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CNC

The document provides information about numerical control and computer numerical control (CNC) manufacturing. It discusses the components and process of numerical control, how CNC improved on this with a microprocessor, and part programming using APT. It then gives an example of an APT program for machining a cylindrical part and interpreting the code in the program.

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03/30/15 Manufacturing Automation Computer Numerical Control (CNC)* Dr. L. K. Gaafar
03/30/15 Numerical Control Numerical Control is the operation of a machine using coded instructions which consists of letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and other symbols. This coded information is known as the Part Program These types of systems are referred to as “hardwire controls” and were popular from the 1950’s to 1970’s.
03/30/15 Components of Numerical Control Machine Part Program Machine Control Unit (MCU)
03/30/15 Engineering design of a part Develop manufacturing plan for the part Program numerical control instructions to allow the part to be manufactured according to the plan Process the program to develop cutter location data set Post Process for a specific machine tool The basic NC Process From Bedworth et al. 1991
03/30/15 Computer Numerical Control CNC NC machine with a microprocessor as an integral part of the MCU. Data handling, control sequences, and response to input is determined by the integrated microprocessor. Started in the 1970s
03/30/15 CNC Advantages Increased Program storage capability at the machine Program editing at the machine Control systems upgrades possible Option -resident CAM system at machine tool Tool path verification
03/30/15 Part Programming APT (Automatically Programmed Tool) is a software compiler for simplifying numerical control Programming. Developed by MIT in 1959 APT is the most widely used processor
03/30/15 APT APT (Automatically Programmed Tool) is a software compiler for simplifying numerical control Programming. Developed by MIT in 1959 APT is the most widely used processor
03/30/15 APT Characteristics •Three-dimensional unbounded surfaces and points are defined to represent the part to be made •Surfaces are defined in a X-Y-Z coordinate system •In Programming, the tool does all the moving; the part is stationary.
03/30/15 APT Statement Types (5) •Identification •Geometry •Motion •Postprocessor (feed, speed, coolant, … etc.) •Auxiliary (tool, tolerance, part, … etc.)
03/30/15 APT NC Words (Codes) N Code - Sequence Number G Code - Control Functions F Code - Feed Rate S Code - Spindle Speed T Code - Tool Selection M Code - Miscellaneous functions X, Y, Z Code - Coordinate position
03/30/15 APT Programming Example Cylindrical Part Φ25 Φ22.5 Φ17.5 20 Raw Material Finished Part 70
03/30/15 APT Programming Example Cylindrical Part O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500 N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650 N0110 G00 Z2.0 N0120 X50.0 Z50.0 T00 N0130 M30 Please sign up to the lab demo and watch this program running
03/30/15 APT Program Interpretation O0013 Program identification number
03/30/15 APT Program Interpretation O0013 N0010 T0404 N0010 Sequence number T0404 Select tool number 404
03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.0 Z0.0 S500 M04 G57 PS0 G00 Rapid movement (no cutting) X26.0 X location (as a diameter; 13 form zero) Z0.0 Z location S500 Spindle speed is 500 rpm M04 Rotate spindle counterclockwise APT Program Interpretation x z (0,0) +ve +ve
03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 G01 Linear interpolation (cutting) X-0.20 Move only in x direction until you pass the center by 0.1 mm (facing) F100 Set feed rate to 100 mm/min. APT Program Interpretation
03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 G00 Move rapidly away from workpiece (no cutting) Z2.0 the movement is 2 mm away from the face. APT Program Interpretation
03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 Go to a safe location away from the workpiece [x = 50 (25 from zero), z = 50] to change the tool. APT Program Interpretation
03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 T0404 Select tool number 404 Since we are using the same tool (404)for both turning and facing, N0050, N0060 are not needed APT Program Interpretation
03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 G57 PS0 G00 Rapid movement (no cutting) X25.0 X location (as a diameter; 12.5 form zero) Z2.0 Z location S500 Spindle speed is 500 rpm M04 Rotate spindle counterclockwise APT Program Interpretation
03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 G01 Linear interpolation (cutting) Z-70 Move only in z direction (external turning) F100 Set feed rate to 100 mm/min. APT Program Interpretation
03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500 G00 Move rapidly away from workpiece (no cutting) to location x= 26.0 (13.0 from zero) and z = 2.0. APT Program Interpretation
03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500 N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650 G84 Turning cycle for machining the step X17.5 final diameter Z-20 length of step is 20 mm D0=200 Finish allowance in X direction (0.2 mm) D2=200 Finish allowance in Z direction (0.2 mm) D3=650 Depth of cut in each pass (0.65 mm) APT Program Interpretation
03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500 N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650 N0110 G00 Z2.0 G00 Move rapidly away from workpiece (no cutting) Z2.0 the movement is 2 mm away from the face. APT Program Interpretation
