This document outlines a presentation on the genus Clostridium. It begins with an introduction to Clostridium, noting that they are gram-positive, obligate anaerobic rods that can form endospores. It then covers the taxonomy and classification of Clostridium. The document discusses several important pathogenic Clostridium species - C. botulinum, C. perfringens, C. tetani, C. difficile. For each species, it covers transmission, clinical presentation, treatment and prevention. The final section discusses various diagnostic methods for Clostridium such as culture methods, gram staining, and molecular detection techniques.
The document summarizes information about Brucella abortus, the bacterium that causes brucellosis in cattle. It describes the morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenicity, transmission between animals, diagnosis, vaccines including Strain 19, and control of B. abortus infections through vaccination and testing programs.
This document summarizes information about Bacillus, Clostridium, and Mycobacterium bacteria. It describes their characteristics, diseases they cause, and clinical signs and lesions associated with those diseases. Key points include Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, Clostridium perfringens can cause gas gangrene, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of tuberculosis in cattle and humans. The document provides detailed information on the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of diseases caused by these important bacterial genera.
Clostridial toxins: Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficileRavi Kant Agrawal
1. Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile are anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria that can cause disease. C. perfringens produces several toxins that can lead to gas gangrene, while C. difficile toxins cause diarrhea.
2. The diseases they cause depend on the toxins produced, with C. perfringens type A commonly causing food poisoning and C. difficile toxins causing diarrhea. Gas gangrene from C. perfringens occurs when tissues are damaged allowing the bacteria to proliferate and release toxins.
3. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to life-threatening conditions like gas gangrene. Proper handling and
Clostridium are anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Certain Clostridium species cause diseases like tetanus, gas gangrene, and food poisoning. They produce potent exotoxins and can be diagnosed through gram staining, culture techniques, and toxin detection assays. Treatment involves surgery, antibiotics, antitoxins, and in some cases hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Vaccination provides protection against tetanus.
Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
(1) The provisional diagnosis is gas gangrene based on the clinical findings of edema, pain, and crepitus around the wound in the setting of crush injury and fracture from a road accident.
(2) The likely causative organism is Clostridium perfringens, as it is the most common cause of gas gangrene.
(3) The pathogenesis involves contamination of the crushed wound with C. perfringens spores, which then proliferate under anaerobic conditions created by tissue ischemia and produce lethal toxins.
This presentation describes the morphology and cultural characteristics of veterinary important Clostridia; their main virulence factors, pathogenesis and the common diseases in animals.
The document summarizes information about Brucella abortus, the bacterium that causes brucellosis in cattle. It describes the morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenicity, transmission between animals, diagnosis, vaccines including Strain 19, and control of B. abortus infections through vaccination and testing programs.
This document summarizes information about Bacillus, Clostridium, and Mycobacterium bacteria. It describes their characteristics, diseases they cause, and clinical signs and lesions associated with those diseases. Key points include Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax, Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, Clostridium perfringens can cause gas gangrene, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of tuberculosis in cattle and humans. The document provides detailed information on the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of diseases caused by these important bacterial genera.
Clostridial toxins: Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficileRavi Kant Agrawal
1. Clostridium perfringens and Clostridium difficile are anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria that can cause disease. C. perfringens produces several toxins that can lead to gas gangrene, while C. difficile toxins cause diarrhea.
2. The diseases they cause depend on the toxins produced, with C. perfringens type A commonly causing food poisoning and C. difficile toxins causing diarrhea. Gas gangrene from C. perfringens occurs when tissues are damaged allowing the bacteria to proliferate and release toxins.
3. Symptoms range from mild diarrhea to life-threatening conditions like gas gangrene. Proper handling and
Clostridium are anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria found in soil and the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Certain Clostridium species cause diseases like tetanus, gas gangrene, and food poisoning. They produce potent exotoxins and can be diagnosed through gram staining, culture techniques, and toxin detection assays. Treatment involves surgery, antibiotics, antitoxins, and in some cases hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Vaccination provides protection against tetanus.
Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
(1) The provisional diagnosis is gas gangrene based on the clinical findings of edema, pain, and crepitus around the wound in the setting of crush injury and fracture from a road accident.
(2) The likely causative organism is Clostridium perfringens, as it is the most common cause of gas gangrene.
(3) The pathogenesis involves contamination of the crushed wound with C. perfringens spores, which then proliferate under anaerobic conditions created by tissue ischemia and produce lethal toxins.
This presentation describes the morphology and cultural characteristics of veterinary important Clostridia; their main virulence factors, pathogenesis and the common diseases in animals.
This document provides information on the genus Escherichia coli. It discusses the morphology, culture characteristics, biochemical reactions, antigenic structure, and virulence factors of E. coli. Key points include:
- E. coli is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic rod that is a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract.
- It ferments glucose with acid and gas production and is capable of reducing nitrates to nitrites.
- E. coli has O, H, and K surface antigens that are used for serotyping. The O antigen lipopolysaccharide contributes to virulence.
- Virulence factors include surface antigens, fimbriae, and toxins
This document describes Clostridium perfringens, including its morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenicity, and laboratory diagnosis. It notes that C. perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can cause gas gangrene, food poisoning, and necrotizing enteritis. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples, culturing in anaerobic conditions to observe hemolysis, and biochemical tests of fermentation and toxin production. Definitive identification requires animal testing using antitoxins. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin along with antitoxins.
The document discusses Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It describes the morphological and biochemical characteristics of B. anthracis, how it causes disease, methods for laboratory diagnosis of anthrax, treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis. It also discusses anthrax as a potential biological warfare agent and Pakistan's experience investigating suspected anthrax cases after 2001.
Shigella are Gram-negative bacilli that cause shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) in humans. There are four species (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei) which are differentiated based on antigen types. Shigellosis ranges from asymptomatic to severe diarrhea with blood/mucus and is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The bacteria invade the colonic epithelium through attachment and enterotoxins can cause electrolyte/nutrient absorption issues leading to symptoms. Treatment focuses on rehydration while prevention emphasizes water/sewage sanitation and antibiotic treatment of carriers.
Campylobacter is a common cause of foodborne illness worldwide and Campylobacter jejuni is a typical organism, which is a gram-negative, motile bacterium that causes both intestinal and systemic infections. Key virulence factors of Campylobacter include lipopolysaccharides and enterotoxins, and pathogenesis involves oral transmission from contaminated food or animals followed by colonization of the small intestine. Symptoms include acute diarrhea and abdominal pain that are usually self-limiting but antibiotics may be used for severe or prolonged cases.
