Clinical pharmacology hormonal disorders
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This document provides contact information for Mohanad AlBayati and discusses the hypothalamic-pituitary hormones and how drugs can interfere with them. It describes the anatomy of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, including the third ventricle, optic chiasm, infundibular stalk, anterior lobe, posterior lobe, and intermediate lobe. It also discusses null cells, endocrine-secreting cells, proopiomelanocortin, and how growth hormone can be interfered with by drugs. The document focuses on the interactions between hormones and pharmacology.
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Msc pharmacology hormonal
This document appears to be about endocrinology and hormones. It includes sections about hormonal homeostasis, hormonal classes, feedback control of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, cell receptors and communication, and hypothalamic-pituitary hormones. The document is authored by Mohanad AlBayati and seems intended to provide information on advance pharmacology topics related to hormones and endocrinology.
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Flutamide is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen used to treat prostate cancer and female hirsutism. It works by inhibiting androgen uptake and binding in target tissues. It is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in the liver. Common side effects include hot flashes, gynecomastia, impotence and reduced sperm count. It can cause liver problems and interacts with warfarin, so liver and coagulation monitoring is recommended during treatment.
Pharmacogenomics and drug development
Pharmacogenomics refers to the study of the relationship between specific DNA-sequence variation and drug effect, for example, variation in haplotype versus variation in therapeutic outcome
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The document discusses pharmacogenomics, which examines how an individual's genetic inheritance affects their response to medications. It provides examples of genetic factors that influence drug metabolism and response, such as variants affecting warfarin effectiveness and isoniazid metabolism. While pharmacogenomic testing could optimize drug therapy, barriers include cost and ethical concerns regarding discrimination and access to care.
Pharmacogenomics
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Pharmacogenomics
This document discusses how genetic polymorphisms can influence how individuals respond to drugs. It explains that genetics can account for 20-95% of variability in drug effects between people. Sequence variants in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and targets can impact drug disposition and response. Specifically, it describes genetic polymorphisms that influence the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A5 and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein, and how these affect the metabolism and transport of various medications. The document stresses that pharmacogenomic studies are helping to elucidate the inherited basis of differing drug responses.
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics examines genetic variations that influence individual drug responses. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can predict good, bad, or no response to a drug. DNA microarrays efficiently identify SNPs to personalize treatment. This allows excluding non-responsive patients from trials, improving drug safety and efficacy. Currently, pharmacogenomics guides cancer treatment and medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes to prevent overdosing. Benefits include tailored therapy and safer drugs, though complexity challenges wide implementation.
Pharmacogenomics
This document discusses pharmacogenomics, which is the study of how genetic factors influence individual responses to drugs. It begins by defining pharmacogenomics and noting its relationship to pharmacogenetics. The document then provides background on the origins of pharmacogenomics and its promise for personalized medicine by optimizing drug therapy for each person's unique genetics. Several examples are given of pharmacogenomic tests that guide treatment decisions. The rest of the document outlines challenges and applications of pharmacogenomics, including improving drug safety and efficacy through predictive prescribing based on a person's metabolic status.
Recommended
Msc pharmacology hormonal
This document appears to be about endocrinology and hormones. It includes sections about hormonal homeostasis, hormonal classes, feedback control of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, cell receptors and communication, and hypothalamic-pituitary hormones. The document is authored by Mohanad AlBayati and seems intended to provide information on advance pharmacology topics related to hormones and endocrinology.
Flutamide
Flutamide is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen used to treat prostate cancer and female hirsutism. It works by inhibiting androgen uptake and binding in target tissues. It is rapidly absorbed and metabolized in the liver. Common side effects include hot flashes, gynecomastia, impotence and reduced sperm count. It can cause liver problems and interacts with warfarin, so liver and coagulation monitoring is recommended during treatment.
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Pharmacogenomics refers to the study of the relationship between specific DNA-sequence variation and drug effect, for example, variation in haplotype versus variation in therapeutic outcome
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The document discusses pharmacogenomics, which examines how an individual's genetic inheritance affects their response to medications. It provides examples of genetic factors that influence drug metabolism and response, such as variants affecting warfarin effectiveness and isoniazid metabolism. While pharmacogenomic testing could optimize drug therapy, barriers include cost and ethical concerns regarding discrimination and access to care.
