Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the
family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia
and are commonly used as a spice. Their flavor, medicinal properties and high value sparked off the Dutch-Portuguese war from 1602 to 1654. The main bioactive compound called eugenol has been found to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory , immuno-modulatory, anticancer and organ protective properties .
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes :Papain,
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes :Papain,
In this power point presentation you will come to know about STARCH that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from different grains such as maize (Zea mays Linn.); rice (Oryza sativa Linn.); or wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.); belonging to family Gramineae or from the tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum Linn.), family Solanaceae.. This is becomes important since it is taken from food grain sources. Here the synonyms, biological sources , geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be cultivated) and methods of preparation has been discussed in brief.
Video Link :
https://youtu.be/rgb6BPbBxUg
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of STARCH
2. Biological Sources of STARCH
3. Geographical Sources of STARCH
4. Cultivation and Collection of STARCH
5. Chemical Constituents of STARCH
6. Chemical Test of STARCH
7. Uses of STARCH
Cultivation and collection of drugs of natural originZuli Shingala
cultivation and collection of medicinal plants, processing, storage, etc. with various factors that affects cultivation and collection of medicinal plants
Hello Everyone, Myself Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade, Assistant Professor, Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, Radhanagari. Today I upload the ppt on Nutraceuticals chapter. Notes are prepared as per PCI Syllabus for Third year B-Pharmacy Students.
Notes are very useful for the B-Pharmacy Third year Student specially for Herbal drug technology subject.
Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology is now considered as A very innovative and promising way to design particles, especially for therapeutic drug formulation.
Leaf constants practical manual 2021- By Dr. Preeti VermaPreeti Verma
This practical manual contains the concepts and stepwise determination methods for leaf constants, including vein islet number, vein termination number, stomatal number and stomatal index for the sample leaf drugs.
The authors duly acknowledge all other authors whose content/graphic has been directly or indirectly used in the manual for educational purpose only, even if their reference has not been mentioned.
Wool fat
Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes : bromelain,
In this power point presentation you will come to know about STARCH that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from different grains such as maize (Zea mays Linn.); rice (Oryza sativa Linn.); or wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.); belonging to family Gramineae or from the tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum Linn.), family Solanaceae.. This is becomes important since it is taken from food grain sources. Here the synonyms, biological sources , geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be cultivated) and methods of preparation has been discussed in brief.
Video Link :
https://youtu.be/rgb6BPbBxUg
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of STARCH
2. Biological Sources of STARCH
3. Geographical Sources of STARCH
4. Cultivation and Collection of STARCH
5. Chemical Constituents of STARCH
6. Chemical Test of STARCH
7. Uses of STARCH
Cultivation and collection of drugs of natural originZuli Shingala
cultivation and collection of medicinal plants, processing, storage, etc. with various factors that affects cultivation and collection of medicinal plants
Hello Everyone, Myself Mr. Omkar B. Tipugade, Assistant Professor, Genesis Institute of Pharmacy, Radhanagari. Today I upload the ppt on Nutraceuticals chapter. Notes are prepared as per PCI Syllabus for Third year B-Pharmacy Students.
Notes are very useful for the B-Pharmacy Third year Student specially for Herbal drug technology subject.
Supercritical fluid (SCF) technology is now considered as A very innovative and promising way to design particles, especially for therapeutic drug formulation.
Leaf constants practical manual 2021- By Dr. Preeti VermaPreeti Verma
This practical manual contains the concepts and stepwise determination methods for leaf constants, including vein islet number, vein termination number, stomatal number and stomatal index for the sample leaf drugs.
The authors duly acknowledge all other authors whose content/graphic has been directly or indirectly used in the manual for educational purpose only, even if their reference has not been mentioned.
Wool fat
Topic presentation from Lipids(Waxes, fats and fixed oils), chapter from the subject PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY 1 of semester 3.
Thanks for viewing.