Clostridium is a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria. Some Clostridium species are pathogenic and can cause diseases like gas gangrene, tetanus, and botulism by producing toxins. Clostridium perfringens is a species that can cause gas gangrene through tissue destruction mediated by toxins and enzymatic activity. It is identified through culture, Gram staining, and tests like Nagler's reaction that detect lecithinase production. Treatment of gas gangrene involves prompt surgical debridement and antibiotics.
Vibrio cholerae is a comma-shaped, curved rod bacterium that is the cause of cholera in humans. It is actively motile by means of a polar flagellum and grows well on selective media such as thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose agar, forming yellow colonies. Diagnosis involves culturing mucus from stool samples on selective media and identifying the bacteria as V. cholerae using biochemical tests and slide agglutination with specific antisera against serogroups O1 and O139.
Bacillus anthracis is the bacterium that causes anthrax. It is an aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus. Anthrax spores can survive in soil for years and infect animals that ingest the spores. Humans can become infected through contact with infected animals or inhaling anthrax spores. There are three main types of anthrax in humans - cutaneous, pulmonary, and intestinal. Cutaneous anthrax causes skin lesions, pulmonary anthrax causes infection in the lungs after inhaling spores, and intestinal anthrax results from consuming infected meat. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining samples under microscopy, culturing on selective media, and animal inoculation. Anthrax is treated with antibiotics
Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can form dormant endospores. The document focuses on Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax. It describes the morphology, cultural characteristics, virulence factors, and methods of diagnosis and prevention of B. anthracis. Key points include that B. anthracis forms encapsulated, non-motile rods and terminal spores. The anthrax toxins are composed of lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen, which combine to cause disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology. Prevention for humans involves vaccination with anthrax toxoid and occupational hygiene, while animals are vaccinated with attenuated spore
This document discusses gram positive bacilli, including Bacillus species. It notes that Bacillus forms spores and is aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax and samples may include lesions, sputum or blood for isolation. It describes testing Bacillus anthracis including use of the polychrome Loeffler methylene blue capsule stain on smears, irregular greyish white colonies on culture, and biochemical tests like catalase and nitrate reduction. Advanced tests for Bacillus anthracis include enzyme immunoassays, thermoprecipitation, and PCR. The document also briefly mentions Bacillus cereus which can cause food poisoning.
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that can cause gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans. It is a normal inhabitant of the intestines that enters the body through wounds or contaminated food. C. perfringens produces several potent toxins that contribute to disease pathogenesis. It is classified into types A-E based on toxin production. Type A causes the majority of food poisoning cases. Gas gangrene results from the proliferation of C. perfringens and other bacteria in wounds producing toxins that damage muscle tissue. Prompt diagnosis and surgical debridement combined with antibiotics are important for treatment.
Listeria monocytogenes is an emergent foodborne pathogen that can cause listeriosis. It is a facultative anaerobic, mobile bacterium that can grow between 32-113°F and survive in high salt and wide pH conditions. It is found in soils and decomposing organic matter. Listeriosis symptoms range from non-invasive gastroenteritis to invasive infections like septicemia, meningitis, and abortions. Pregnant women, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are most at risk. Outbreaks have been traced to foods like coleslaw, soft cheese, and processed meats. FDA and USDA have zero tolerance policies and control measures focus on sanitation during food processing, packaging,
Microbiology of E coli giving basic of Escherichia coli, its morphology, cultural and biochemical characteristics, Antigenic character, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control
Clostridium tetani is an obligate anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus that causes the disease tetanus. It produces a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin which is responsible for causing skeletal muscle spasms. C. tetani spores are ubiquitous in the environment, especially in soil. The spores enter the body through wounds and germinate, producing tetanospasmin which travels to the central nervous system and causes the symptoms of tetanus like muscle rigidity. Immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccine provides protection against the toxin.
Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that can cause gas gangrene. It forms spores that allow it to survive in soil and intestines. C. perfringens produces several toxins that damage tissues and cause diseases like gas gangrene. The bacterium thrives under low-oxygen conditions in dead or damaged tissue where it releases toxins and enzymes that destroy muscle and skin. Its toxins and enzymes damage cells and spread the infection, resulting in tissue necrosis if not treated with antibiotics.
Shigella are gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria that are a major cause of bacillary dysentery. There are four species - S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. dysenteriae. Shigella invade the colonic epithelium and multiply intracellularly, evading antibody-mediated immunity. They produce Shiga toxin which is enterotoxic, neurotoxic, and cytotoxic, causing the symptoms seen in shigellosis like diarrhea, fever, and bloody dysentery. Person-to-person fecal-oral transmission is common, often in settings like daycare centers and developing countries. Treatment involves rehydration, antibiotics
What is Klebsiella? Klebsiella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Klebsiella
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
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#Klebsiella pneumoniae
Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that produces botulinum toxin. It is an anaerobic spore-former commonly found in soil. It causes botulism poisoning upon ingestion of its toxin, which can occur through three main types: foodborne, infant, and wound botulism. Foodborne botulism results from eating improperly canned or preserved foods containing the toxin. Infant botulism typically affects babies under 6 months from ingesting spores. Wound botulism enters through a wound. Symptoms include blurred/double vision, weakness, and trouble swallowing. Treatment involves antitoxin administration and prevention focuses on food safety practices and wound
Class Presentation of Master of Science in Medical Microbiology 2nd semester at Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University.
Brocellosis disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Breculla spp and transmitted to humans by contact with fluids from infected domestic animal (sheep,goats, cattle,pigs and other animals)
Brucellosis also called Bang's disease, malta fever, Mediterranean fever or Undulunt fever
This document discusses bacterial pathogens that are gram negative rods, focusing on Enterobacteria. It provides details on the characteristics of Enterobacteria, including that they are normally found in the intestinal tract and soil/water. It also discusses specific pathogens like Escherichia coli and Salmonella, detailing how they can cause illnesses like urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and sepsis. The document concludes by covering the laboratory diagnosis of these bacteria, including specimen collection and biochemical testing.
Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus that causes tetanus. It produces two toxins, tetanolysin and tetanospasmin, which is a neurotoxin responsible for the symptoms of tetanus. Tetanus is treated with human tetanus immunoglobulin given intramuscularly, wound debridement, and metronidazole, and can be prevented through vaccination with the DPT vaccine in childhood.
This document provides information on the genus Escherichia coli. It discusses the morphology, culture characteristics, biochemical reactions, antigenic structure, and virulence factors of E. coli. Key points include:
- E. coli is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic rod that is a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract.
- It ferments glucose with acid and gas production and is capable of reducing nitrates to nitrites.