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual's genetic profile affects their response to medications. It aims to provide the right drug at the right dose for the right patient by understanding genetic factors. Current applications include testing for genetic variants before prescribing certain drugs to avoid bad reactions. Challenges include accounting for both genetic and environmental influences on drug responses and protecting patient privacy. As understanding and technologies improve, pharmacogenomics may help develop new drugs and reduce trial-and-error prescribing.
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This document discusses how genetic polymorphisms can influence how individuals respond to drugs. It explains that genetics can account for 20-95% of variability in drug effects between people. Sequence variants in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and targets can impact drug disposition and response. Specifically, it describes genetic polymorphisms that influence the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A5 and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein, and how these affect the metabolism and transport of various medications. The document stresses that pharmacogenomic studies are helping to elucidate the inherited basis of differing drug responses.
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics examines genetic variations that influence individual drug responses. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can predict good, bad, or no response to a drug. DNA microarrays efficiently identify SNPs to personalize treatment. This allows excluding non-responsive patients from trials, improving drug safety and efficacy. Currently, pharmacogenomics guides cancer treatment and medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes to prevent overdosing. Benefits include tailored therapy and safer drugs, though complexity challenges wide implementation.
Pharmacogenomics
This document discusses pharmacogenomics, which is the study of how genetic factors influence individual responses to drugs. It begins by defining pharmacogenomics and noting its relationship to pharmacogenetics. The document then provides background on the origins of pharmacogenomics and its promise for personalized medicine by optimizing drug therapy for each person's unique genetics. Several examples are given of pharmacogenomic tests that guide treatment decisions. The rest of the document outlines challenges and applications of pharmacogenomics, including improving drug safety and efficacy through predictive prescribing based on a person's metabolic status.
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Pharmacogenomics is the branch of biochemistry in which study how an individual’s genetic inheritance affects the body response to drug. Pharmacogenomics is the intersection of genetics and pharmaceutical industry.
In this presentation a brief note is given about what is pharmacogenomics. Why different drugs work differently in different people. today pharmacogenomics, future of pharmacogenomics. also describe the future of pharmacogenomics. challenges which have to pharmacogenomics.
Pharmacogenomics
This document provides an overview of pharmacogenomics. It defines pharmacogenomics as the study of how genetic variations influence individual drug responses. It discusses how single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can alter drug metabolism and response. Examples are provided of genes like G6PD, TPMT, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 that influence drug toxicity and efficacy. Benefits of pharmacogenomics include more powerful and safer drugs through personalized treatment based on an individual's genetic profile. Ethical concerns around privacy, discrimination, and drug availability are also discussed.
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Pharmacogenomics
Deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response by co-relating gene expression or polymorphism with a drug’s efficacy or toxicity
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This document summarizes a seminar on pharmacogenomics presented by Mr. Madhan Mohan Elsani. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes influence individual responses to drugs. Understanding genetic variations between individuals can help explain differences in drug efficacy and risk of adverse reactions. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are variations in DNA sequences that can impact how the body processes and metabolizes drugs. Pharmacogenomic testing can help optimize drug selection and dosing for individual patients based on their genetic makeup. This could improve drug safety and reduce adverse reactions.
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INTRODUCTION
What is pharmacogenomics
History
Principle
So what’s new about pharmacogenomics?
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?
Genes commonly involved in pharmacogenomic drug metabolism and response
The anticipated benefits of pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenetics Research/Database Program
Some of the barriers to using pharmacogenomics
Conclusion
References
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Pharmacogenomics aims to optimize drug therapy based on a patient's genotype to maximize efficacy and minimize adverse effects. It involves studying how genetic factors influence individual responses to drugs in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Genetic polymorphisms like SNPs that occur in over 1% of the population can impact a drug's effects. Pharmacogenomic testing identifies biomarkers related to drug metabolism and targets to determine effective treatments and dosages for patients. While it holds promise for improving drug development and personalized medicine, limitations include insufficient validation and high costs.
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Introduction
With the information available about human genome and human proteome, it is now well understood that there are a lot of variations between individuals. These minor variations account for many differences like adverse drug reactions, which are responsible for many hospitalizations and casualties. The observed variable effect of drug is due to difference in sensitivity as some people need higher dose and some need lower dose to get similar therapeutic effect, but in some people drug has no therapeutic effects and in some it shows strong adverse reactions.
