This document provides information about various vehicle systems including suspensions, air conditioning, automatic climate control, automatic wipers, automatic headlamps, electronic seat adjustment and memory, and navigation systems. It describes the components and functions of suspension systems, air conditioning systems, automatic climate control systems, automatic wiper systems that use optical sensors, automatic headlamp systems that use photoelectric sensors, power seats with adjustable lumbar support and memory functions, and automotive navigation systems that use GPS. The document contains detailed descriptions, diagrams, and explanations of how each system works.

2. 1. Suspensions
2. Air Conditioning
3. Automatic Climate Control
4. Automatic Wipers
5. Automatic Headlamps
6. Electronic Seat Adjustment And Memory
7. Navigation System
8. Upholstery
And Much More…

3. What is suspension system?
• Suspension is the term given to the system of
springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects
a vehicle to its wheels.
• Serve a dual purpose – contributing to the car's
handling and braking.
• Protects the vehicle itself and any cargo or luggage
from damage and wear,

4. Suspension system perform 6 basic functions:-
1. Maintain correct vehicle ride
height.
2. Reduce the effect of shock
forces.
3. Maintain correct wheel
alignment.
4. Support vehicle weight.
5. Keep the tires in contact
with the road.
6. Control the vehicle's
direction of travel.

5. Spring Shock
Ball
Joint
Control
Arm
Control
Arm Bushing

6. Different suspension systems:-
• Conventional suspension system.
• Independent suspension system.
• Air suspension system.
• Hydro elastic suspension system.

7. Conventional Suspension System
 Two wheels are mounted on
either side of the rigid axle.
 When one wheel encounters the
bump, both the wheel do not
execute parallel up and down
motion.
 So it gives rise to gyroscopic
effect and wheel wobble.
 Rear driving wheels mounted on
live axle suspended by laminated
leaf springs and shock absorbers.
Independent Suspension System
 Both the front and the rear wheel
are utilized
 Design incorporated in the front
wheels
 One wheel goes down ,the other
wheel does not have much effect
 Basic classification of the design
1. MacPherson Strut (Most
Widely Used)
2. Double Wishbone
3. Multi link

8. Air Suspension
 Comprises of compressor ,
supplying air to air tank
 Pressure maintained – 5.6 to 7
kg/sq.m
 Air bags – on each wheel
 As load applied , air bags
compressed actuating the
levelling valve .
 Air from the tank fills the
compressed air bag & hence raise
the level of the frame.
 Air from air bag gets released as
load on chassis decreases .
Hydro Elastic Suspension
 A system where the front and
rear suspension systems were
connected together in order to
better level the car when driving.
 The front and rear suspension
units have Hydro elastic
displacers, one per side.
 These are interconnected by a
small bore pipe. Each displacer
incorporates a rubber spring
 Damping of the system is
achieved by rubber valves.

9. Understanding the system.
A/C system is nothing more than a heat exchanger. There are
only 6 major parts to the system.
The Compressor
The Condenser
The Receiver/Dryer or
Accumulator
The Thermal Expansion
Valve or Orifice Tube
The Evaporator
The Refrigerant

10. The Compressor
• Commonly referred to as the
heart of the system, the
Compressor is typically a belt
driven pump that is fastened to
the engine or motor. It is
responsible for compressing and
transferring refrigerant gas.
• The A/C system is split into two
sides, a High pressure side and a
Low pressure side; defined as
Discharge and Suction. Since the
Compressor is basically a pump,
it must have an intake side and a
discharge side.
The Condenser
• This is the area in which heat
dissipation occurs. The
Condenser, in many cases, will
have much the same appearance
as the radiator in you car as the
two have very similar functions.
The Condenser is designed to
radiate heat. Its location is
usually in front of the radiator.
• As hot compressed gasses are
introduced into the top of the
Condenser, they’re cooled off. As
the gas cools, it condenses
and exits the bottom
of the Condenser as
a high pressure liquid.

11. The Receiver/Dryer
• The Receiver/Dryer is used on
the high side of systems that use
a thermal expansion valve. To
ensure that the valve gets liquid
refrigerant, a receiver is used.
The primary function of the
Receiver/Dryer is to separate
gas and liquid. The secondary
purpose is to remove moisture
and filter out debris.
• Newer Receiver/Dryers use
desiccant type XH-7 and are
compatible with both R-12 and
R-134a refrigerants. Older
Receiver/Dryers
aren’t compatible
with R-134a
refrigerants.
The Thermal Expansion Valve
• Thermal Expansion Valve, or TXV.
Commonly used on import and
aftermarket systems, this type of
valve can sense both
temperature and pressure. A
TXV is very efficient at regulating
refrigerant flow to the
evaporator.
• These types of valves, although
efficient, have some
disadvantages over Orifice Tube
systems. Like Orifice Tubes these
valves can become clogged with
debris, but also have
small moving parts
that may stick and malfunction
due to
corrosion

12. The Orifice Tube
• The Orifice Tube, probably the
most commonly used, is located
in the inlet tube of the
evaporator, or in the liquid line,
somewhere between the outlet
of the condenser and the inlet of
the evaporator.
• Most of the Orifice Tubes in use
today measure approximately
three inches in length and consist
of a small brass tube, surrounded
by plastic, and covered with a
filter screen at each end.
The Evaporator
 Located inside the vehicle, the
Evaporator serves as the heat
absorption component. Its primary
duty is to remove heat from the
inside of your vehicle. A secondary
benefit is dehumidification. On
humid days you may have seen this
as water dripping from the bottom of
your vehicle.
 The ideal temperature of the
evaporator is 32° Fahrenheit or 0°
Celsius. Refrigerant enters the
bottom of the Evaporator as a low
pressure liquid. The warm air passing
through the Evaporator fins causes
the refrigerant to boil (refrigerants
have very low boiling points). As the
refrigerant begins to boil, it can
absorb large amounts of heat.