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes : bromelain,
Nephrotoxicity is described as the usually occurred kidney hassle that is due to any drug or toxin. A wide range of therapeutic agents can adversely affect the kidney which result in acute kidney injury, kidney infection and nephritic syndrome because of increase in number of potent therapeutic drugs like antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Nephroprotective agents are those substances which shows preventive activity against nephrotoxicity. The medicinal plants have protective properties due to the presence of various chemical substances. A phytotherapeutic or phytomedicine approach to modern drug development can provide many promising drugs from traditional medicinal plants. Various plants and polyherbal formulations are used for the treatment of kidney diseases. The extracts of natural products and antioxidants present in plants have been reported to show protective effects against nephrotoxicity. This presentation will help you to understand herbal drugs which show the potent nephroprotective effect due their antioxidant, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic properties.
Effect of Ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on lipid profile of str...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Poor control of diabetes mellitus can result to impairment in lipid profile culminating to dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease and stroke. Measurement of triglyceride (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are recommended in cardiovascular screening. Herbal and natural products have been used in folk medicine for centuries throughout the world. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on lipid profile of streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. All the chemicals and reagents used in this research were of analytical grade. A total of 48 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=8): diabetic rats in group 1 were not treated, rather received only 0.5ml normal saline; 0.5mg glibenclamide was given to diabetic rats in group 2; non-diabetic rats in group 3 received 0.5ml normal saline only, diabetic rats that were treated with 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata, were labeled groups 4, 5 and 6, respectively. At the end of the 21 days study period, the rats were fasted overnight and blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture. Lipid profile was assayed using standard biochemical methods. Injection of streptozotocin led to a significant (p<0.05) decline in HDL-C while the levels of TAG, TC, and LDL-C increased significantly. Remarkably, treatment with 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata led to reversal of the altered lipid profile. However, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) when the Chromolaena odorata extract-treated groups were compared to group 2 rats (treated with glibenclamide), a known standard antidiabetic drug. In conclusion, results from this research indicated that the ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata possess hypo-cholesterolaemic and hypo-triacylglycerolaemic effects as the extract decreased the LDL-cholesterol and increased the HDL-cholesterol levels.
Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, cholesterol, streptozotocin, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, dyslipidemia
Effect of Ethanol Leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers in s...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Chromolaena odorata is one of the medicinal plants that have served all through the ages as the mainstay in the treatment and preservation of human health. This research was designed to determine the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata on hepatic markers (ALT, ALP, AST, GGT and bilirubin) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. All chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade. Diabetes was induced through intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) single dose of 70mg/kg body weight (b.w). Forty eight (48) rats were randomly distributed into six (6) groups of 8 rats each as follows: Group 1 were diabetic rats that were given 0.5ml normal saline, rats in group 2 were diabetic rats treated with 0.5mg glibenclamide, rats in group 3 were neither induced nor treated while rats in groups 4-6 were diabetic rats treated with graded doses of 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata, respectively. Blood glucose level and hepatic markers were assayed using standard biochemical methods. The study lasted for 21 days. After an overnight fast, blood samples were collected from the animals after anaesthesia via cardiac puncture. STZ injection led to increase in glucose and bilirubin levels as well as the activities of ALT, ALP, AST and GGT. Interestingly, rats in groups 4, 5 and 6 treated with graded doses of 250 mg/kg, 350mg/kg and 450mg/kg b.w of ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata recorded significant (p<0.05) decrease in the activities of these enzymes and level of bilirubin when compared with the positive control rats (group 1). Also, there were no significant differences (p>0.05) when group 3 rats (normal rats) and group 2 (treated with glibenclamide) were compared with groups 4-6 rats treated with graded doses of ethanol extract extracts group. In conclusion, the results from this research indicated that ethanol leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata lowered the activities of liver enzymes and level of bilirubin in STZ-induced diabetic wistar albino rats. The findings in this study suggest that Chromolaena odorata ethanol root extract possess hepatoprotective potentials and hence can be used to ameliorate hepatic dysfunction-associated diseases. Further study is however advocated to unravel the mechanism of action of this plant.