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Pharmacogenomics is a new trending branch which has created enormous hopes in improving diagnostic methods, treatment outcomes and preventing adverse events and therapeutic failures. In this ppt basics of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics has been discussed in simplest possible way along with two case studies. Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics has also been discussed in brief.
Pharmacogenomics
- Pharmacogenomics deals with how genetic variations influence individual responses to drugs in terms of efficacy and toxicity. It aims to identify individuals who are more or less likely to respond to drugs or require altered doses.
- Pharmacogenetics studies variations in targeted genes or related genes, while pharmacogenomics uses genetic information to guide individualized drug and dose choice.
- Genetic polymorphisms like SNPs can result in different amino acids, protein changes, or no effect. They influence drug metabolism and response.
- Pharmacogenomics offers advantages like personalized medicine but faces barriers like complexity, education needs, and drug company incentives. It is being applied in various stages of clinical trials from target identification to dosing.
Pharmacogenomics & its ethical issues
Humans are 99% similar to each other; but it is the 1% that is the cause of concern. This relatively small difference actually how a drug will effect our body. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs. In order to prevent any unwanted reactions it has become necessary to consider one's genome while prescribing medicine. Thus pharmacogenomics is the starting point of personalized medicine.
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Reproduction is a key parameter determining the level of production and profitability in a dairy herd. Low fertility leads to productivity losses which can be directly translated into economic loss of great magnitude, and it is also the major reason for involuntary culling of dairy cows.
The project focuses on cows in the period around calving, a time associated with health disturbances that are decisive for the economy of dairy producers. Metritis, inflammation of the uterus, is common after calving with consequences for the cow’s future fertility and milk production level.
The main cause is lacking management and nutrition in this critical time period. Better knowledge of risk factors for metritis and their economic consequences is necessary for the motivation of farmers to adopt preventive measures.
Farms will be visited for gathering of information about management routines around calving. Newly calved cows will be examined for diagnosis of metritis. Practical recommendations will be suggested, adapted to prevailing circumstances. The aim is to keep the cows healthy through the calving process, during the transition from non-lactating to lactating state, for future successful breeding, optimized milk production and longevity.
Capacity-building activities like teaching of university staff (veterinarians) in diagnostic tools like gynecological ultrasonography for diagnosis of reproductive disorders will be performed. A course will be run for farmers on connection between nutrition and reproduction and management of the cow around calving. Workshops for researchers and stakeholders will be arranged.
physiotherapy in hormonal conditions
The document discusses several endocrine disorders and their relevance to physiotherapy. It covers topics like:
- The three main types of endocrine diseases: gland hyposecretion, hypersecretion, and tumors.
- The challenges of diagnosing endocrine diseases given difficulties directly assaying hormone levels.
- An overview of the major endocrine glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries and testes.
- Some common endocrine diseases that may benefit from physiotherapy interventions like Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, amenorrhea, and polycystic ovary syndrome.
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In this presentation a brief note is given about what is pharmacogenomics. Why different drugs work differently in different people. today pharmacogenomics, future of pharmacogenomics. also describe the future of pharmacogenomics. challenges which have to pharmacogenomics.
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This document provides an overview of pharmacogenomics. It defines pharmacogenomics as the study of how genetic variations influence individual drug responses. It discusses how single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can alter drug metabolism and response. Examples are provided of genes like G6PD, TPMT, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 that influence drug toxicity and efficacy. Benefits of pharmacogenomics include more powerful and safer drugs through personalized treatment based on an individual's genetic profile. Ethical concerns around privacy, discrimination, and drug availability are also discussed.
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Pharmacogenomics deals with how genetic variations influence individual responses to drugs in terms of efficacy and toxicity. It aims to identify those more or less likely to respond to a drug or require altered dosing based on their genes. For example, the enzyme CYP2C19 metabolizes the blood thinner Clopidogrel, and genetic variations in this enzyme affect how well individuals respond. Implementing pharmacogenomics into medical practice could help personalize treatment by selecting optimal drugs and doses for each patient based on their genetic profile. However, barriers include the complexity of genetic variations, identifying which genes affect drugs, and educating physicians.