- E. coli has O, H, and K surface antigens that are used for serotyping. The O antigen lipopolysaccharide contributes to virulence.
- Virulence factors include surface antigens, fimbriae, and toxins
This document describes Clostridium perfringens, including its morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenicity, and laboratory diagnosis. It notes that C. perfringens is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium that can cause gas gangrene, food poisoning, and necrotizing enteritis. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples, culturing in anaerobic conditions to observe hemolysis, and biochemical tests of fermentation and toxin production. Definitive identification requires animal testing using antitoxins. Treatment involves antibiotics like penicillin along with antitoxins.
The document discusses Bacillus anthracis, the bacterium that causes anthrax. It describes the morphological and biochemical characteristics of B. anthracis, how it causes disease, methods for laboratory diagnosis of anthrax, treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis. It also discusses anthrax as a potential biological warfare agent and Pakistan's experience investigating suspected anthrax cases after 2001.
Shigella are Gram-negative bacilli that cause shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) in humans. There are four species (S. dysenteriae, S. flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei) which are differentiated based on antigen types. Shigellosis ranges from asymptomatic to severe diarrhea with blood/mucus and is typically transmitted through the fecal-oral route. The bacteria invade the colonic epithelium through attachment and enterotoxins can cause electrolyte/nutrient absorption issues leading to symptoms. Treatment focuses on rehydration while prevention emphasizes water/sewage sanitation and antibiotic treatment of carriers.
Campylobacter is a common cause of foodborne illness worldwide and Campylobacter jejuni is a typical organism, which is a gram-negative, motile bacterium that causes both intestinal and systemic infections. Key virulence factors of Campylobacter include lipopolysaccharides and enterotoxins, and pathogenesis involves oral transmission from contaminated food or animals followed by colonization of the small intestine. Symptoms include acute diarrhea and abdominal pain that are usually self-limiting but antibiotics may be used for severe or prolonged cases.
Clostridium is a genus of gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria. Some Clostridium species are pathogenic and can cause diseases like gas gangrene, tetanus, and botulism by producing toxins. Clostridium perfringens is a species that can cause gas gangrene through tissue destruction mediated by toxins and enzymatic activity. It is identified through culture, Gram staining, and tests like Nagler's reaction that detect lecithinase production. Treatment of gas gangrene involves prompt surgical debridement and antibiotics.
Vibrio cholerae is a comma-shaped, curved rod bacterium that is the cause of cholera in humans. It is actively motile by means of a polar flagellum and grows well on selective media such as thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose agar, forming yellow colonies. Diagnosis involves culturing mucus from stool samples on selective media and identifying the bacteria as V. cholerae using biochemical tests and slide agglutination with specific antisera against serogroups O1 and O139.
Bacillus anthracis is the bacterium that causes anthrax. It is an aerobic, gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus. Anthrax spores can survive in soil for years and infect animals that ingest the spores. Humans can become infected through contact with infected animals or inhaling anthrax spores. There are three main types of anthrax in humans - cutaneous, pulmonary, and intestinal. Cutaneous anthrax causes skin lesions, pulmonary anthrax causes infection in the lungs after inhaling spores, and intestinal anthrax results from consuming infected meat. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining samples under microscopy, culturing on selective media, and animal inoculation. Anthrax is treated with antibiotics
Bacillus is a genus of rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria that can form dormant endospores. The document focuses on Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax. It describes the morphology, cultural characteristics, virulence factors, and methods of diagnosis and prevention of B. anthracis. Key points include that B. anthracis forms encapsulated, non-motile rods and terminal spores. The anthrax toxins are composed of lethal factor, edema factor, and protective antigen, which combine to cause disease. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and serology. Prevention for humans involves vaccination with anthrax toxoid and occupational hygiene, while animals are vaccinated with attenuated spore
This document discusses gram positive bacilli, including Bacillus species. It notes that Bacillus forms spores and is aerobic or facultatively anaerobic. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax and samples may include lesions, sputum or blood for isolation. It describes testing Bacillus anthracis including use of the polychrome Loeffler methylene blue capsule stain on smears, irregular greyish white colonies on culture, and biochemical tests like catalase and nitrate reduction. Advanced tests for Bacillus anthracis include enzyme immunoassays, thermoprecipitation, and PCR. The document also briefly mentions Bacillus cereus which can cause food poisoning.
Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that can cause gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans. It is a normal inhabitant of the intestines that enters the body through wounds or contaminated food. C. perfringens produces several potent toxins that contribute to disease pathogenesis. It is classified into types A-E based on toxin production. Type A causes the majority of food poisoning cases. Gas gangrene results from the proliferation of C. perfringens and other bacteria in wounds producing toxins that damage muscle tissue. Prompt diagnosis and surgical debridement combined with antibiotics are important for treatment.
Listeria monocytogenes is an emergent foodborne pathogen that can cause listeriosis. It is a facultative anaerobic, mobile bacterium that can grow between 32-113°F and survive in high salt and wide pH conditions. It is found in soils and decomposing organic matter. Listeriosis symptoms range from non-invasive gastroenteritis to invasive infections like septicemia, meningitis, and abortions. Pregnant women, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are most at risk. Outbreaks have been traced to foods like coleslaw, soft cheese, and processed meats. FDA and USDA have zero tolerance policies and control measures focus on sanitation during food processing, packaging,
Microbiology of E coli giving basic of Escherichia coli, its morphology, cultural and biochemical characteristics, Antigenic character, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control
Clostridium tetani is an obligate anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus that causes the disease tetanus. It produces a neurotoxin called tetanospasmin which is responsible for causing skeletal muscle spasms. C. tetani spores are ubiquitous in the environment, especially in soil. The spores enter the body through wounds and germinate, producing tetanospasmin which travels to the central nervous system and causes the symptoms of tetanus like muscle rigidity. Immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccine provides protection against the toxin.
Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that can cause gas gangrene. It forms spores that allow it to survive in soil and intestines. C. perfringens produces several toxins that damage tissues and cause diseases like gas gangrene. The bacterium thrives under low-oxygen conditions in dead or damaged tissue where it releases toxins and enzymes that destroy muscle and skin. Its toxins and enzymes damage cells and spread the infection, resulting in tissue necrosis if not treated with antibiotics.