Keywords: Chromolaena odorata, medicinal plants, streptozotocin, Diabetes mellitus, hepatic markers.
The range of dietary supplements available to the consumer has been increasing, and
nutraceuticals are an expanding sector of this market. They are being studied not only for use
in diet supplementation but also for development as drugs for the treatment of a huge range of
major diseases including cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Stephen De Felice of the
Foundation for Innovation in Medicine was the first to use the term, defining a nutraceutical
as a “food, or parts of a food, that provide medical or health benefits, including the
prevention and treatment of disease”.
evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of bauhinia purpurea linn.pdfgynomark
Present study was carried out to investigate different extracts of Bauhinia purpurea (B.P) for its
hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Mature leaves of Bauhinia purpurea were
collected, authenticated and was subjected to extraction using different solvents like chloroform, alcohol and
water. Healthy wistar albino rats (150-200g) of male sex were used for the in-vivo investigations. Liver damage
was induced by administration of 30% CCl4 suspended in olive oil (1ml/kg body weight). Activities of liver
marker enzymes, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT),
acid phosphatase (AP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),total albumin(TA), total bilirubin(TB), Total protein(TP),
direct bilirubin (DB) at a dose of aqueous extract of leaves (100 mg/kg) chloroform extract of leaf of B.P
(100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) and ethanol extract of leaf of B.P (100mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) showed a significant
hepatoprotective effect in comparison with the standard (sylimarin). It is also confirmed by liver
histopathology of treated animals. The present study demonstrated the extracts of B.P have hepatoprotective
effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity.
The present study revealed a significant decrease in
the serum enzyme levels which can be attributed to
hepatoprotection. BP extract was found to decrease
the levels of ALP, ACP significantly and there is a
dose dependent decrease in the elevated SGOT and
SGPT levels of the extracts when compared to CCl4
group.
CCl4 treated Liver showed perivenular necrosis,
steatosis with degree of steatosis being variable
from ballooning degeneration to necrosis. Central
lobular vacuoles, frequently dilated and congested
central veins were seen with dilatation of
surrounding sinusoids, which contradicted to the
observations of standard sylmarin, the aqueous,
chloroform and alcoholic extracts showed a clear
portal tract and central vein with normal lobular
architecture and decreased cell degeneration
indicating the hepatoprotective action of extracts of
B.purpurea. The histopathological studies further
confirmed the above results presented in fig 1-8.
Therefore, from the above study the extracts of
Bauhinia purpurea exhibited potent
hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced liver
toxicity which can be ascribed to its ability to
decrease the oxidative damage.
Protective Effects of Ethanol Leaf-Extract of Cajanus Cajan (Linn) in Alcohol...CrimsonpublishersTTEH
Protective Effects of Ethanol Leaf-Extract of Cajanus Cajan (Linn) in Alcohol Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats by NN Ezeani* in Crimson Publishers: Telemedicine and e-Health
The protective effects of ethanol leaf-extract of Cajanus cajan in alcohol induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats were investigated. Thirty-six albino rats were assigned into six (6) experimental groups (A, B, C, D, E, F) with six rats in each group. Group A (Normal control) was administered normal saline only. Group B (standard control) was administered 5mg/kg body weight of standard drug (Silymarin); group C (positive control) was administered 3.7g/kg body weight of 99.7% ethanol while rats in groups D,E and F (test groups) were administered graded doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg body weights of ethanol leaf-extract of Cajanus cajan respectively. Rats in standard control and test groups were administered 3.7g/kg body weight of 99.7% ethanol, once a day, 3 hours after administration of standard drug and ethanol leaf-extract of Cajanus cajan respectively. The administration lasted for 14 days through oral intubation. The result of our investigation showed that creatinine, uric acid and urea were significantly (P<0.05) increased in positive control group compared to the levels observed in the normal and standard control groups. However, groups administered ethanol leaf-extract of Cajanus cajan at the doses of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg body weight all showed a significant (P<0.05) reversal in the trends of these parameters to concentrations comparable to those observed in the positive and normal control groups. The findings of this study suggest that ethanol leaf-extract of Cajanus cajan may have potentials that could be exploited for development of chemotherapies against renal toxicity.