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This document provides an overview of pharmacogenomics and includes three case studies. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual's genetics affect their response to drugs. Variations in genes that encode for drug-metabolizing enzymes can result in differences in drug efficacy and risk for adverse reactions between individuals. The case studies demonstrate how genetic testing could help explain adverse drug reactions by identifying variants in genes like CYP2D6 that affect drug metabolism. Pharmacogenomic testing provides an opportunity to personalize drug therapy based on a person's genetic profile.
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Deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response by co-relating gene expression or polymorphism with a drug’s efficacy or toxicity
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This document summarizes a seminar on pharmacogenomics presented by Mr. Madhan Mohan Elsani. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes influence individual responses to drugs. Understanding genetic variations between individuals can help explain differences in drug efficacy and risk of adverse reactions. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are variations in DNA sequences that can impact how the body processes and metabolizes drugs. Pharmacogenomic testing can help optimize drug selection and dosing for individual patients based on their genetic makeup. This could improve drug safety and reduce adverse reactions.
Pharmacogenetics and therapeutic drug monitoring practice
This document discusses pharmacogenetics and therapeutic drug monitoring. It describes how pharmacogenetics can help determine the best drug and dose for individuals by examining genetic factors that influence drug metabolism and response. Two key types of pharmacogenetic effects - analog and digital - are described. Several examples of pharmacogenetic testing for drugs like carbamazepine, allopurinol and cancer therapies are provided. The role of genes like HLA-B*1502, HLA-B*5801, CYP2C9 and VKORC1 in drug responses are outlined. Therapeutic drug monitoring is also discussed as a way to track drug levels in patients' blood to ensure efficacy and safety. Several classes of drugs that are commonly monitored
WHMS PGx Presentation
This document discusses the importance and benefits of pharmacogenetic testing for physicians and their patients. It notes that pharmacogenetic testing can help physicians determine the right drug, dose, and timing for each individual patient to reduce adverse drug reactions and improve outcomes. Not utilizing this testing could open physicians up to legal liability issues. The document provides several case studies demonstrating how pharmacogenetic testing could have helped identify the right treatment for patients and avoided negative health consequences or legal risks for physicians. It also addresses the ease of testing, billing, and reimbursement to make the case for integrating pharmacogenetics into medical practice.
Pharmacogenomics, by kk sahu
INTRODUCTION
What is pharmacogenomics
History
Principle
So what’s new about pharmacogenomics?
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)?
Genes commonly involved in pharmacogenomic drug metabolism and response
The anticipated benefits of pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenetics Research/Database Program
Some of the barriers to using pharmacogenomics
Conclusion
References
Teratogenic drugs
This document discusses teratogens and teratogenic drugs. It begins by defining a teratogen as an agent that can disturb fetal development. It then discusses the FDA pregnancy categories and mechanisms of action of teratogenic drugs. Specific examples of teratogenic drugs are given for different categories, along with their mechanisms and potential effects on the fetus. The document stresses the importance of carefully considering drug use during pregnancy and providing counseling on risks and benefits.
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the role of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics in drug development and regulatory review. It discusses how genetic differences can impact how individuals metabolize and respond to drugs in terms of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Specific polymorphisms in enzymes, receptors, and transporters were highlighted as factors that can influence a drug's effects. The importance of considering pharmacogenomic data during drug trials and regulatory reviews was emphasized in order to optimize dosing and labeling recommendations to improve drug efficacy and safety.
Clinical Utility of Pharmacogenetic Testing in Compounding Pharmacy
This document discusses the clinical utility of pharmacogenetic testing in compounding pharmacy. It begins by introducing pharmacogenetics and how genetic variations can impact drug metabolism and efficacy. It then provides three examples of how pharmacogenetic testing can be used in a compounding pharmacy setting: 1) Testing for breast cancer risk genes to help guide hormone replacement therapy decisions. 2) Testing for variants in drug metabolizing enzymes to predict medication responses and avoid adverse drug reactions. 3) Testing for genes related to warfarin metabolism to determine appropriate dosing and reduce risks. The document concludes that pharmacogenetic testing can help compounding pharmacists better personalize treatment for each patient.
