saturation index (SI) is a measurement used to determine if water is corrosive or scale-forming. The SI is calculated based on factors like temperature, total dissolved solids, alkalinity, pH, and calcium hardness. An SI between -0.3 and 0.3 is considered acceptable, as outside this range the water can damage surfaces. A negative SI below -0.3 means the water is corrosive and will dissolve surfaces, while a positive SI above 0.3 means the water is scale-forming and will deposit minerals on surfaces. The SI should be measured regularly and adjustments made to factors like TDS, alkalinity, pH, and hardness to keep the water in the acceptable range
Water Treatment Processes:- Coagulation , Flocculation, Filtration by Kalpesh...kalpesh solanki
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. It provides details on each major step:
- Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to destabilize particles in water and allow them to agglomerate. Flocculation then forms these particles into larger flocs to facilitate their removal.
- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
- Other key processes discussed include sedimentation to remove settled particles, aeration to improve odor and taste, and disinfection to kill
The document discusses raw water impurities and demineralization systems. It begins by describing common impurities found in raw water such as calcium, magnesium, bicarbonates, sulfates and chlorides. It then discusses methods for expressing dissolved impurities and difficulties caused by various impurities. The document outlines pretreatment processes including coagulation, settling and filtration to remove suspended solids. It also describes demineralization systems using ion exchange materials like cation and anion exchange resins. Different demineralization configurations are listed that can be used depending on raw water quality and purity requirements.
Handout prepared to the "Introduction to water and waste water management|.
Brief introduction about water and wastewater monitoring.
Contact: adnansirage@gmail.com
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY IN TAMIRABARANI RIVER ENCROACHED BY WAT...Jenson Samraj
This dissertation explains the analysis of water quality in which the Eichhornia crassipes lives further from many different samples the water was analyzed by my friend Mr. Esakki Raja
This presentation is about both conventional and advanced treatment of water. TSS and turbidity removal and disinfection by conventional treatment. TDS removal and removal of ionic and non-ionic contaminants by ion exchange, adsorption, and membrane processes is included as the advanced treatment processes.
Sediments are transported in rivers in different ways depending on their size and the river's velocity. Bed load consists of heavier grains that roll and slide along the river bottom, while suspended load is carried throughout the water by turbulence. The critical shear stress needed for sediments to begin moving depends on their size and weight. The Hjulstrom diagram shows the relationship between sediment size and the velocity required for erosion, transportation, or deposition. Smaller sediments are carried farther as wash load, while larger grains move as bed load or suspended close to the river bottom. The Rouse number determines whether sediments will be transported as bed load, suspended load, or wash load based on particle size and fluid properties.
This document provides an overview of clarifiers, which are used in sewage treatment plants to remove solids from wastewater. It discusses the different types of clarifiers, including primary and secondary clarifiers. Primary clarifiers remove settable solids before biological treatment, producing primary sludge. Secondary clarifiers remove biomass from the aerated water, producing secondary sludge. Common clarifier designs include circular and rectangular shapes. The clarification process involves the settling of heavier solids to the bottom of the tank due to gravity, while scum and lighter materials float to the surface.
The document discusses coagulation and flocculation processes used in water treatment. It begins by explaining that coagulation uses chemicals like aluminum and iron salts to neutralize the negative charges on small particles and colloids in water. This destabilizes the particles so they can agglomerate during flocculation. Flocculation is the process where the destabilized particles collide and form larger flocs that are easier to remove by sedimentation. Jar tests are used to determine the optimal pH and coagulant dose. Different types of flocculators including mechanical mixers and hydraulic designs that utilize baffles or differential settling are also described.
This document provides information about coagulation and flocculation processes used in water treatment. It discusses how coagulants are used to remove very fine suspended particles by neutralizing their electrical charges. The processes involve rapid mixing of coagulants, followed by slow mixing or flocculation to form larger floc particles that are then removed by sedimentation. Common coagulants used are aluminum and iron salts. Jar tests are described as a way to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose for effective treatment.