Shigella are gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria that are a major cause of bacillary dysentery. There are four species - S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. boydii, and S. dysenteriae. Shigella invade the colonic epithelium and multiply intracellularly, evading antibody-mediated immunity. They produce Shiga toxin which is enterotoxic, neurotoxic, and cytotoxic, causing the symptoms seen in shigellosis like diarrhea, fever, and bloody dysentery. Person-to-person fecal-oral transmission is common, often in settings like daycare centers and developing countries. Treatment involves rehydration, antibiotics
What is Klebsiella? Klebsiella is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria, which belongs to a family of bacteria called the Enterobacteriaceae.
As the channel name suggests, our channel will be a perfect lounge for the malayali medicos..we wil be covering videos which will be like lecture classes related to the subjects biochemistry and microbiology in which we are specialised.. It will be a better learning experience for the students especially for those who are not able to understand and follow the normal classes in college..we assure the students that you will get a basic idea regarding the topic and extra reading can be done from the reference textbooks..
Maneesha M Joseph
MSc MLT (Microbiology)
Assistant Professor
Baby memorial college of allied Health science
Kozhikode
Our Partner Channel
Health & Voyage channel link - https://youtu.be/nzKqRVjlwc0
#Klebsiella
#Medical
#Microbiology
#Biochemistry
#Mallu Medicos Lounge
##MalluMedicosLounge
#MLT
#Channel introduction
#HealthAndVoyage
#New Youtube Channel introduction
#Klebsiella pneumoniae
Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that produces botulinum toxin. It is an anaerobic spore-former commonly found in soil. It causes botulism poisoning upon ingestion of its toxin, which can occur through three main types: foodborne, infant, and wound botulism. Foodborne botulism results from eating improperly canned or preserved foods containing the toxin. Infant botulism typically affects babies under 6 months from ingesting spores. Wound botulism enters through a wound. Symptoms include blurred/double vision, weakness, and trouble swallowing. Treatment involves antitoxin administration and prevention focuses on food safety practices and wound
Class Presentation of Master of Science in Medical Microbiology 2nd semester at Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University.
Brocellosis disease is a zoonotic infection caused by Breculla spp and transmitted to humans by contact with fluids from infected domestic animal (sheep,goats, cattle,pigs and other animals)
Brucellosis also called Bang's disease, malta fever, Mediterranean fever or Undulunt fever
This document discusses bacterial pathogens that are gram negative rods, focusing on Enterobacteria. It provides details on the characteristics of Enterobacteria, including that they are normally found in the intestinal tract and soil/water. It also discusses specific pathogens like Escherichia coli and Salmonella, detailing how they can cause illnesses like urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and sepsis. The document concludes by covering the laboratory diagnosis of these bacteria, including specimen collection and biochemical testing.
Clostridium tetani is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus that causes tetanus. It produces two toxins, tetanolysin and tetanospasmin, which is a neurotoxin responsible for the symptoms of tetanus. Tetanus is treated with human tetanus immunoglobulin given intramuscularly, wound debridement, and metronidazole, and can be prevented through vaccination with the DPT vaccine in childhood.
B.sc. (micro) i em unit 2 microbial growth & nutrition aRai University
This document discusses microbial nutrition, growth, and environmental factors that affect bacteria. It covers temperature, pH, oxygen requirements, and osmotic pressure. Temperature classes include mesophiles, psychrophiles, and thermophiles. Most bacteria grow best between pH 6-8, but some are acidophiles or alkaliphiles. Organisms also differ in their oxygen requirements, ranging from obligate aerobes to obligate anaerobes. High solute concentrations impact osmophiles and halophiles. Growth is measured by changes in population over time using various methods like plate counts or turbidity.
C. difficile is a bacterium that causes symptoms ranging from diarrhea to life-threatening inflammation of the colon. It is most commonly found in healthcare settings and spreads through spores that can persist on surfaces for weeks. Antibiotic use allows C. difficile to overgrow in the gut by wiping out competing bacteria. Diagnosis involves stool testing and colon exams. Treatment focuses on stopping antibiotics, using targeted antibiotics to kill C. difficile, and restoring healthy gut bacteria with probiotics or yeast supplements to prevent recurrence. Strict handwashing, patient isolation, and surface disinfection are important to control the spread of C. difficile.
1. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria and is characterized by painful muscle spasms. It remains endemic in developing countries where immunization rates are low.
2. Treatment involves supportive care, eliminating ongoing toxin production through wound debridement and antibiotics, neutralizing unbound toxin with tetanus immune globulin, and immunizing against tetanus with toxoid vaccine.
3. Muscle spasms are controlled through sedation, usually with benzodiazepines, while autonomic dysfunction is treated with medications like magnesium sulfate or labetolol. Proper wound management and vaccination are crucial to prevent tetanus.
Salmonella spp. son enterobacterias zoonóticas que pueden causar gastroenteritis y diarrea aguda. Existen más de 2,500 especies diferentes de Salmonella, aunque solo S. typhi causa fiebre tifoidea. Salmonella se transmite principalmente a través de alimentos contaminados con desechos o productos animales como huevos, aves, carne y productos lácteos no pasteurizados. Los síntomas incluyen náuseas, vómitos, calambres abdominales y fiebre que generalmente se resuelven en una semana.
Este documento describe la bacteria Salmonella, una de las principales causas de enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos. Salmonella es una bacteria zoonótica que puede causar cuadros gastrointestinales agudos en humanos y animales. Se transmite principalmente a través de alimentos contaminados de origen animal, como carnes y huevos, pero también por contacto directo con animales enfermos. El control de Salmonella es importante para la salud pública debido a su alta prevalencia y capacidad de resistencia en el medio ambiente.
- Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus that can cause gas gangrene. It produces several potent toxins and enzymes.
- It forms central or subterminal spores and appears as large bacilli on microscopy. It turns meat pink on culture but does not digest it. It causes target hemolysis on blood agar.
- Gas gangrene is a serious infection caused by C. perfringens that involves muscle tissue necrosis and gas formation. It presents with increasing pain, edema, and tissue blackening. Other Clostridium species such as C. septicum can also cause gas gangrene.
Salmonella can cause diseases like enteric fever, gastroenteritis, and septicemia. Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever. S. typhi is nonmotile and does not grow in Simmon's citrate medium. It has H (flagellar), O (somatic), and Vi (capsular) antigens. The Vi antigen acts as a virulence factor. Enteric fever symptoms include gradual onset of fever, headache, and abdominal issues. Complications can include perforation and bleeding. Paratyphoid fever has milder symptoms. Carriers can shed salmonella in their feces for months. Diagnosis involves culture, antibody detection like the Widal test, and serological methods.
This document compares and contrasts the key characteristics of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides, making them more resistant to antibiotics. They produce endotoxins and are susceptible to physical disruption. In contrast, Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer without an outer membrane or lipopolysaccharides. They produce exotoxins and are less resistant to physical disruption and antibiotics.