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please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/tteh/index.php
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Phytochemical Profile and in vitro and in vivo Anticonvulsant and Antioxidant...Self-employed researcher
This study presents the phytochemical profile and in vitro and in
vivo anticonvulsant and antioxidant activities of Epilobium hirsutum, which
has been traditionally used in the treatment of epilepsy by local people of
Turkey. In vitro studies revealed that the extract contained a pronounced
amount of phenolics (206.3±0.9 mg Gallic acid Eq/g extract) and exhibited
significant levels of antioxidant (FRAP; 6226 µmol Fe2+/g extract, ORAC;
6593 µmol Trolox Eq/g extract, DPPH; IC50:33.8 ug/mL and metal chelation;
IC50:114 ug/mL) and anticonvulsant (AChE; IC50:71.2 ug/mL, BChE; IC50:92.5
ug/mL, GABA-T; IC50:94.7 ug/mL) activities. In vivo studies shown that the
the extract exhibited high anticonvulsant activities. In addition, the extracts
regulated the behavior, locomotion, and mental activities of the mice tested.
Biochemical evaluation of the brain tissue revealed that the extract inhibited
the production of MDA and stimulated the increase of antioxidant enzyme
levels, which suggest the possible antioxidative role of the extract that worked
as neuroprotective agents by scarfing the free radicals produced through PTZ
seizure inducer and attenuate convulsions. Moreover the extract regulated
serum biochemical parameters, total antioxidants, total oxidant, and ischemia modified albumin levels. Chromatographic studies were revealed that gallic
acid principally might be the major contributor of anticonvulsant and
antioxidant activities with the additive contributions of fatty acids and mineral
compounds. Findings obtained from this study partially justified the traditional
use of Epilobium hirsutum in the treatment of epilepsy and suggest potential
use of the extract as an industrial or pharmaceutical agent.
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
Cytotoxicity of Blended Versus Single Medicinal Mushroom Extracts on Human Ca...Jolene1981
ABSTRACT: The use of mushrooms contributes to human nutrition by providing low lipid content of lipids and high dietary fiber content, as well as significant content of other biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, minerals, vitamins, and polyphenolic antioxidants. This study aimed to determine the content of polyphenols and polysaccharides, as well as the cytotoxic and antioxidative properties of several medicinal mushroom preparations. The content of total phenols and flavonoids of preparations of blended mushroom extracts (Lentifom, Super Polyporin, Agarikon, Agarikon Plus, Agarikon.1, and Mykoprotect.1) was evaluated quantitatively by using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant capacity of the preparations was evaluated using the ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays. The content of water-soluble polysaccharides was determined using a specific gravimetric method, based on ethanol precipitation. To determine cytotoxic effects of single and blended mushroom extracts, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and neutral red assays were conducted using human small cell lung cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, colon cancer, and brain astrocytoma cancer cells. The obtained results suggest that due to the significant content of beneficial polyphenolic antioxidants and soluble polysaccharides, use of these mushroom preparations is beneficial in maintaining good health, as well as in the prevention and adjuvant biotherapy of various human pathological aberrations. These results reveal that these extracts exhibit different cytotoxic effects on tumor cells originating from different tissues. In addition, the comparison of investigated blended mushroom extracts with three well-known commercial mushroom products derived from single mushroom species or single mushroom compounds shows that blended mushroom extracts exhibit significantly stronger cytotoxic effects on human tumor cell lines.
The Use of Vitamin D in Chronic DiseasesKevin KF Ng
This is a slide presentation delivered at the Webinar "Integrative Medicine in the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases" organized by Bio Quantum Academy on April 5-6, 2024.
Synergistic actions of vitamin D3 and vitamin K2Kevin KF Ng
The active vitamin D3 is calcitriol. The active vitamin K2 is hydroquinone. The combination of vitamin D3 with vitamin K2 protects patients at risk of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.