13. • Automatic climate control is the ability to monitor and
influence the temperature of a specified space without
manual intervention.
• This climate control capability can be found in many cars,
boats, and airplanes.
• Its primary purpose is to manage the temperature of a given
area based on settings by a user of the system.

14. • The benefit of automatic climate control is that it enables
the occupants of a vehicle to set a specified temperature
for one area within the automobile.
• This temperature is then regulated by the climate control
system, which determines how best to maintain the
current environment.

15. • The creation of the automatic system has advanced the overall comfort for
automobiles, as users are not forced to constantly move the controls to
adjust the temperature of the compartment.
• The mechanics of automated climate control require sensors to be placed
into the compartment of the area to be managed.
• These sensors read the current temperature of the area.
• The readings are then matched to the setting defined by the occupants
through the computer system within the vehicle, and the heating and
cooling are adjusted appropriately.

16. • Climate control systems are not limited to automobiles, and
they can also be found in many boats and airplanes
• While the implementation is unique for each type, the
overall concept is the same.

18. • A new type of wiper system is starting to appear on cars
that actually does a good job of detecting the amount of
water on the windshield and controlling the wipers.
• It uses optical sensors to detect the moisture.
• The sensor is mounted in contact with the inside of the
windshield, near the rear view mirror.
• The sensor projects infrared light into the windshield at a
45-degree angle.
• If the glass is dry, most of this light is reflected back into the
sensor by the front of the windshield. If water droplets are
on the glass, they reflect the light in different directions --
the wetter the glass, the less light makes it back into the
sensor.

19. • The electronics and software in the sensor turn on the wipers
when the amount of light reflected onto the sensor decreases to
a pre-set level.
• The software sets the speed of the wipers based on how fast the
moisture builds up between wipes.
• It can operate the wipers at any speed.
• The system adjusts the speed as often as necessary to match
with the rate of moisture accumulation.

21. • The automatic headlamps are activated through a photoelectric
sensor which is embedded into the instrument panel.
• The sensor is located at the base of the windshield under the
defogger grill.
• The sensitivity of the sensor is either set by the auto
manufacturer or the driver.
• The sensor is activated by the lighting conditions at dawn or
dusk.
• The lights may switch off up to five minutes after the engine has
been turned off.

22. • The driver has the ability to bypass the functions of the
automatic headlamps by operating the light switch or some
other device in the car.
• If the driver inadvertently leaves the lights on, a reminder chime
will ring so the driver can turn them off.

23. • A Power Seat in an automobile is a front seat which can be
adjusted by using a switch or joystick and a set of small
electric motors.
• Most cars with this feature have controls for the driver's seat
only, though almost all luxury cars also have power controls
for the front passenger seat.
• In addition to fore and aft adjustments, power seats can be
raised or lowered and tilted to suit the comfort of the driver
and/or passenger.
• Many power seats allow occupants to adjust the seat lumbar
or seatback recline, all at the push of a button or flick of a
switch.

24. • Memory seats or seats with memory function are power
adjusted seats where you can save your favourite seating
position in the vehicles memory and you can recall that
position anytime with the push of a button.
• The memory functions are used on the front seats of luxury
vehicles, some of them are only on the driver seat and others
have them on both the driver and passenger seats. Memory
seats are useful if more than one person drives the vehicle and
especially if those persons are of varying sizes and /or have
different driving preferences.
Memory Seats

26. • An Automotive Navigation System is a satellite navigation
system designed for use in automobiles.
• It typically uses a GPS navigation device to acquire position
data to locate the user on a road in the unit's map
database.
• Using the road database, the unit can give directions to
other locations along roads also in its database.
• It is available on an infotainment screen and is placed near
the A/C vents or near the audio system.
• Aftermarket navigation systems are also available.

27. • Interior carpets – In addition to the carpet you’ll find on the
floor of most passenger cars and trucks, you can usually find a
fair amount of carpet and other fabric in the trunk as well.
Automotive carpet is designed to be extremely durable and
stain resistant, but the material can wear out or become
damaged with regular wear and tear.
• Seats – Most car owners probably frequently associate
automobile upholstery with the seats. Depending on the fabric,
including fabric, vinyl or leather, care and repair upkeep will
differ.
• Headliners - The headliner on a car is the fabric material that
covers the ceiling, but may also include fabric-covered roof
support frames.

28. • Dashboards – While not every auto upholsterer will make
repairs to dashboards, so may be able make repairs or cover up
damage to this most noticeable part of a vehicle’s interior.
• Door panels – Doors and interior door panels get a lot of use
and often take more abuse than other upholstery features, so
it’s not unusual for the fabric or other materials that cover
them to become damaged.

29. • So, these were some of the modern comfort systems seen in
automobiles.
• Kudos to comfort systems! These have helped the drivers in
driving safely and comfortably and the passengers to enjoy and
have a pleasant drive…