Gram negative bacteria are identified by their inability to retain crystal violet stain using the Gram staining method. They appear pink under microscopy due to the counterstain. Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and a thin peptidoglycan layer, distinguishing them from Gram positive bacteria which have a thick peptidoglycan layer but lack an outer membrane. Common Gram negative bacteria that can cause human diseases include Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Legionella pneumophila, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are associated with infections like food poisoning, sexually transmitted diseases, pneumonia, and others.
1. Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium that can cause gas gangrene and food poisoning in humans.
2. It forms spores that allow it to survive in hostile environments and spreads through contamination of wounds or ingestion of contaminated food.
3. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from infected wounds under anaerobic conditions and observing lecithinase activity and alpha toxin production on egg yolk agar.
Clostridium are Gram-positive, obligate anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria that can cause disease. There are over 100 Clostridium species including pathogens that cause gas gangrene (C. perfringens), tetanus (C. tetani), botulism (C. botulinum), pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile). Clostridium species are rod-shaped and can form spores to protect themselves in harsh environments. The spores vary in shape and position between species and can be used to identify Clostridia. Several Clostridium species produce potent toxins that are the main virulence factors and cause of disease.
These bacteria make spores, which act like protective coatings that help the bacteria survive. Under certain conditions, such as when food is kept at an unsafe temperature (between 40°F–140°F), C. perfringens can grow and multiply. After someone swallows the bacteria, it can produce a toxin (poison) that causes diarrhea.
Common sources of C. perfringens infection include meat, poultry, gravies, and other foods cooked in large batches and held at an unsafe temperature. Outbreaks tend to happen in places that serve large groups of people, such as hospitals, school cafeterias, prisons, and nursing homes, and at events with catered food. C. perfringens outbreaks occur most often in November and December. Many of these outbreaks have been linked to foods commonly served during the holidays, such as turkey and roast beef.
Anyone can get food poisoning from C. perfringens. Young children and older adults are at higher risk for severe illness.
This document summarizes information about the genus Clostridium. It discusses characteristics of Clostridia bacteria including being anaerobic, spore-forming, and inhabiting intestines, soil and decaying matter. It then examines several pathogenic Clostridium species - C. perfringens, C. tetani, C. botulinum, and C. difficile. For each, it outlines their general characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention. C. tetani causes tetanus and lockjaw. C. botulinum produces a neurotoxin that can cause food poisoning. C. difficile is associated with pseudomembranous colitis in
Botulism is caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It is a rare but serious illness that causes muscle paralysis. There are three main types - foodborne, wound, and infant botulism. Foodborne botulism results from eating contaminated food while infant botulism occurs when an infant ingests botulinum spores. Symptoms include blurred vision, difficulty swallowing and speaking, and descending paralysis. Diagnosis involves culture testing of suspect foods, stool, or throat samples to identify the bacteria. Prompt treatment is needed to prevent respiratory failure.
An anaerobe is an organism that does not require oxygen for growth. The document discusses various Clostridium species that are anaerobic bacteria. Clostridium perfringens can cause gas gangrene through secretion of exotoxins and enzymes. It is also a common cause of food poisoning. Clostridium botulinum produces a neurotoxin that causes botulism. Clostridium tetani secretes a toxin that causes the muscles spasms seen in tetanus. Clostridium difficile is associated with antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis.
This document discusses foodborne diseases and provides information about staphylococcal food poisoning, botulism, and salmonellosis. It defines foodborne diseases as illnesses acquired through contaminated food consumption. The chapter aims to teach students about the definition, epidemiology, transmission, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of common foodborne diseases. Specific details are provided about staphylococcal food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus aureus toxins, botulism caused by Clostridium botulinum toxin, and salmonellosis caused by Salmonella bacteria. Prevention focuses on proper food handling, sanitation, and avoiding temperature abuse during food storage and preparation.
There are four medically important Clostridium species: C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile. C. tetani causes tetanus through toxins that block inhibitory neurotransmitters. C. botulinum causes botulism by toxins blocking acetylcholine release. C. perfringens can cause gas gangrene or food poisoning depending on entry site, and produces toxins and enzymes damaging tissues. C. difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis through toxins that damage intestinal cells when normal flora is suppressed.
The document discusses four medically important Clostridium species: C. tetani, C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile. It provides details on the diseases caused by each species, their transmission and pathogenesis. C. tetani causes tetanus. C. botulinum causes botulism. C. perfringens can cause gas gangrene or food poisoning. C. difficile causes antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. All Clostridium species are gram-positive, anaerobic, spore-forming rods. Their diseases result from various toxins they produce that impact the nervous system or cause tissue damage.
The document discusses several Clostridium species that are important anaerobic pathogens. It describes Clostridium perfringens, the main cause of gas gangrene, and its virulence factors including alpha toxin. It also discusses Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism through its powerful neurotoxin, and Clostridium tetani, which causes tetanus through its potent exotoxin. Clostridium difficile is noted as the cause of antibiotic-associated colitis.
This document provides information on Brucella, the causative agent of brucellosis. It discusses the classification of Brucella as an alpha Proteobacteria. The main Brucella species that infect humans are B. melitensis, B. abortus, and B. suis, which are transmitted through contact with infected animals. The document outlines the morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenicity, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Brucella infections. Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease that can cause acute or chronic infections in humans.
The most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide include Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella, EHEC, Vibrio, Yersinia, Staph aureus, and Bacillus cereus. Vibrio cholerae causes cholera, which results in a massive secretion of fluid into the intestinal lumen through the release of toxins. Clostridium difficile infection is a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.
This document discusses foodborne diseases, focusing on Bacillus cereus and Brucella. It provides details on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of infections caused by these bacteria. B. cereus can cause two types of gastrointestinal illness through emetic or diarrheal toxins. Brucella causes brucellosis, a zoonotic disease most common in areas where animals like cattle and goats are infected. Proper food handling and cooking can prevent growth of these bacteria and toxins.
1. Giardiasis is caused by the microscopic parasite Giardia intestinalis. It spreads when giardia cysts from feces contaminate food, water, or surfaces.
2. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and fatigue. Most cases are acute with abrupt onset of explosive diarrhea and vomiting. More commonly symptoms are subacute with recurrent watery diarrhea that may alternate with soft stools.
3. The giardia lifecycle has two stages - the trophozoite stage in the small intestine, and the transmissible cyst stage passed in feces. There is no intermediate host.