Coagulation and flocculation in watertreatment Ghassan Hadi
The document discusses various processes involved in water treatment, including coagulation, flocculation, and filtration. It provides details on each major step:
- Coagulation involves adding chemicals like aluminum sulfate to destabilize particles in water and allow them to agglomerate. Flocculation then forms these particles into larger flocs to facilitate their removal.
- Filtration passes water through filter media like sand to remove remaining particles and microorganisms. Slow sand filters have a biological layer that assists with removal, while rapid sand filters use physical filtration at higher flow rates.
- Other key processes include sedimentation to remove settled flocs, disinfection to kill pathogens, and softening to reduce water hardness
This document discusses coagulation and flocculation processes used in water treatment. It explains that coagulation uses chemicals like aluminum and iron salts to destabilize colloidal particles in water by neutralizing their negative charges. This allows the particles to agglomerate into larger flocs during flocculation. Flocculation is the process where these destabilized particles come together through gentle mixing. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose needed for effective coagulation and flocculation in water treatment.
The passage discusses the coagulation and flocculation process used in water treatment. It involves two steps:
1) Coagulation: Chemical coagulants are added to destabilize colloidal particles and fine suspended particles in water by neutralizing their electric charges. This allows the particles to aggregate together.
2) Flocculation: The destabilized particles are made to collide and stick together into larger flocs through gentle stirring. This prepares them for removal by sedimentation or filtration. Jar tests are used to determine the optimal coagulant type and dosage for effective removal of turbidity from the water.
The document discusses the conventional water treatment process of coagulation and flocculation. It begins by explaining that coagulation is the process of destabilizing charged particles in water by adding coagulants such as aluminum sulfate. This allows the particles to come together and form larger flocs. Flocculation is the subsequent process where these destabilized particles are brought together into larger aggregates that can be removed from the water. The document then covers topics such as the factors that affect coagulation efficiency, common coagulants used, jar testing to determine optimal coagulant dose and pH, and the coagulation-flocculation process flow.
1. A jar test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical coagulation and flocculation in removing suspended solids from water.
2. The jar test involved adding different doses of coagulants to water samples, rapidly mixing to dissolve the coagulant, slowly mixing to allow floc formation, and measuring the clarity of the settled water.
3. The results showed that an optimal coagulant dose produced the lowest turbidity reading, indicating the most effective removal of suspended solids. Graphs of water quality parameters versus coagulant dose aided in analyzing the coagulation-flocculation process.
This document discusses the coagulation and flocculation processes in water treatment. Coagulation involves adding chemicals called coagulants to water to combine colloidal and suspended solid particles so they can be removed. Important coagulants include alum and ferric chloride. Flocculation follows coagulation and involves gentle mixing to form larger flocs from the combined particles that are then more easily removed by sedimentation. The factors that influence coagulation and flocculation include coagulant type and dosage, water pH, temperature, and turbidity.
This material deals with type-II settling (Hindered settling), mechanism involved in arresting colloidal particles. Definitons, Types of mixing devices, flash mixing, and flocculators
Coagulation and flocculation are water treatment processes used to remove suspended particles from water. Suspended particles have a negative charge that causes them to repel each other, so coagulants with an opposite charge are added to neutralize this and allow particles to stick together. Coagulation involves rapid mixing to disperse coagulants while flocculation involves gentle mixing to encourage particle collisions and growth of flocs. Incomplete coagulation or flocculation will negatively impact downstream sedimentation and filtration steps. The choice of coagulant depends on factors like the particles to be removed and water chemistry. Common coagulants include inorganic salts like alum and polymers.
The document discusses various water treatment methods including sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, and disinfection. Sedimentation involves the settling of suspended particles in water by gravity. Coagulation uses chemicals to destabilize colloidal particles and form larger particles that are more easily removed. Filtration passes water through sand or other media to remove remaining particles. Disinfection uses chemicals or UV light to inactivate pathogens. The document provides details on the various processes and their applications in water treatment.