Pharmacogenomics- a step to personalized medicines
Pharmacogenomics aims to optimize drug therapy based on a patient's genotype to maximize efficacy and minimize adverse effects. It involves studying how genetic factors influence individual responses to drugs in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Genetic polymorphisms like SNPs that occur in over 1% of the population can impact a drug's effects. Pharmacogenomic testing identifies biomarkers related to drug metabolism and targets to determine effective treatments and dosages for patients. While it holds promise for improving drug development and personalized medicine, limitations include insufficient validation and high costs.
Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacokinetics
Introduction
With the information available about human genome and human proteome, it is now well understood that there are a lot of variations between individuals. These minor variations account for many differences like adverse drug reactions, which are responsible for many hospitalizations and casualties. The observed variable effect of drug is due to difference in sensitivity as some people need higher dose and some need lower dose to get similar therapeutic effect, but in some people drug has no therapeutic effects and in some it shows strong adverse reactions.
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is a new trending branch which has created enormous hopes in improving diagnostic methods, treatment outcomes and preventing adverse events and therapeutic failures. In this ppt basics of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics has been discussed in simplest possible way along with two case studies. Clinical applications of pharmacogenomics has also been discussed in brief.
Pharmacogenomics
- Pharmacogenomics deals with how genetic variations influence individual responses to drugs in terms of efficacy and toxicity. It aims to identify individuals who are more or less likely to respond to drugs or require altered doses.
- Pharmacogenetics studies variations in targeted genes or related genes, while pharmacogenomics uses genetic information to guide individualized drug and dose choice.
- Genetic polymorphisms like SNPs can result in different amino acids, protein changes, or no effect. They influence drug metabolism and response.
- Pharmacogenomics offers advantages like personalized medicine but faces barriers like complexity, education needs, and drug company incentives. It is being applied in various stages of clinical trials from target identification to dosing.
Pharmacogenomics & its ethical issues
Humans are 99% similar to each other; but it is the 1% that is the cause of concern. This relatively small difference actually how a drug will effect our body. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs. In order to prevent any unwanted reactions it has become necessary to consider one's genome while prescribing medicine. Thus pharmacogenomics is the starting point of personalized medicine.
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The project focuses on cows in the period around calving, a time associated with health disturbances that are decisive for the economy of dairy producers. Metritis, inflammation of the uterus, is common after calving with consequences for the cow’s future fertility and milk production level.
The main cause is lacking management and nutrition in this critical time period. Better knowledge of risk factors for metritis and their economic consequences is necessary for the motivation of farmers to adopt preventive measures.
Farms will be visited for gathering of information about management routines around calving. Newly calved cows will be examined for diagnosis of metritis. Practical recommendations will be suggested, adapted to prevailing circumstances. The aim is to keep the cows healthy through the calving process, during the transition from non-lactating to lactating state, for future successful breeding, optimized milk production and longevity.
Capacity-building activities like teaching of university staff (veterinarians) in diagnostic tools like gynecological ultrasonography for diagnosis of reproductive disorders will be performed. A course will be run for farmers on connection between nutrition and reproduction and management of the cow around calving. Workshops for researchers and stakeholders will be arranged.
physiotherapy in hormonal conditions
The document discusses several endocrine disorders and their relevance to physiotherapy. It covers topics like:
- The three main types of endocrine diseases: gland hyposecretion, hypersecretion, and tumors.
- The challenges of diagnosing endocrine diseases given difficulties directly assaying hormone levels.
- An overview of the major endocrine glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries and testes.
- Some common endocrine diseases that may benefit from physiotherapy interventions like Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, amenorrhea, and polycystic ovary syndrome.
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Pharmaceutics
Routes, Factors determine selection of routes, advantages and disadvantages,of enteral, parenteral inhalational routes, and transdermal routes
Membrane transport mechanism, Bioavailability factors and definition, factors influencing drug distribution pattern, Biotransformation,-Definition, phases, sites, Factors affecting,
Drug elimination-Routes of excretion, factors affecting renal excretion, halflife definition and importance, dose response and steady state concentration
MO drug action, Factors that modify, drug interaction
Safety margin and drug toxicity 1h
TI, Untoward effects-predictable unpredictable and others, Principles of management of drug toxicity
definition
why study pharmacology
subdivision
clinical pharmacology
source of information of drugs
nomenclature of drugs
sources of drugs
2254-6758-4-53
This document summarizes a pilot study that evaluated the safety and effectiveness of an alternative therapy for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using natural minerals. 20 women with PCOS received weekly treatments involving wrapping the body in bandages soaked in a mineral solution for 1 hour. Hormone levels were measured before and after treatment. Results found that treatment significantly improved levels of luteinizing hormone, prolactin, anti-Mullerian hormone, fasting insulin, and liver enzymes. No adverse events occurred. The study suggests this natural mineral treatment may be a safe and effective approach for managing symptoms of PCOS.
Pharmaogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect individual responses to drugs. It combines pharmacology and genomics to develop safe and effective personalized medications and dosages based on a person's genetic makeup. The goal is to improve treatment outcomes by predicting drug effectiveness and reducing adverse reactions. Challenges include implementing genetic tests in clinical practice and addressing cost, ethical and legal issues. Future applications include developing tailored drugs for many diseases and faster, more targeted clinical trials through biomarkers.
Personalised medicines -pharmacogentics and pharmacogenomics
This seminar basically introduces and explains the learner about what is personalised medicines, what is the need for it, how personalised medicines work. For this, the concept of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics are considered. After going through the presentation, the learner will be able to understand about the concept of pharmacogentics and pharmacogenomics. Certain examples of personalised medicines are included in this seminar.Although personalised medicines are specific and helpful, ins spite of having lots of advantages , it also have some disadvantages which are also specified in this seminar.Although , we speak about personalised medicines, we never saw personalised medicines in our local market. So here is an approach given that , when will we see personalised medicines at the local pharmacy. Again, certain marketed products are also listed in the seminar.Also, the future of personalised medicines is depeicted in the seminar. How medicines will be in a an around 2050 is shown in the seminar. After going through the seminar, the learner would be able to understand about personalised medicines and all its aspects in detail.
Introduction to pharmacology
Pharmacology is the study of drug effects on living systems. It has two main divisions: pharmacokinetics, which deals with how the body affects drugs; and pharmacodynamics, which deals with how drugs affect the body. Pharmacology has several subdivisions that study specific areas like pharmacotherapy, toxicology, and clinical pharmacology. Pharmacokinetics examines the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body, while pharmacodynamics examines the biological effects of drugs. Rational drug use requires using the appropriate drug, dose, administration method, and duration for a patient's needs.
Pharmacogenomics
Dr. Debasish Pradhan is a senior faculty of pharmacology who discusses the goals of pharmacogenomics which are to optimize drug therapy and ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects by moving away from trial-and-error prescribing and instead considering a patient's genes and functionality. Pharmacogenomics uses genotyping, exome, or whole genome sequencing as inputs to achieve better treatment outcomes and minimize toxicities and adverse drug reactions.
Gen Pharmacology Intro Bds
The document outlines the syllabus for a pharmacology course, including topics such as introduction to pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, prescription writing, autonomic nervous system, and sources of drug information. It defines key terms like pharmacology, drug, pharmacy, therapeutics, and discusses the various subdivisions of pharmacology like pharmacognosy, toxicology, and clinical pharmacology. It also lists some common reference books and different sources of drugs including minerals, animals, plants, microorganisms, and recombinant technology.
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE AND PHARMACOGENETICS
This document discusses personalized medicine and pharmacogenetics. It defines personalized medicine as tailoring medical treatment to an individual's characteristics. Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic differences influence variability in drug responses. The document outlines how genetic polymorphisms can impact drug metabolism and efficacy through variations in phase I and phase II drug metabolizing enzymes. It also categorizes different types of patients who may benefit from personalized medicine approaches based on factors like age, gender, medical conditions, and genetics.
various approaches to drug discovery
clinical and preclinical approaches to drug discovery.Here we mainly deals with preclinical approaches, ie. Pharmacological approach and toxicological approach
proteomics and system biology
This document discusses proteomics and systems biology. It explains that systems biology analyzes relationships between elements in a biological system in response to genetic or environmental changes, with the goal of understanding the system. Proteomics aims to characterize proteins, including structure, function, interactions, and expression levels. Integrating omics data like genomics, proteomics and metabolomics can provide insights into biological processes and disease. Proteomics can also play roles in drug development by aiding biomarker discovery, target identification, and toxicity prediction.