Target pain receptors with essential oilsKevin KF Ng
Topical essential oils have been used to relieve pain from time immemorial. The recent discoveries of pain receptors and their blockade by bioactive compounds in essential oils explain their mechanisms of action.
The medicinal properties of mushrooms had been recognized more than 5,000 years ago. Modern science has discovered that these medicinal properties are associated with beta-glucans which are complex forms of sugars. China and Japan had approved Maitake, turkey tail, and shiitake mushrooms as drugs.
Solution for chronic inflammatory diseasesKevin KF Ng
Life expectancy in the United States declined by 2.93 years in 2023. Chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer stroke, and lung disease continue to rise. Evidence is presented that chronic inflammation can be reduced by using food as medicine
A new conept of topical pain relief by phytochemicalsKevin KF Ng
The recent discoveries of nociceptive transient receptive ion channels as pain receptors and its blockade by phytochemicals opens a new era for topical pain research .
CBD has been widely used for various medical conditions ranging from pain relief to epilepsy. However, its mechanism of action has yet to be defined. Current concepts are presented in these slides.
Food is unpalatable without herbs and spices. Recent discoveries of ion channels as the final pathway for pain perception and their blockade by phytochemicals from herbs and spices opens a new era for the topical treatment of painful conditions in man.
The first slide presentation on black pepper was posted in June 2019. It has since attracted more than 10,000 viewers. This is an update on recent advances for the viewers and followers.
Scientific studies on watermelon as medicineKevin KF Ng
Watermelon is a popular fruit all over the world. Its medicinal value lies in the high content of citrulline which is a precursor for arginine a very versatile amino acid. Arginine in turn is a precursor for nitric oxide which is involved in vascular health, neurotransmission and immune function.
How chicken soup relieves common cold symptomsKevin KF Ng
Chicken soup has been used as food and medicine for more than 2,000 years. Modern science shows that the cysteine in chicken meat and phytochemicals in he ingredients account for their therapeutic effects
Soy sauce originated in China more than two thousand years ago. Its composition was modified with the addition of wheat in Japan in 1254 CE. Its unique aroma, taste and flavor will continue to be enjoyed for years to come. Soy sauce produced by chemical process is no match to the sauce made by fermentation method.
Kumquat is a symbol of prosperity with health benefitsKevin KF Ng
Kumquat has been used by the Chinese as food and medicine for thousands of years. It is also a symbol of prosperity and usually offered as gift to relatives and friends. This presentation is posted as gift to all my followers and friends in the social media, Recent studies showed that Kumquat has many properties beneficial for health.
You are what you eat and its effect on obesityKevin KF Ng
Lindlahr coined the phrase "You are what you eat" in 1942. A poll in LinkedIn shows that 93% of voters still uphold the belief. However, the trend of overweight and obesity from 1902 to 2000
in the United States is still climbing uploads. The death rate from obesity in the United Stats is four times higher than of Japan. This could be attributed to Japan's low rate of obesity, low consumption of red meat and high consumption fish and plant foods such as soybeans and tea.
Food is unpalatable if there is no taste or flavor. Salt has been used as a flavor for 10,000 years. A poll among LinkedIn followers shows that spice and herb is the top flavor enhancer.
Chinese philosophy and the applications of Yin Yang and the Five Elements Kevin KF Ng
The philosophy and applications of Yin Yang and the Five Elements in Chinese Culture covering nature, human body, senses, tastes, diseases and medicine.
Saffron refers to the stigmas of a flower crocus sativus. 1 lb of saffron costs USD3,000-6,000. It has been used as a coloring agent, flavor enhancer and medicine for more than five thousand years. Recent scientific studies had revealed its biological properties beneficial for health.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Pharynx and Clinical Correlations BY Dr.Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Clove is a versatile spice and medicine
1. SPICE AS MEDICINE:
CLOVE
A VERSATILE SPICE
By
Kevin KF Ng, MD, PhD.