This presentation summarizes coagulation and flocculation techniques used in water treatment. Coagulation involves adding chemicals like alum to destabilize colloidal particles in water. Flocculation then aggregates these micro-flocs into larger macro-flocs that are easier to remove by settling. Jar tests are used to determine the optimum pH and coagulant dose. Various mixers like paddles and turbines are used for flocculation to induce velocity gradients and differential settling of the flocs.
chemical industries: water treatment flocculation tankDimaJawhar
Introduction:
If river or lake water is not treated or sterilized beforehand, it is barely clean enough
for human consumption. To make groundwater suitable for drinking, it frequently
requires some sort of treatment. Preserving the community's health is the main goal of
water treatment. Naturally, chemicals and dangerous microbes must not be present in
potable water. The water should have almost little turbidity, be a transparent hue, and
have no flavor or odor that is undesirable. Water used for household purposes shouldn't
be caustic or leave unsightly stains and buildup on plumbing fittings.
Figure 1: water treatment process flow diagram.
Regarding Figure 1 For the purpose of cleaning sewage, water, and industrial wastes,
one crucial step is the development of suspended floes, which may be effectively
separated from the solution by settling or filtering. We refer to this process as
coagulation or flocculation. up to 1920, sanitation engineers had little knowledge of the
nature of the process and often confused it with mixing, which refers to the act of
releasing coagulating chemicals in a liquid to aid in the solution's creation. Since then,
it has been discovered that flocculation is a physical process that needs time and mild
disturbance. However, there hasn't been much advancement in the scientific
understanding of the underlying principles and their application to design.
water treatment: flocculation process
Page | 4
Coagulation and flocculation
flocculation involves adding a chemical coagulant to water, for the particles
to create bigger, easier-to-separate clumps.
suspended particles cannot be eliminated. Smaller and lighter particles settle out more
slowly in some cases not at all, whereas larger and heavier particles settle out more
quickly. For this reason, coagulation—a chemical process—usually occurs before it
reaches the sedimentation stage. To combine the non-settling particles into bigger,
heavier masses of solids known as floc, chemicals (coagulants) are introduced to the
water. The (coagulants) are added to the water to make the non-settling particles
together into bigger, heavier masses of solids called floc. Aluminum sulfate (alum) is a
commonly used coagulant for water purification and deep sanitizing Other chemicals,
such as ferric sulfate or sodium aluminate are also be used.
Figure 2: A coagulant is used to minimize electric charges on the particles, to make it
easier to form the particles into clumps. However, it is not enough to settle the particles
out of solution.
water treatment: flocculation process
Page | 5
Oil emulsions will float to the top while suspended particles will sink to the bottom.
The removal of these contaminants during filtration will depend on how they precipitate
out of solution.
Any flocculated particles in the treated water can now be filtered out in the scenario
depicted above in Figure 2. These flocculated particles have now settled to the bottom
of the sedimentation chamber.
These particles ne
This document discusses wastewater management in industries. It outlines the objectives of understanding wastewater quality requirements, design, and disposal methods for different industries. It covers sources of water, water quality parameters, common water impurities, and pretreatment methods like softening, filtration, and ion exchange. The document also discusses the importance of water quality for food processing industries and methods to reduce waste volumes, like classifying wastes, conserving water, changing production processes, and reusing effluents.
This document discusses the water treatment process of coagulation and flocculation. It begins by defining coagulation as the addition of coagulants to destabilize particles, and flocculation as the gentle mixing to form settleable flocs. It then explains the chemistry and factors involved, including how coagulants work by neutralizing charges to allow particles to join together. Common coagulants discussed are alum, ferric salts, and polyelectrolytes. Optimal dosing is important and can be determined through jar testing. The goal of coagulation and flocculation is to remove turbidity, color and some bacteria from water through physical and chemical processes.