Toxoplasmosis is considered one of the neglected parasitic infections of the United States, a group of five parasitic diseases that have been targeted by CDC for public health action.Q fever is a disease caused by the bacteria Coxiella burnetii. This bacteria naturally infects some animals, such as goats, sheep, and cattle. C. burnetii bacteria are found in the birth products (i.e. placenta, amniotic fluid), urine, feces, and milk of infected animals.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, which usually affects the lungs. It spreads through inhaling droplets from an infected person. Over a third of the world's population is infected with TB, with 95% of cases occurring in low and middle income countries. Symptoms include a persistent cough, weight loss, and night sweats. It is tested for using the tuberculin skin test or Mantoux test. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for at least six months. While rare in the UK due to vaccination programs, it remains a major global health issue.
Botulism is caused by toxins produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It causes paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine at nerve endings. There are three main types: foodborne, wound, and infant botulism. Foodborne botulism results from ingesting preformed toxins in improperly canned or cooked foods. Wound botulism occurs when wounds are infected. Infant botulism usually affects children under 1 from ingesting spores. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, paralysis starting with eyes and face. Treatment focuses on supportive care, antitoxin, and preventing further paralysis. Proper food preservation and handling can prevent botulism.
The document discusses the normal microbiota that inhabits the human body, the causes of dysbiosis or imbalance in the microbiota, and the effects of dysbiosis. It describes the various bacteria that normally colonize different areas like the skin, mouth, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. Antibiotics, stress, and diet are among the factors that can disrupt the normal microbiota and cause dysbiosis. Dysbiosis has been associated with diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and autoimmune disorders. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may help treat dysbiosis and restore the normal microbiota.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES - MED SURG (present 2nd year).pptxAmresh Kushwaha
The document discusses several communicable diseases including diarrheal diseases, herpes zoster, smallpox, and chickenpox. It provides information on the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, medical management, nursing management, and complications of each disease. The nursing management focuses on monitoring vital signs, maintaining isolation, providing skin care and nutrition, administering medications, and educating patients and families.
This document discusses various types of food poisoning caused by bacteria and chemicals. It describes six main bacterial causes - Salmonella, Staphylococcus, Botulism, Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus cereus, and provides details about their symptoms, sources, mechanisms. It also covers differential diagnosis, investigation of outbreaks, and prevention through food sanitation, refrigeration, and hygiene practices. Surveillance of food and ongoing monitoring is important to prevent food poisoning outbreaks.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
2. 06.12.2013
What is clostridium ?
Genus of
1.Gram positive
3. Endospores
2.Obligate anaerobes
4.Rod shaped
Scientific Classification
Domain :- Bacteria
Kingdom :- Eubacteria
Phylum :-Firmicutes
Class :-Clostridium
Order :-Clostridiales
Family :- Clostridiaceae
Genus :-Clostridium
Species :- >100
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3. 06.12.2013
Important Pathogenic Species of Clostridium
Clostridium
botulinum
Clostridium
perifringers
Clostridium
Clostridium difficile
Clostridium tetani
Clostridium botulinum
First recognized and isolated in 1896 by
Van Ermengem
1. Gram positive rods
2. Obligate anaerobes :- oxygen is
poisonous to it but it can tolerate a
little amount of it because of
presence of superoxidase
dismutase(SOD) enzymes which is
a antioxidant defense present in
some cells
3. Can produce endospores only in
absence of oxygen
4. Able to produces neurotoxins during
the formation of spores
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4. 06.12.2013
Transmission
Clostridium botulinum is a soil bacterium and its spores are found in soil.I
It can easily transmitted in humans by
soil contaminated foods.
most common human diseases:
1. Food poisoning
2. Wound botulinum
3. Infant botulism
The spores of C.botulinum are heat resistant,
they can not be killed by simple boiling
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium perfringens are:
1. Strongly Gram positive rods
2. Non motile
3. Short, thick, straight parallel sides with round
edges
4. Spore forming
Sporulation favored by alkaline environment and
absence of fermentable CHO
If spores are produced, they are large, oval and
central
Capsulated especially at the site of infection
Capsule disappears when organism is grown on
culture
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5. 06.12.2013
Transmission
C. perfringens is present in the
environment and can be
found in
- decaying vegetation
- marine sediments
- intestinal tract of humans
- meats and poultry
- soil
The most common diseases are
1.Food poisoning
2.Gas gangrene
Despite its potential danger C. perfringens is used as the
leavening agent in salt rising bread. The baking process is thought
to reduce the bacterial contamination, preventing negative effects
Clostridium difficile
It was first described in 1935 by Hall and O’ Toole
and then later in year 1970 recognized as cause of
antimicrobial associated diarrhea
Clostridium difficile is a Gram positive, rod shaped,
spore forming, anaerobic bacterium which is
ubiquitous in nature and mainly prevalent in soil
and human intestine
It best grows in blood agar at human body
temperature
The spores are able to tolerate high heat and
resistance to normal cleaning (except diluted
bleach)
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Transmission
The transmission of C. difficile is mainly due to nosocomially (hospital acquired
infection) at hospitals, nursing homes and other medical institution.
The rate of C. difficile acquisition is estimated to be 13% in patients with hospital stays
up to 2 weeks and 50 % in those with hospital stays longer than 4 weeks
Clostridium tetani
1884 - Arthur Nicolaier isolated the strychnine like toxins of tetanus from free living
anaerobic soil bacteria
1890 - Antonie Carl and Giorgio Rahtone demonstrated the transmission of tetanus
for the first time
1897 - Edmond Nocard showed tetanus antitoxin induced passive
immunity in humans and use of prophylaxis treatment.
1924 - Pdescombey developed the first tetanus toxoid vaccine to prevent the
induced tetanus
Rod shaped
anaerobic but able to
tolerate little amount
of oxygen
Usually gram
positive
Motile by flagella
Heat resistant spore
survive up to
40+years
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8. 06.12.2013
Clostridium tetani
Transmission:
Contact with non intact skin, usually injuries from
contaminated objects
It is also seen in the umbilical stump of infants in
underdeveloped countries
Incubation time:
It may take from three to 21 days to develop
any symptoms.