Introduction to Pharm.ppt
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology, covering its history, scope, subdivisions, and the drug development process. It discusses how pharmacology relates to other sciences and is divided into basic, special, experimental, and clinical branches. The document outlines the historical discoveries of important drugs and describes the stages of preclinical and clinical testing that new drugs must undergo for regulatory approval. It also discusses approaches to drug discovery and development.
Introduction to the drug discovery process
This document discusses the drug discovery process from target identification through FDA approval. It describes methods used for target identification such as genomics, bioinformatics, and proteomics. The stages of lead identification through high-throughput screening and structure-based drug design are outlined. Key aspects of lead optimization like characterizing potency, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity are summarized. Details are provided on preclinical and clinical trial phases from Phase 0 through Phase IV post-marketing surveillance. Factors contributing to the declining drug approval rate like increased safety demands are noted. The high costs and failure rates associated with drug development are highlighted.
Explore pharmacology
This document provides an overview of graduate studies in pharmacology. It describes pharmacology as the study of drug action on biological systems, including pharmacodynamics which examines the molecular effects of drugs and pharmacokinetics which deals with how the body processes drugs. The document outlines various areas of specialization within pharmacology like neuropharmacology, cardiovascular pharmacology, molecular pharmacology, and biochemical pharmacology. It promotes pharmacology as a challenging and rewarding scientific career for highly motivated students interested in drug development and understanding disease processes.
linical pharmacogenomics consists of the appli-cation of res.docx
linical pharmacogenomics consists of the appli-
cation of research that links measurable genetic variants
with the prediction of drug response.1 Every medical
specialty can utilize the results of pharmacogenomic
probe studies to inform the adoption of individualized
pharmacotherapy. However, psychiatric pharmacother-
apy is particularly likely to benefit from the introduction
of pharmacogenomic testing, because there are many
psychotropic agents available for selection that target
specific symptoms.
The terms pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics
are currently used interchangeably. However, with the
growing understanding that multiple intragenic varia-
tions should be considered in making predictions related
to medication response, the use of the term pharma-
cogenomics has become more frequently chosen to des-
ignate the process of using documented genetic variation
to guide medication selection and dosing.
Historically, psychiatrists have used empirical strategies
to select medications. In the best practices, the choice of
medications has evolved based on a rational trial-and-
error process that has used clinical indicators to select
medications and then relied on documenting treatment
responses to titrate the optimal dose for a particular
patient. Psychiatrists learn to “start low and go slow” in
order to minimize side effects. They also know that it is
6 9
P h a r m a c o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s
C
Copyright © 2010 LLS SAS. All rights reserved www.dialogues-cns.org
Psychiatric pharmacogenomic testing in
clinical practice
David A. Mrazek, MD, FRCPsych
Keywords: pharmacogenomic testing; cytochrome P450 gene; serotonin trans-
porter gene (SLC6A4); serotonin receptor 2A gene (HTR2A); serotonin receptor 2C
gene (HTR2C); poor metabolizer phenotype; ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype
Author affiliations: Chair, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo
Clinic; Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of
Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Address for correspondence: David A. Mrazek, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
(e-mail: [email protected])
The clinical adoption of psychiatric pharmacogenomic
testing has taken place rapidly over the past 7 years.
Initially, drug-metabolizing enzyme genes, such as the
cytochrome P450 2D6 gene (CYP2D6), were identified.
Genotyping the highly variable cytochrome P450 2D6
gene now provides clinicians with the opportunity to iden-
tify both poor metabolizers and ultrarapid metabolizers
of 2D6 substrate medications. Subsequently, genes influ-
encing the pharmacodynamic response of medications
have been made available for clinical practice. Among the
earliest “target genes” was the serotonin transporter
gene (SLC6A4) which has variants that have been shown
to influence the clinical response of patients of European
ancestry when they are treated with selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors. Genotyping of some of the serotonin
recept.
linical pharmacogenomics consists of the appli-cation of res.docx
linical pharmacogenomics consists of the appli-
cation of research that links measurable genetic variants
with the prediction of drug response.1 Every medical
specialty can utilize the results of pharmacogenomic
probe studies to inform the adoption of individualized
pharmacotherapy. However, psychiatric pharmacother-
apy is particularly likely to benefit from the introduction
of pharmacogenomic testing, because there are many
psychotropic agents available for selection that target
specific symptoms.