The document discusses boiler water treatment. The key purposes of boiler water treatment are to prevent scale formation, corrosion, and carryover. It discusses various treatment methods like filtration, softening, and deaeration to purify feedwater before it enters the boiler. Chemicals are also added to control pH, oxygen, and total dissolved solids to ensure steam purity and protect boiler components from corrosion and scale. Proper water treatment is necessary to maintain high availability, efficiency, and lifespan of boilers and turbines.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
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Satisfying Spa Massage Experience at Just 99 AED - Malayali Kerala Spa AjmanMalayali Kerala Spa Ajman
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Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every DayLucas Smith
Simple Steps to Make Her Choose You Every Day" and unlock the secrets to building a strong, lasting relationship. This comprehensive guide takes you on a journey to self-improvement, enhancing your communication and emotional skills, ensuring that your partner chooses you without hesitation. Forget about complications and start applying easy, straightforward steps that make her see you as the ideal person she can't live without. Gain the key to her heart and enjoy a relationship filled with love and mutual respect. This isn't just a book; it's an investment in your happiness and the happiness of your partner
Basics of Electrocardiogram
CONTENTS
●Conduction System of the Heart
●What is ECG or EKG?
●ECG Leads
●Normal waves of ECG.
●Dimensions of ECG.
● Abnormalities of ECG
CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
ECG:
●ECG is a graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity precedes the mechanical activity of the heart.
●Electrical activity has two phases:
Depolarization- contraction of muscle
Repolarization- relaxation of muscle
ECG Leads:
●6 Chest leads
●6 Limb leads
1. Bipolar Limb Leads:
Lead 1- Between right arm(-ve) and left arm(+ve)
Lead 2- Between right arm(-ve) and left leg(+ve)
Lead 3- Between left arm(-ve)
and left leg(+ve)
2. Augmented unipolar Limb Leads:
AvR- Right arm
AvL- Left arm
AvF- Left leg
3.Chest Leads:
V1 : Over 4th intercostal
space near right sternal margin
V2: Over 4th intercostal space near left sternal margin
V3:In between V2 and V4
V4:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
clavicular line
V5:Over left 5th intercostal space on the anterior
axillary line
V6:Over left 5th intercostal space on the mid
axillary line.
Normal ECG:
Waves of ECG:
P Wave
•P Wave is a positive wave and the first wave in ECG.
•It is also called as atrial complex.
Cause: Atrial depolarisation
Duration: 0.1 sec
QRS Complex:
•QRS’ complex is also called the initial ventricular complex.
•‘Q’ wave is a small negative wave. It is continued as the tall ‘R’ wave, which is a positive wave.
‘R’ wave is followed by a small negative wave, the ‘S’ wave.
Cause:Ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Duration: 0.08- 0.10 sec
T Wave:
•‘T’ wave is the final ventricular complex and is a positive wave.
Cause:Ventricular repolarization Duration: 0.2 sec
Intervals and Segments of ECG:
P-R Interval:
•‘P-R’ interval is the interval
between the onset of ‘P’wave and onset of ‘Q’ wave.
•‘P-R’ interval cause atrial depolarization and conduction of impulses through AV node.
Duration:0.18 (0.12 to 0.2) sec
Q-T Interval:
•‘Q-T’ interval is the interval between the onset of ‘Q’
wave and the end of ‘T’ wave.
•‘Q-T’ interval indicates the ventricular depolarization
and ventricular repolarization,
i.e. it signifies the
electrical activity in ventricles.
Duration:0.4-0.42sec
S-T Segment:
•‘S-T’ segment is the time interval between the end of ‘S’ wave and the onset of ‘T’ wave.
Duration: 0.08 sec
R-R Interval:
•‘R-R’ interval is the time interval between two consecutive ‘R’ waves.
•It signifies the duration of one cardiac cycle.
Duration: 0.8 sec
Dimension of ECG:
How to find heart rhytm of the heart?
Regular rhytm:
Irregular rhytm:
More than or less than 4
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is Regular :
Heart rate =
300/No.of large b/w 2 QRS complex
= 300/4
=75 beats/mins
How to find heart rate using ECG?
If heart Rhytm is irregular:
Heart rate = 10×No.of QRS complex in 6 sec 5large box = 1sec
5×6=30
10×7 = 70 Beats/min
Abnormalities of ECG:
Cardiac Arrythmias:
1.Tachycardia
Heart Rate more than 100 beats/min
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NURSING MANAGEMENT OF PATIENT WITH EMPHYSEMA .PPTblessyjannu21
Prepared by Prof. BLESSY THOMAS, VICE PRINCIPAL, FNCON, SPN.