Former Associate Professor of Medicine
Division of Clinical Pharmacology
University of Miami, Miami, FL., USA
Email: kevinng68@gmail.com
A Slide Presentation for HealthCare Providers May 2023
2. Outline of Lecture
▪ History
▪ Scientific classification
▪ Nutrient composition
▪ Bioactive compounds
▪ Pharmacology of eugenol
▪ Pharmacokinetics
▪ Bioavailability
▪ Side effects, toxicity
▪ Commercial products
▪ Summary
4. What is a Clove?
▪ Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the
family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum.
▪ They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia
and are commonly used as a spice.
▪ The name comes from the Latin word clavus, which
means nail since the shape of a dried clove
resembles that of a nail
5. Difference between whole cloves and garlic cloves?
These are cloves, they have a sweet, spicy taste.
These are garlic cloves. They have a buttery savory taste.
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-whole-cloves-and-garlic-cloves
6. Silk-Spice Trade Routes, 100-1500 CE
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/513340057498258660/?autologin=true
7. 1602 – 1654: The Dutch–Portuguese War
▪ 1602 – 1654: Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West
India Company against the Portuguese Empire.
▪ Pepper, cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg, drove nations to sail
across vast oceans searching for new routes to the spice-rich
Orient
▪ In the Middle Ages, Europeans lacked refrigeration leading to
food spoiling quickly. Spices helped mask the flavor of not-
so-fresh food.
▪ After Vasco de Gama discovered the sea route to
India Portuguese ships monopolized the spice
trade. Portugal grew rich on the trade between Asia and
Europe .
http://benedante.blogspot.com/2021/08/the-dutch-portuguese-war-1602-1661.html
8. The major clove producers of the world (2021)
https://scienceagri.com/9-biggest-clove-producing-countries-in-the-world/
15. Nutrient composition of ground cloves per 100 grams
https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/02025?fgcd=&manu=&format=&count=&max=25&offset
=&sort=default&order=asc&qlookup=GROUND+NUTMEG%2C+UPC%3A+016291441323&ds=&qt=&
qp=&qa=&qn=&q=&ing=
16. Bioactive compounds in Clove (dried flower buds)
▪ Eugenol (up to 90%),
▪ Acetyl eugenol,
▪ Beta-caryophyllene and vanillin;
▪ Crategolic acid;
▪ Tannins,
▪ Gallotannic acid,
▪ Methyl salicylate,
▪ Flavonoids: eugenin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, and eugenitin;
▪ Triterpenoids: oleanolic acid, stigmasterol and campesterol;
▪ Several sesquiterpenes.
https://www.gaiaherbs.com/products/ingredient/485/Clove
17. chemical composition of clove leaf oil? (2012)
▪ Clove oil is a mixture of different compounds, with the
three main active ingredients being
▪ Eugenol
▪ eugenyl acetate
▪ caryophyllene.
▪ Jirovetz et al. (2006) found 23 main constituents:
▪ eugenol (76.8 %)
▪ β-caryophyllene (17.4 %)
▪ α-humulene (2.1 %)
▪ eugenyl acetate (1.2 %)
https://www.sciencedirect.com › topics › clove-oil
18. Major bioactive compounds in Clove Oil
International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy, 2(1), Jan-Feb 2011 47-54
19. Characteristics of clove oil derived from buds, stem and leaf
of Indonesian origin (2012)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-
biological-sciences/clove-oil
21. Flavor of clove
▪ The flavors of Cloves are strong,
pungent, sweet--almost hot.
▪ They are one of the most penetrating of
all spices and their bitter, astringent
flavor leaves a numbing sensation in the
mouth.
22. What are the aromatic compounds in clove ?
▪ The primary aromatic compound found in cloves is
eugenol, which is responsible for the characteristic
spicy and sweet aroma.
▪ In addition to eugenol, cloves contain other aromatic
compounds, including:
▪ Acetyl eugenol: It is a derivative of eugenol, contributing to the
overall aroma and flavor of cloves.