In infants, symptoms may take from three days to
two weeks to develop
Symptoms:
The following are the most common symptoms
of tetanus
Stiffness of the jaw
Stiffness of the abdominal and back muscles
Contraction of the facial muscles
Fast pulse
Fever
Sweating
Painful muscle spasms near the wound area
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C. tetani infection/intoxication
Spores of
C. tetani
in wound
Germination and toxin
production under
anaerobic conditions
Transport of toxins via
lymphatic- bloodstream
through motor neurons
to spinal cord
Wound
contaminated
with soil
Symptoms
[Madigan et al. 2009]
17
Mechanism of action
Inhibitory interneurons
Excitation signals
from the
central nervous
system
Release of acetylcholine
inhibited by glycine
Muscle relaxation
Tetanus
toxin
Uncontrolled release
of acetylcholine
Spastic paralysis
18
Modified according to [Madigan et al. 2009]
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Mechanism of action
Inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine usually stops the
release of acetylcholine from the motor neurons
muscle relaxation
AB toxin (= Tetanospasmin, 50 kDa light chain + 100 kDa
heavy chain) inhibits release of glycine from inhibitory
interneurons
No glycine constant release of acetylcholine
spastic paralysis / uncontrolled contraction of the muscle
[Madigan et al. 2009]
19
Treatment:
Immediate treatment with human tetanus immune
globulin (TIG)
Medication to control muscle spasm
Aggressive wound care
Antibiotics: Metronidazole, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Penicilin
Prevention:
Being fully immunized is the best tool to prevent tetanus
Immediate and proper wound care can also help
prevent infection
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Clostridium perfringens
Transmission:
C. perfringens is one of the most common causes of
foodborne illness
eating food contaminated with large numbers of
C. perfringens bacteria that produce enough toxin in
the intestines to cause illness
Beef, poultry, gravies, and dried or pre-cooked foods
are common sources of C. perfringens infections
C. perfringens infection often occurs when foods are
prepared in large quantities and kept warm for a
long time before serving
Incubation Time:
Persons infected with C. perfringens develop
diarrhea and abdominal cramps within 6 to 24
hours (typically 8-12)
Symptoms:
Diarrhea, usually without vomiting or fever
Abdominal cramps
Nausea
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Mechanism of action
Treatment:
Oral rehydration
in severe cases, intravenous fluids and electrolyte
replacement can be used to prevent or treat dehydration
Prevention:
foods commonly associated with C. perfringens
infections should be cooked thoroughly in temperatures
Sufficient cooling of pasteurized and cooked food
(especially meat products)
No long storage periods
Good cleaning of food
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Clostridium botulinum
Transmission:
Botulism is caused by exposure to botulinum toxin,
humans can become infected in a number of ways:
Inhalation of toxin
Consumption of toxin (foodborne)
Consumption of C. botulinum spores
(infant; adult intestinal toxemia)
Contamination of a tissue with C. botulinum
spores (wound)
Incubation Period:
12-80 hours (range 2 hours to 8 days)
Botulism
Foodborne botulism
C. botulinum in food
Toxin produced
Toxin ingested
Toxin in bloodstream
Attacks neurons
(flaccid paralysis)
Infant botulism
C. botulinum spores
ingested
Wound botulism
C. botulinum spores
in wound
C. botulinum grows
in intestinal tract
C. botulinum grows
in wound
Toxin produced
Toxin produced
Modified according to [Salyers et al. 1994]
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Botulinum toxin
7 related AB toxins (A‐G) most potent biological toxins known [Madigan et al. 2009]
Relevant toxins for human diseases: A, B, E [Lindstöm et al. 2006]
Light chain
(50 kD)
A
Heavy chain
(100 kD)
B
AB toxin (150 kD)
[Zhang et al. 2012]
Mechanism of C. botulinum intoxication
Absorption of toxin by mucosal surfaces in the
gastrointestinal system, the eye or non intact skin.
Botulinum toxin blocks acetylcholine release at the
neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle neurons
and peripheral muscarinic cholinergic autonomic
synapses
It binds irreversibly to presynaptic receptors to
inhibit the release of acetylcholine and cause
neuromuscular weakness and autonomic
dysfunction
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Treatment:
Foodborne botulism
• Within 1 hour of ingestion of suspected food, the
recommended course of action is a gastric lavage, or
enemas and the administration of a cathartic (sorbitol)
• Administration of antitoxin: only useful, if toxin has not
yet bound to neural cell
Wound botulism
• Antitoxin, wound debridement, and antibiotic treatmen
Infant botulism
• Requires meticulous supportive care
• An investigational human-derived botulinum
immunoglobulin (BIG) is available for the treatment
Prevention:
Foodborne botulism can be controlled by safe
canning and food manufacturing processes
The risk factors for infant botulism are poorly
described. Honey should not be fed to infants
because it has been identified as a food source
Wound botulism cases have occurred in persons
who used illicit drugs
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Clostridium difficile
Transmission:
C. difficile bacteria and their spores are found in feces.
People can get infected if they touch surfaces
contaminated with feces, and then touch their mouth
Healthcare workers can spread the bacteria to their
patients if their hands are contaminated
Incubation period:
The exact incubation time for CDI is unknown,
the time from acquisition to disease is relatively short,
perhaps no longer than 7 days
Symptoms:
Mild C. difficile colitis:
a low-grade fever
mild diarrhea (5-10 watery stools a day)
mild abdominal cramps and tenderness
Severe C. difficile infection:
Watery diarrhea, up to 15 times each day
High fever (temperature of 38°C to 40°C)
Severe abdominal pain
Loss of appetite
Blood or pus in the stool
Weight loss
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Mechanism of infections
Mechanism of action
Toxin A: Enterotoxin that disturbs the transport of
electrolytes loss of fluid, diarrhea
Toxin B: Cytotoxin that damages cells of the colon
36
[Jones et al. 2012]
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Treatment:
Antibiotics: Metronidazole, Vancomycin
Probiotics
Rehydration
Prevention:
To prevent the spread of C. difficile hospitals
and other health care facilities follow strict
infection control guideline
• Hand washing
• Contact precautions
• Thorough cleaning
DIAGNOSTIC METHODS
ASHIK
TIMILSINA
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CONTENTS
Culture Methods
Test for Clostridia Identification
Gram Staining
Equipment for Anaerobic culturing
Diagnostic Methods
– Mouse Lethality Assay
– Endopeptidase Assay
– Immunological Methods
– Molecular Detection
Culture Media
Clostridia are obligate anaerobes
Media used for isolation are
Non-selective media: AEA Sporulation Broth (Base),
modified, Reinforced Clostridial Agar………
Selective Media: Clostridium difficile Agar (Base),
Anaerobic Blood Agar with Neomycin……..
Differential Media: Egg-Yolk Agar
Selective Differential Media: HiCrome™ M-CP
Agar Base, SPS Agar modified…..