Emphysema is a disease condition of respiratory system.
Emphysema is an abnormal permanent enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis.
Emphysema of lung is defined as hyper inflation of the lung ais spaces due to obstruction of non respiratory bronchioles as due to loss of elasticity of alveoli.
It is a type of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
It is a progressive disease of lungs.
Cyclothymia Test: Diagnosing, Symptoms, Treatment, and Impact | The Lifescien...The Lifesciences Magazine
The cyclothymia test is a pivotal tool in the diagnostic process. It helps clinicians assess the presence and severity of symptoms associated with cyclothymia.
The Importance of Black Women Understanding the Chemicals in Their Personal C...bkling
Certain chemicals, such as phthalates and parabens, can disrupt the body's hormones and have significant effects on health. According to data, hormone-related health issues such as uterine fibroids, infertility, early puberty and more aggressive forms of breast and endometrial cancers disproportionately affect Black women. Our guest speaker, Jasmine A. McDonald, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Department of Epidemiology at Columbia University in New York City, discusses the scientific reasons why Black women should pay attention to specific chemicals in their personal care products, like hair care, and ways to minimize their exposure.
Research, Monitoring and Evaluation, in Public Healthaghedogodday
This is a presentation on the overview of the role of monitoring and evaluation in public health. It describes the various components and how a robust M&E system can possitively impact the results or effectiveness of a public health intervention.
2. 8/3/2022 water treatment 2
Introduction
The need to clarify water
Aesthetics and health
Colloids – impart color and turbidity
to water – aesthetical acceptability
Microbes are colloids too
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COAGULATION &
FLOCCULATION
Removal of colloidal
substances from water
Potable water requirements
health, aesthetics, economic
Colloids
Size of colloids - light waves
Brownian motion
Stability of colloids
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What is Coagulation?
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids by addition of
chemicals that neutralize the negative charges
The chemicals are known as coagulants, usually higher valence
cationic salts (Al3+, Fe3+ etc.)
Coagulation is essentially a chemical process
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What is Flocculation?
Flocculation is the agglomeration of destabilized particles into
a large size particles known as flocs which can be effectively removed
by sedimentation or flotation.
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Why coagulation and flocculation?
Various sizes of particles in raw water
Particle diameter (mm) Type Settling velocity
10 Pebble 0.73 m/s
1 Course sand 0.23 m/s
0.1 Fine sand 0.6 m/min
0.01 Silt 8.6 m/d
0.0001 (10 micron) Large colloids 0.3 m/y
0.000001 (1 nano) Small colloids 3 m/million y
Colloids – so small: gravity settling not possible
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Colloid Stability
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Repulsion
Colloid - A Colloid - B
Colloids have a net negative surface charge
Electrostatic force prevents them from agglomeration
Brownian motion keeps the colloids in suspension
H2O
Colloid
Impossible to remove colloids by gravity settling
11. 8/3/2022 water treatment 11
Colloids can be destabilized by charge
neutralization
Positively charges ions (Na+, Mg2+, Al3+,
Fe3+ etc.) neutralize the colloidal negative
charges and thus destabilize them.