▪ Caryophyllene: This compound has a woody and spicy aroma
and is responsible for the unique flavor of cloves.
▪ Beta-caryophyllene: Another member of the caryophyllene
family, this compound adds a peppery note to the aroma of
cloves.
▪ Methyl eugenol: It is a methylated form of eugenol and
contributes to the overall fragrance of cloves.
.
23. Physicochemical properties of cloves
https://www.mccormickscienceinstitute.com/resources/culinary-spices/herbs-
spices/cloves_old#:~:text=The%20flavor%20of%20Cloves%20are,numbing%20sen
sation%20in%20the%20mouth.
24. Reported pharmacological properties of eugenol
▪ Antifungal
▪ Antimicrobial.
▪ Antiviral
▪ Antioxidant.
▪ Antinociceptive
▪ TRPV1, TRPA1
▪ Anti-inflammatory
▪ COX-2, 5-LOX, TNF-α, TNF-β, NF-kB, IFN-ץ
▪ Immuno-modulatory
▪ Anti-cancer
▪ Antispasmodic
▪ Antiplatelet aggregation
▪ Local anesthetic
No clinical studies on the above pharmacological properties have been reported
Preclinical studies:
25. Cumulative minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration
(MBC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of eugenol against
Staphylococcus aureus expressed as a percentage of tested strains (2015)
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0119564#pone-0119564-g001
antimicrobial
26. Effects of i.p. administration of clove oil and indomethacin (10 mg/kg)
on mouse paw edema 3 h after injection of carrageenan (2015)
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.841.3085&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Anti-inflammation
27. Effect of clove oil on the number of writhing induced by
acetic acid injection in mice (2015)
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.841.3085&rep=rep1&type=pdf
analgesic
28. Eugenol as the inhibitors of human platelet aggregation and
thromboxane biosynthesis. (2009)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501497
platelet
29. Eugenol dilates mesenteric arteries and reduces systemic BP
by activating endothelial cell TRPV4 channels (2015)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25832173/#:~:text=Eugenol%20dilates%20mesent
eric%20arteries%20and,activating%20endothelial%20cell%20TRPV4%20channels
BP
30. Eugenol ameliorates insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation
in high fat-diet/streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat (2019)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024320518307483
Diabetes
31. Effect of eugenol on serum lipid profle expressed in mg/dL(A–D),
atherogenic index (E) and body weight (F) of rats (2019)
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/s41598-019-50352-4.pdf
Lipids
32. Mechanism of analgesia by eugenol
1.Activation of TRPV1 Receptors
2.Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis.
3.Blockade of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels
4.Modulation of Neurotransmitter Receptors
5.NMDA Receptor Antagonism
6.Local Anesthetic Effects
33. Effects of eugenol and beta-caryophyllene on
neuropeptides (SP, CGRP) and ion channels (TRVPV1, TRPA1)
1. Substance P (SP):
1. Eugenol: Eugenol has been shown to inhibit the release of SP in various experimental models. It can reduce SP levels by
modulating the activity of enzymes involved in its synthesis or by inhibiting the release of SP from nerve terminals.
2. Beta-caryophyllene: There is limited research specifically examining the effects of beta-caryophyllene on SP. Further studies are
needed to fully understand its impact on SP levels.
2. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP):
1. Eugenol: Eugenol has demonstrated the ability to inhibit the release of CGRP. It exerts its effects by reducing the activity of
enzymes involved in CGRP synthesis or by modulating the release of CGRP from neurons.
2. Beta-caryophyllene: Similar to SP, there is limited research specifically focused on beta-caryophyllene's effects on CGRP. Further
investigation is required to determine its influence on CGRP levels.
3. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1):
1. Eugenol: Eugenol can activate and desensitize TRPV1 channels. It acts as a partial agonist, meaning it can both activate and
inhibit the channels depending on the concentration and context.
2. Beta-caryophyllene: Beta-caryophyllene has been shown to possess TRPV1 antagonist properties. It can inhibit the activation of
TRPV1 channels by other agonists.
4. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1):
1. Eugenol: Eugenol can activate TRPA1 channels. It acts as an agonist, leading to the opening of the channels and subsequent
neuronal excitation.
2. Beta-caryophyllene: Beta-caryophyllene has been found to have both agonistic and antagonistic effects on TRPA1 channels,
depending on the concentration and context.
34. Pharmacokinetics of eugenol
▪ Absorption: Eugenol can be absorbed through different routes, including oral ingestion, inhalation,
and topical application. When taken orally, it is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Inhalation allows for direct absorption into the bloodstream through the lungs, while topical
application allows for absorption through the skin.
▪ Distribution: Once absorbed, eugenol is distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream. It
can cross the blood-brain barrier and placenta, reaching various tissues and organs. Eugenol has a
moderate volume of distribution, indicating that it can distribute widely in the body.
▪ Metabolism: The primary site of metabolism for eugenol is the liver. It undergoes phase I and phase
II metabolism. In phase I metabolism, eugenol is primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450
enzymes, particularly CYP2A6, CYP2B6, and CYP2E1, to form various metabolites, including 4-
hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (vanillin), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid, and 4-hydroxy-
3-methoxymandelic acid. In phase II metabolism, these metabolites are further conjugated with
glucuronic acid, sulfate, or glycine, facilitating their elimination from the body.
▪ Elimination: The elimination of eugenol and its metabolites primarily occurs through urine and
feces. The glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of eugenol metabolites are excreted via urine, while
the unchanged eugenol and some metabolites are eliminated through feces.
▪ In a pharmacokinetic study, average half-life values of eugenol in plasma and blood were long (14.0
and 18.3 h, respectively), suggesting a potential accumulation of the drug following repeated
administrations
36. Side effects of clove oil (2010)
▪ Clove oil is considered safe in small quantities
(< 1,500 ppm) as a food additive.
▪ However, clove oil is toxic to human cells.
▪ If ingested in sufficient quantity or injected, it
has been shown to cause life-threatening
complications, including
▪ Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome,
▪ Fulminant Hepatic (Liver) Failure, and
▪ Central Nervous System Depression;
▪ the lethal oral dose is 3.75 g per kg body weight
https://www.marinwater.org/DocumentCenter/View/253/Herbicide-Risk-
Assessment-Chapter-6-Clove-Oil-January-1-2010?bidId=
37. The median (i.p.) LD50 of clove oil was
161.9 mg/kg with a 95% Cl of 106.9-244.9 mg/kg
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.841.3085&rep=rep1&type=pdf
38. Near fatal ingestion of oil of cloves in a 2 yr old boy (1993)
▪ A case of ingestion of oil of cloves is presented, which resulted in coma, fits, a
coagulopathy, and acute liver damage.
▪ This is not unlike the syndrome produced in the late stages of a substantial
paracetamol overdose, and a similar treatment regimen is proposed. (Arch Dis
Child 1993; 69: 392-393)
https://adc.bmj.com/content/archdischild/69/3/392.full.pdf
40. Common uses for cloves:
▪ Flavoring agents
▪ Traditional medicine
▪ Aromatherapy
▪ Cosmetic and personal care products
▪ Oral health
▪ Digestive aid
▪ Insect repellant
43. Summary
▪ Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family
Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum.
▪ Its demand for flavor and medicinal usage led to the Dutch-
Portuguese war from 1602-1654.
▪ The flower buds and leaves yield 80% of essential oil wch contain
three main active ingredients: eugenol, eugenyl acetate and
caryophyllene.
▪ Clinica studies are rare, and most of the scientific studies were
done with eugenol.
▪ Eugenol has been shown to have diverse pharmacological effects
ranging from local anesthesia to antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
immuno-modulatory, anticancer, antihypertensive,
antihyperglycemia, antihyperlipidemic and anti-platlet aggregation
effects.
▪ Cloves and clove oil are now widely used as flavor enhancer,
traditional medicine, aromatherapy, cosmetic and personal care,
larvicide and insect repellants.