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Egg Yolk Agar
Special kind of culture media
Contains suspension of egg yolk for identification
of lecithinase and lipase activity of different
clostridium species
Lecithinase degradation in the yolk results
in opaque colonies
Lipase enzyme hydrolizes the fat and results
in iridescent sheen of the colony
LEC/LIP Activity of different clostridia species
Species
LEC
LIP
C. botulinum
+
+
C. prefringens +
_
C. tetani
_
_
C. difficile
_
_
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Egg Yolk Agar
Lecithinase activity
Lipase activity
Anaerobic Equipment
•
•
•
•
Anaerobe Atmosphere Generation Bags
Anaerobe Indicator Test
Anaerobe Jar Insert for Petri Disks
Anaerobic Jar
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Mouse lethality assay (C. botulinum)
• standard procedure to detect C. botulinum
• standard procedure to detect botulinum neurotoxins
• Mice are injected with the cultivated microorganisms
(fluid extract) or with fluid extract of sample
(fecal, serum, gastric, wound, food samples)
• The mice get different antitoxins.
Fluid extract of
cultivated
microorganisms
or sample fluid
Antitoxin
Observed for
48h
Mouse
with
Antitoxin
A
Mouse
with
Antitoxin
B
Mouse
with
Antitoxin
E
Mouse
with
Antitoxin
F
Mouse
With No
Antitoxin
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25. 06.12.2013
After 48 h:
Signs of botulism:
Fuzzy hair
Muscle weakness
Respiratory failure ‐> wasp‐like narrow waist
Mouse
with
Antitoxin
A
Mouse
with
Antitoxin
B
Mouse
with
Antitoxin
E
Mouse
with
Antitoxin
F
Mouse
With NO
Antitoxin
Comments
• Generally group I and II clostridium causes
Botulism in humans
• Group III is involved with animal botulism
• Group I culture produces A, B or F toxin
• Group II culture produces B, E or F toxin
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Pro’s and Con’s
Pro’s : Very Sensitive
Con’s: Laborious, expensive, ethical problem,
detects only C. botulinum
Endopeptidase Assay (C. botulinum)
• These assay method is applied for detection of
type A and type B botulinum neurotoxins
• Type B neurotoxin is based on cleavage of
synthetic peptide substrate
• Type A neurotoxin is based on cleavage of peptide
substrate derived from protein SNAP-25
• These peptide cleave shows the type of neurotoxin
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Pro’s and Con’s
Pro’s: Highly specific, no cross reactivity between
different botulinum toxins
Con’s: Needs more research, only
C. botulinum detectable, only biologically
active neurotoxin
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
• Combines specificity of antibodies with sensitivity
of simple enzyme essay
• ELISA measures antigen or antibody concentration
• Are used to detect antigens that are recognized
by antibody or vice-versa.
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28. 06.12.2013
Pro’s and Con’s
Pro’s: Technical simple, fast to perform and
interpret, C. botulinum, C. perfringens,
C.tetani, C. difficile can be detected by
this technique
Con’s: Inactivated toxins false positive result
Genetic variation in serotypes false
negative results
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29. 06.12.2013
Molecular Detection
DNA-based detection methods have overtaken all
the conventional techniques
Technique is based on the detection of the clostridia
toxin genes in the sample
Detects clostrida toxin genes:
botA , botB , botE , botF (C. botulinum)
tcdA, tcdB (C. difficile)
cpe, plc, cpa, cpb (C. perfringens)
tetR (C. tetani)
Sample
DNA Exraction
Polymera
se Chain
Reaction
PCR
Multiplex
PCR
qPCR
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Principle Polymerase Chain Reaction
Primers of PCR for bolinum toxin genes
Toxin type
Primer
Product size (bp)
A
IOAf/IOAr
101
B
CBMLBf/CBMLBr
205
E
CBMLEf/CBMLEFr
389
F
CBMLFf/CBMLFr
543
IAC
IACf/IACr
698
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31. 06.12.2013
Multiplex PCR
Multiplex PCR
• Multiple primer pairs are used more than
one gene can be amplified at the same time
• Specific amplified gene = defined amplicon size
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Quantitative real-time PCR
• One method used is Taq-Man real-time PCR
• Taq-Man probe is used in addition to primers in PCR
• Probe is an oligonucleotide consisting of a
sequence matching to the middle of the template
sequence (DNA)
• Probe has attached: Flurophore and Quencher
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Pro’s and Con’s
Pro’s: Clinic sample can be used directly,
fast procedure, sensitive
Con’s: Expensive (rt‐qPCR), detects only the toxin
gene and not the toxin itself
ASSAY
Time to perfrom
Application
Pro’s
Con’s
Mouse Lethality
1‐4 days
Bacterial culture
serum, gastric
content, food and
environment
sample etc..
Very Sensitive
Laborious, ethical
problem,
expensive, detects
only C.
botulinum
Endopeptidase
1‐2 days
Medical industry,
infant faecal
sample, human
serum etc…
High Specific, no
cross reaction
between
botulinum toxin
Only
C. botulinum
detectable
ELISA
8 hrs
Bacterial culture,
innoculate meat,
cheese food etc..
Technically
simple, fast to
perform and
interpret,
different toxins
detectable
Inactivated toxins
false result
PCR
Fast, few hours
Medical field,
Clinic sample can
laboratory analysis be used directly,
fast procedure,
sensitive, different
clostridia genes
detectable
Expensive
(rt‐qPCR), detects
only the gene, not
the toxin itself
33
34. 06.12.2013
References
• Clinical Microbiology Reviews – Laboratory
Diagnostics of Botulism [Lindström,Korkeala]
• Manual of Clinical Microbiology
[Patrick R. Murray, Ellen Jo Barron et al.]
• Medizinische Mikrobiologie
[Herbert Hof, Rüdiger Dörries]
• Dario et al, Multiplex PCR for Detection of
Botulinum Neurotoxin – Producing Clostridia in
clinical, food, and environment samples;
(20):6457-6461; Appl. Environmental
Microbiology, 2009
References
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•
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•
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•
Lindström M, Korkeala H: Laboratory Diagnostics of Botulism.
Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2006, 19(2):298
Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Dunlap P V, Clark DP: Biology of
Microorganisms. 12th edition, Pearson Education Inc.,
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Salyers AA, Whitt DD: Bacterial Pathogenesis: A molecular
approach. ASM Press, Washington, D.C. 1994
Zhang Y, Lou J, Jenko KL, Marks JD, Varnum SM:
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“Development of real‐time PCR tests for detecting
botulinum neurotoxins A,B,E,F producing Clostridium botulinum,
[…].” [P.Fach et al.], Journal of AppliedMicrobiology
Taq‐Man‐Picture [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taqman.png]
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