With destabilization, colloids aggregate in
size and start to settle
Colloid Destabilization
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Force analysis on colloids
The integral of the
combined forces is
the energy barrier
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Jar Tests
Determination of optimum pH
The jar test – a laboratory procedure to determine the optimum pH
and the optimum coagulant dose
A jar test simulates the coagulation and flocculation processes
Fill the jars with raw water sample
(500 or 1000 mL) – usually 6 jars
Adjust pH of the jars while mixing
using H2SO4 or NaOH/lime
(pH: 5.0; 5.5; 6.0; 6.5; 7.0; 7.5)
Add same dose of the selected
coagulant (alum or iron) to each jar
(Coagulant dose: 5 or 10 mg/L)
Jar Test
16. 8/3/2022 water treatment 16
Jar Test set-up
Rapid mix each jar at 100 to 150 rpm for 1 minute. The rapid mix
helps to disperse the coagulant throughout each container
Reduce the stirring speed to 25 to 30 rpm
and continue mixing for 15 to 20 mins
This slower mixing speed helps
promote floc formation by
enhancing particle collisions,
which lead to larger flocs
Turn off the mixers and allow
flocs to settle for 30 to 45 mins
Measure the final residual
turbidity in each jar
Plot residual turbidity against pH
Jar Tests – determining optimum pH
18. 8/3/2022 water treatment 18
Optimum coagulant dose
Repeat all the previous steps
This time adjust pH of all jars at
optimum (6.3 found from first test)
while mixing using H2SO4 or
NaOH/lime
Add different doses of the selected
coagulant (alum or iron) to each jar
(Coagulant dose: 5; 7; 10; 12; 15; 20 mg/L)
Rapid mix each jar at 100 to 150 rpm for 1 minute. The rapid
mix helps to disperse the coagulant throughout each container
Reduce the stirring speed to 25 to 30 rpm for 15 to 20 mins
19. 8/3/2022 water treatment 19
Turn off the mixers and allow flocs to settle for 30 to 45 mins
Then measure the final residual turbidity in each jar
Plot residual turbidity
against coagulant dose
Coagulant Dose mg/L
Optimum coagulant dose: 12.5 mg/L
The coagulant dose with
the lowest residual
turbidity will be the
optimum coagulant dose
Optimum coagulant dose
27. 8/3/2022 water treatment 27
Aluminum Chemistry
1 mole of alum consumes 6 moles of bicarbonate (HCO3
-)
Al2(SO4)3.14 H2O + 6HCO3
- 2Al(OH)3+ 6CO2 + 14H2O + 3SO4
-2
If alkalinity is not enough, pH will reduce greatly
Lime or sodium carbonate may be needed to neutralize the acid.
(Optimum pH: 5.5 – 6.5)
With alum addition, what happens to water pH?
Al2(SO4)3.14 H2O 2Al(OH)3+ 8H2O + 3H2SO4
-2
28. Al3+ species as a function of pH
8/3/2022 water treatment 28
29. 8/3/2022 water treatment 29
Alkalinity calculation
Al2(SO4)3.14 H2O + 6HCO3
- 2Al(OH)3+ 6CO2 + 14H2O + 3SO4
-2
594 mg 366 mg
If 200 mg/L of alum to be added to achieve complete coagulation.
How much alkalinity is consumed in mg/L as CaCO3?
594 mg alum consumes 366 mg HCO3
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200 mg alum will consume (366/594) x 200 mg HCO3
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= 123 mg HCO3
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Alkalinity in mg/L as CaCO3 = 123 x (50/61)
= 101 mg/L as CaCO3
30. 8/3/2022 water treatment 30
Iron Chemistry
FeCl3+ 3HCO3
- Fe(OH)3+ 3CO2 + 3Cl-
With iron salt addition, what happens to water pH?
(Wider pH range of: 4 – 9; Best pH range of 4.5 – 5.5)
1 mole of FeCl3 consumes 3 moles of bicarbonate (HCO3
-)
If alkalinity is not enough, pH will reduce greatly due to hydrochloric
acid formation. Lime or sodium carbonate may be needed to neutralize
the acid. Lime is the cheapest.
If 200 mg/L of ferric chloride is added for coagulation, how
much alkalinity is consumed in mg/L as CaCO3?
Exercise: Alkalinity calculation
31. Fe species as a function of pH
8/3/2022 water treatment 31
32. 8/3/2022 water treatment 32
COAGULANT AIDS
Other substances than
coagulants used:
- Clay minerals
- Silicates
- Polymers
Polymers are often
either anionic or
cationic to aid
coagulation.