03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500 N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650 N0110 G00 Z2.0 N0120 X50.0 Z50.0 T00 X50.0 Z50.0 Move to the tool changing location T00 cancel tool selection APT Program Interpretation
03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500 N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650 N0110 G00 Z2.0 N0120 X50.0 Z50.0 T00 N0130 M30 M30 Program End APT Program Interpretation
03/30/15 Sample Geometry Statements APT Vocabulary POINT LINE PLANE CIRCLE PATERN CYLNDR
03/30/15 Programming Example Raw Material Finished Part
03/30/15 Programming Example G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N010 G81 R3 E9 N7 Z-0.5 N011 M05 N012 M02 x y
03/30/15 Programming Example Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N013 M05 N014 M02 x y
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Setting the datum to the lower left corner of the work piece
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 Program Identification Number
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N001 Sequence Number M06 Tool Change (End Mill with Diameter=12mm T1 Tool Number
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 Start rotating the spindle clockwise with 400 rpm
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 Go to Safe Position with feed 150mm/min
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 Lower the end mill to determine the depth of cut
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 Move from the lower left corner of the work piece to the right lower one cutting with feed=75mm/min
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 Move from the lower left corner of the work piece to the right lower one cutting with feed=75mm/min
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 Cutting the horizontally up to X=30
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 Cutting to X=0 & Y=40
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 Complete the countering
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N010 G81 R3 E9 N7 Z-0.5 Repeat 7 times blocks from N003 to N009 with incremental offset of Z=-0.5
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N010 G81 R3 E9 N7 Z-0.5 N011 M05 Spindle Off
03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200 Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N010 G81 R3 E9 N7 Z-0.5 N011 M05 N012 M02 End Program
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change Changing the tool
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Setting the datum to the lower left corner of the work piece
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 Program Identification Number
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N001 Sequence Number M06 Tool Change (Drill with Diameter=6mm T2 Tool Number
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 Start rotating the spindle clockwise with 400 rpm
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 Go to Safe Position with feed 150mm/min
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 Stop above the center of the first hole
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 Start Drill the first hole
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 Retract to a position above the hole
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 Stop above the center of the second hole
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 Drill the second hole
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 Retract to a position above the second hole
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 Stop above the center of the third hole
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75 Drill the third hole
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 Retract to a position above the third hole
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N013 M05 Spindle off
03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55 X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N013 M05 N014 M02 End Program
03/30/15 Sample Point Statements PTA = POINT/3,4,5 PTB LIN1 LIN2 PTB = POINT/ INTOF, LIN1,LIN2 PTC PTD C1 LIN3 PTC = POINT/YLARGE, INTOF, LIN3,C1 PTC = POINT/XLARGE, INTOF, LIN3,C1 PTD = POINT/YSMALL, INTOF, LIN3,C1 PTD = POINT/XSMALLE, INTOF, LIN3,C1 x y
03/30/15 Sample Point Statements PTE PTF C1 PTE = POINT/YLARGE, INTOF, C1,C2 PTE = POINT/XLARGE, INTOF,C1, C2 PTF = POINT/YSMALL, INTOF, C1, C2 PTF = POINT/XSMALLE, INTOF,C1, C2 C2 x y

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CNC

  • 1.
  • 2.
    03/30/15 Numerical Control Numerical Controlis the operation of a machine using coded instructions which consists of letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and other symbols. This coded information is known as the Part Program These types of systems are referred to as “hardwire controls” and were popular from the 1950’s to 1970’s.
  • 3.
    03/30/15 Components of NumericalControl Machine Part Program Machine Control Unit (MCU)
  • 4.
    03/30/15 Engineering design ofa part Develop manufacturing plan for the part Program numerical control instructions to allow the part to be manufactured according to the plan Process the program to develop cutter location data set Post Process for a specific machine tool The basic NC Process From Bedworth et al. 1991
  • 5.
    03/30/15 Computer Numerical Control CNC NCmachine with a microprocessor as an integral part of the MCU. Data handling, control sequences, and response to input is determined by the integrated microprocessor. Started in the 1970s
  • 6.