Polymers also
reinforce flocs
33. 8/3/2022 water treatment 33
FLOCCULATION
Flocculation - agglomeration of colloids by collisions to form separable flocs
Examples - milk, blood, seawater
Mechanisms - perikinetic, collisions from Brownian motion
- orthokinetic, induced collisions through stirring
Orthokinetic flocculation
Velocity gradient, relative movement between colloids in a fluid body
RMS velocity gradient
Camp No. Gt Typical 2x 104 - 105
35. 8/3/2022 water treatment 35
Topics of Discussion
The place of flocculation within a water
treatment process
The use of coagulation and flocculation
in the water industry
Softening
Separation of flocs by settling
and flotation
38. 8/3/2022 water treatment 38
Transport Mechanisms
• Brownian motion: for relatively small particles
which follow random motion and collide with
other particles (perikinetic motion)
• Differential settling: Particles with different
settling velocities in the vertical alignment collide
when one overtakes the other (orthokinetic motion)
Design of Flocculator (Slow & Gentle mixing)
Flocculators are designed mainly to provide enough interparticle
contacts to achieve particles agglomeration so that they can be
effectively removed by sedimentation or flotation
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Cross flow Flocculator (sectional view)
Plan (top view)
L
H
W
Mechanical Flocculator
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Hydraulic Flocculation
• Horizontally baffled tank
Plan view (horizontal flow)
• Vertically baffled tank
L
Isometric View (vertical flow)
L
W
H
The water flows horizontally.
The baffle walls help to create
turbulence and thus facilitate mixing
The water flows vertically. The baffle
walls help to create turbulence and thus
facilitate mixing
41. 8/3/2022 water treatment 41
http://www.environmental-center.com/magazine/iwa/jws/art4.pdf
Hydraulic Flocculation
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Velocity Gradient: relative velocity of the two fluid particles/distance
G = dv/dy = 1.0/0.1 = 10 s-1
Mixing and Power
The degree of mixing is measured by Velocity Gradient (G)
Higher G value, intenser mixing
0.1
m
1 m/s
In mixer design, the following equation is useful
G= velocity gradient, s-1;
P = Power input, W
V = Tank volume, m3;
= Dynamic viscosity, (Pa.s)
59. 8/3/2022 water treatment 59
G value for coagulation: 700 to 1000 S-1; 3000 to 5000 S-1 for
Mixing time: 30 to 60 S in-line blender; 1-2 sec
G value for flocculation: 20 to 80 S-1;
Mixing time: 20 to 60 min
In the flocculator design, Gt (also known Camp No.); a product
of G and t is commonly used as a design parameter
Typical Gt for flocculation is 2 x 104 - 105
Large G and small T gives small but dense floc
Small G and large T gives big but light flocs
We need big as well as dense flocs
which can be obtained by designing
flocculator with different G values 1 2 3
G1:40 G2:30 G3:20
60. 8/3/2022 water treatment 60
Power Calculation
What horsepower level do we need to supply to a flocculation
basin to provide a G value of 100s-1 and a Gt of 100,000 for 10
MGD flow? (Given: = 0.89 x 10-3 Pa.s; 1 hp = 745.7 watts)
Solution:
Retention time, t = Gt/G = 100,000/100 = 1000 secs
Volume of Flocculation basin, V = (0.438 m3/sec) x (1000 sec)
= 438 m3
P = G2 V x
= 1002 x 438 x 0.89 x10-3 = 3900 W
= 3900/746 = 5.2 hp
61. 8/3/2022
water treatment 61
WATER TREATMENT ENERGY CALCULATIONS
F = ma. In a gravity field, F = mg
Force in N, where a N is the force to accelerate 1kg @1m/s2
Force to move h, Potential energy = Fh = mgh
Dimensions MLT-2L, kgm2s-2 = Nm or J
Force moving at a certain speed, introduces time dimension
Dimensions here are MT-1, L/s (1L=1kg)
Rate of energy usage, or power, P = mgh/t
Dimensions are now ML2T-3, or kgm2s-3 = J/s or W.
Power (W) to pump water to h, flow rate in L/s (or kg/s)
W = kg/s x h x 9.8 m/s2
kW, divide by 1000 HP, divide by 746
62. 8/3/2022 water treatment 62
Viscosity of water is a measure of its resistance to flow
The cgs unit is the Poise, 1 gcm-1s-1.
Water viscosity is c. 1cP = 0.01P = 0.001 Pa.s
Pa = N/m2 or kgms-2m-2, so Pa.s = kgms-2m-2s = kgm-1s-1
This could also have been derived from going from
gcm-1s-1, multiplying by 100/1000.
Therefore 1cP = 0.001kgm-1s-1
VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT
63. 8/3/2022 water treatment 63
Calculation of Velocity Gradient
Calculate the velocity gradient in a flocculator, where
the required energy is 1 J/L. Flow rate is 4ML/d,
retention time = 20 min
Volume, V = 4000/(24 x 60/20) = 55.5 m3
Flow rate = 4000 x 1000 = 46.3 L/s
24 x 60 x 60
_____ _________________
G = P/V = 1 x 46.3/0.001x55.5
= 28 s-1
64. 8/3/2022 water treatment 64
Calculate height required for hydraulic flocculator
Calculate the head difference in water through a
hydraulic flocculator, where the required energy
input is 1 J/L and the flow rate is 4 ML/d.
Power = energy/time
1 J x L/s = kg/s x 9.8 x h
Therefore, h = 1/9.8 m
= 0.102m
65. 8/3/2022 water treatment 65
Calculate Camp No
Calculate the Camp No for the hydraulic
flocculator in the previous example
Camp No = G.t
= 28 x 20 x 60
= 33,000
(within the boundaries of 20,000 – 200,000)
66. 8/3/2022 water treatment 66
Where F = drag force, N
CD = dimensionless drag coefficient for plates moving faces normal to direction of motion
A = cross-sectional area of the paddles, m2
= relative velocity between paddles and fluid, m/s
= density, 1000 kg/m3
The power input can be computed as the product of drag force and velocity:
P = F = CDA3/2
If this is substituted in the equation for G, the mean velocity gradient G becomes
G2 = P/V = CDA3/ 2V
CDA2
2
F = CDA2/2
PADDLE FLOCCULATORS
67. 8/3/2022 water treatment 67
What you need to know
How to determine the velocity
gradient and volume, chemical
and energy requirements for
flocculation
Be able to size settling tanks on
the basis of particle settling rates
and identify important zones in
the settling tank
Softening calculations
68. 8/3/2022 water treatment 68
Disinfection Byproducts: A Reference Resource
Disinfection byproducts are formed when disinfectants used in water treatment plants react with bromide and/or natural
organic matter (i.e., decaying vegetation) present in the source water. Different disinfectants produce different types or amounts
of disinfection byproducts. Disinfection byproducts for which regulations have been established have been identified in drinking
water, including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite. ------------------------
Trihalomethanes (THM) are a group of four chemicals that are formed along with other disinfection byproducts when chlorine or
other disinfectants used to control microbial contaminants in drinking water react with naturally occurring organic and inorganic
matter in water. The trihalomethanes are chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform. EPA has
published the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule to regulate total trihalomethanes (TTHM) at a maximum
allowable annual average level of 80 parts per billion. This standard replaced the current standard of a maximum allowable
annual average level of 100 parts per billion in December 2001 for large surface water public water systems. The standard
became effective for the first time in December 2003 for small surface water and all ground water systems. ------------------------
Haloacetic Acids (HAA5) are a group of chemicals that are formed along with other disinfection byproducts when chlorine or
other disinfectants used to control microbial contaminants in drinking water react with naturally occurring organic and inorganic
matter in water. The regulated haloacetic acids, known as HAA5, are: monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic
acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid. EPA has published the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule
to regulate HAA5 at 60 parts per billion annual average. This standard became effective for large surface water public water
systems in December 2001 and for small surface water and all ground water public water systems in December 2003. -------------
Bromate is a chemical that is formed when ozone used to disinfect drinking water reacts with naturally occurring bromide found
in source water. EPA has established the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule to regulate bromate at annual
average of 10 parts per billion in drinking water. This standard will become effective for large public water systems by December
2001 and for small surface water and all ground public water systems in December 2003. ------------------------
Chlorite is a byproduct formed when chlorine dioxide is used to disinfect water. EPA has published the Stage1
Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule to regulate chlorite at a monthly average level of 1 part per million in drinking water.
This standard became effective for large surface water public water systems in December 2001 and for small surface water and
all ground water public water systems in December 2003