    03/30/15 CNC Advantages Increased Programstorage capability at the machine Program editing at the machine Control systems upgrades possible Option -resident CAM system at machine tool Tool path verification
  • 7.
    03/30/15 Part Programming APT (AutomaticallyProgrammed Tool) is a software compiler for simplifying numerical control Programming. Developed by MIT in 1959 APT is the most widely used processor
  • 8.
    03/30/15 APT APT (Automatically ProgrammedTool) is a software compiler for simplifying numerical control Programming. Developed by MIT in 1959 APT is the most widely used processor
  • 9.
    03/30/15 APT Characteristics •Three-dimensional unboundedsurfaces and points are defined to represent the part to be made •Surfaces are defined in a X-Y-Z coordinate system •In Programming, the tool does all the moving; the part is stationary.
  • 10.
    03/30/15 APT Statement Types(5) •Identification •Geometry •Motion •Postprocessor (feed, speed, coolant, … etc.) •Auxiliary (tool, tolerance, part, … etc.)
  • 11.
    03/30/15 APT NC Words(Codes) N Code - Sequence Number G Code - Control Functions F Code - Feed Rate S Code - Spindle Speed T Code - Tool Selection M Code - Miscellaneous functions X, Y, Z Code - Coordinate position
  • 12.
    03/30/15 APT Programming Example CylindricalPart Φ25 Φ22.5 Φ17.5 20 Raw Material Finished Part 70
  • 13.
    03/30/15 APT Programming Example CylindricalPart O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57 G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500 N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650 N0110 G00 Z2.0 N0120 X50.0 Z50.0 T00 N0130 M30 Please sign up to the lab demo and watch this program running
  • 14.
  • 15.
    03/30/15 APT Program Interpretation O0013 N0010T0404 N0010 Sequence number T0404 Select tool number 404
  • 16.
    03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57G00 X26.0 Z0.0 S500 M04 G57 PS0 G00 Rapid movement (no cutting) X26.0 X location (as a diameter; 13 form zero) Z0.0 Z location S500 Spindle speed is 500 rpm M04 Rotate spindle counterclockwise APT Program Interpretation x z (0,0) +ve +ve
  • 17.
    03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 G01 Linear interpolation (cutting) X-0.20 Move only in x direction until you pass the center by 0.1 mm (facing) F100 Set feed rate to 100 mm/min. APT Program Interpretation
  • 18.
    03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 G00 Move rapidly away from workpiece (no cutting) Z2.0 the movement is 2 mm away from the face. APT Program Interpretation
  • 19.
    03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 Go to a safe location away from the workpiece [x = 50 (25 from zero), z = 50] to change the tool. APT Program Interpretation
  • 20.
    03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 T0404 Select tool number 404 Since we are using the same tool (404)for both turning and facing, N0050, N0060 are not needed APT Program Interpretation
  • 21.
    03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 G57 PS0 G00 Rapid movement (no cutting) X25.0 X location (as a diameter; 12.5 form zero) Z2.0 Z location S500 Spindle speed is 500 rpm M04 Rotate spindle counterclockwise APT Program Interpretation
  • 22.
    03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 G01 Linear interpolation (cutting) Z-70 Move only in z direction (external turning) F100 Set feed rate to 100 mm/min. APT Program Interpretation
  • 23.
    03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500 G00 Move rapidly away from workpiece (no cutting) to location x= 26.0 (13.0 from zero) and z = 2.0. APT Program Interpretation
  • 24.
    03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500 N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650 G84 Turning cycle for machining the step X17.5 final diameter Z-20 length of step is 20 mm D0=200 Finish allowance in X direction (0.2 mm) D2=200 Finish allowance in Z direction (0.2 mm) D3=650 Depth of cut in each pass (0.65 mm) APT Program Interpretation
  • 25.
    03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500 N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650 N0110 G00 Z2.0 G00 Move rapidly away from workpiece (no cutting) Z2.0 the movement is 2 mm away from the face. APT Program Interpretation
  • 26.
    03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500 N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650 N0110 G00 Z2.0 N0120 X50.0 Z50.0 T00 X50.0 Z50.0 Move to the tool changing location T00 cancel tool selection APT Program Interpretation
  • 27.
    03/30/15 O0013 N0010 T0404 N0020 G57G00 X26.00 Z0.0 S500 M04 N0030 G01 X-0.20 F100 N0040 G00 Z2.0 N0050 X50.0 Z50.0 N0060 T0404 N0070 G57 G00 X25.00 Z2.0 S500 M04 N0080 G01 X22.5 Z-70.0 F100 N0090 G00 X26.0 Z2.0 S500 N0100 G84 X17.5 Z-20.0 D0=200 D2=200 D3=650 N0110 G00 Z2.0 N0120 X50.0 Z50.0 T00 N0130 M30 M30 Program End APT Program Interpretation
  • 28.
    03/30/15 Sample Geometry Statements APTVocabulary POINT LINE PLANE CIRCLE PATERN CYLNDR
  • 29.
  • 30.
    03/30/15 Programming Example G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N010 G81 R3 E9 N7 Z-0.5 N011 M05 N012 M02 x y
  • 31.
    03/30/15 Programming Example Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N013 M05 N014 M02 x y
  • 32.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Setting the datum to the lower left corner of the work piece
  • 33.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 Program Identification Number
  • 34.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N001 Sequence Number M06 Tool Change (End Mill with Diameter=12mm T1 Tool Number
  • 35.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 Start rotating the spindle clockwise with 400 rpm
  • 36.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 Go to Safe Position with feed 150mm/min
  • 37.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 Lower the end mill to determine the depth of cut
  • 38.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 Move from the lower left corner of the work piece to the right lower one cutting with feed=75mm/min
  • 39.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 Move from the lower left corner of the work piece to the right lower one cutting with feed=75mm/min
  • 40.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 Cutting the horizontally up to X=30
  • 41.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 Cutting to X=0 & Y=40
  • 42.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 Complete the countering
  • 43.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N010 G81 R3 E9 N7 Z-0.5 Repeat 7 times blocks from N003 to N009 with incremental offset of Z=-0.5
  • 44.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N010 G81 R3 E9 N7 Z-0.5 N011 M05 Spindle Off
  • 45.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation G55 X200Y80 Program 1 N001 M06 T1 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X-8 Y0 Z-0.5 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X70 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N006 G01 X70 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N007 G01 X30 Y60 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N008 G01 X0 Y40 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N009 G01 X0 Y0 Z-0.5 XYFeed 75 N010 G81 R3 E9 N7 Z-0.5 N011 M05 N012 M02 End Program
  • 46.
  • 47.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Setting the datum to the lower left corner of the work piece
  • 48.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 Program Identification Number
  • 49.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N001 Sequence Number M06 Tool Change (Drill with Diameter=6mm T2 Tool Number
  • 50.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 Start rotating the spindle clockwise with 400 rpm
  • 51.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 Go to Safe Position with feed 150mm/min
  • 52.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 Stop above the center of the first hole
  • 53.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 Start Drill the first hole
  • 54.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 Retract to a position above the hole
  • 55.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 Stop above the center of the second hole
  • 56.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 Drill the second hole
  • 57.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 Retract to a position above the second hole
  • 58.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 Stop above the center of the third hole
  • 59.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75 Drill the third hole
  • 60.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 Retract to a position above the third hole
  • 61.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N013 M05 Spindle off
  • 62.
    03/30/15 Program Interpretation Tool Change G55X200 Y80 Program 2 N001 M06 T2 N002 M03 rpm 400 N003 G01 X-8 Y0 Z0 XYFeed 150 N004 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 XYFeed 150 ZFeed 150 N005 G01 X20 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N006 G01 X20 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N007 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N008 G01 X50 Y15 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N009 G01 X50 Y15 Z10 ZFeed 150 N010 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N011 G01 X50 Y45 Z-10 ZFeed 75 N012 G01 X50 Y45 Z10 ZFeed 150 N013 M05 N014 M02 End Program
  • 63.
    03/30/15 Sample Point Statements PTA= POINT/3,4,5 PTB LIN1 LIN2 PTB = POINT/ INTOF, LIN1,LIN2 PTC PTD C1 LIN3 PTC = POINT/YLARGE, INTOF, LIN3,C1 PTC = POINT/XLARGE, INTOF, LIN3,C1 PTD = POINT/YSMALL, INTOF, LIN3,C1 PTD = POINT/XSMALLE, INTOF, LIN3,C1 x y
  • 64.
    03/30/15 Sample Point Statements PTE PTF C1 PTE= POINT/YLARGE, INTOF, C1,C2 PTE = POINT/XLARGE, INTOF,C1, C2 PTF = POINT/YSMALL, INTOF, C1, C2 PTF = POINT/XSMALLE, INTOF,C1, C2 C2 x y