The terms pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics
are currently used interchangeably. However, with the
growing understanding that multiple intragenic varia-
tions should be considered in making predictions related
to medication response, the use of the term pharma-
cogenomics has become more frequently chosen to des-
ignate the process of using documented genetic variation
to guide medication selection and dosing.
Historically, psychiatrists have used empirical strategies
to select medications. In the best practices, the choice of
medications has evolved based on a rational trial-and-
error process that has used clinical indicators to select
medications and then relied on documenting treatment
responses to titrate the optimal dose for a particular
patient. Psychiatrists learn to “start low and go slow” in
order to minimize side effects. They also know that it is
6 9
P h a r m a c o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s
C
Copyright © 2010 LLS SAS. All rights reserved www.dialogues-cns.org
Psychiatric pharmacogenomic testing in
clinical practice
David A. Mrazek, MD, FRCPsych
Keywords: pharmacogenomic testing; cytochrome P450 gene; serotonin trans-
porter gene (SLC6A4); serotonin receptor 2A gene (HTR2A); serotonin receptor 2C
gene (HTR2C); poor metabolizer phenotype; ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype
Author affiliations: Chair, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo
Clinic; Professor of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic College of
Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Address for correspondence: David A. Mrazek, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine,
200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
(e-mail: [email protected])
The clinical adoption of psychiatric pharmacogenomic
testing has taken place rapidly over the past 7 years.
Initially, drug-metabolizing enzyme genes, such as the
cytochrome P450 2D6 gene (CYP2D6), were identified.
Genotyping the highly variable cytochrome P450 2D6
gene now provides clinicians with the opportunity to iden-
tify both poor metabolizers and ultrarapid metabolizers
of 2D6 substrate medications. Subsequently, genes influ-
encing the pharmacodynamic response of medications
have been made available for clinical practice. Among the
earliest “target genes” was the serotonin transporter
gene (SLC6A4) which has variants that have been shown
to influence the clinical response of patients of European
ancestry when they are treated with selective serotonin
reuptake inhibitors. Genotyping of some of the serotonin
recept ...
Personalized medicine
This document discusses personalized medicine and pharmacogenomics. It begins by noting that current drug treatment is only effective for 60% of patients, with 40% experiencing poor effects or no effect at all. It then introduces pharmacogenomics as the application of genomics to understand how genes influence individual responses to drugs. The document outlines several ways that pharmacogenomic research could improve drug development and clinical practice, such as identifying genetic variants that influence drug metabolism and toxicity. It envisions that in the future, pharmacogenomic testing may allow for "made-to-order" drugs tailored to a patient's genetic profile. However, it also notes some bioethical challenges will need to be addressed for personalized medicine to be realized.
Orphan drugs presentation
The document is a presentation about orphan drugs given by Dr. Atul Rajpara. It defines orphan drugs as those intended for the treatment of rare diseases or disorders. It discusses how rare diseases are defined in various countries and notes that over 7,000 rare diseases have been identified worldwide. The presentation outlines the Orphan Drug Act of 1983 in the US and its impact in incentivizing orphan drug development. It also discusses the orphan drug designation process and provides some examples of orphan drugs and their manufacturers. The presentation concludes by noting challenges to improving access to orphan drugs in India like affordability and a lack of incentives for drug developers.
Similar to Clinical pharmacology hormonal disorders (20)
Personalised medicines -pharmacogentics and pharmacogenomics
Personalised medicines -pharmacogentics and pharmacogenomics
linical pharmacogenomics consists of the appli-cation of res.docx
linical pharmacogenomics consists of the appli-cation of res.docx
linical pharmacogenomics consists of the appli-cation of res.docx
linical pharmacogenomics consists of the appli-cation of res.docx
More from Mohanad Al-Bayati
Drugs acting on the central nervous system
This document summarizes drugs that act on the central nervous system, focusing on anticonvulsant drugs. It discusses the mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of various anticonvulsant drugs including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, valproic acid, gabapentin and others. It also outlines some of the adverse effects associated with these drugs. The document provides information on how these drugs stabilize neuronal membranes, activate GABA receptors, and alter ion channel permeability to raise the seizure threshold.
CV
This curriculum vitae summarizes the qualifications of Mohanad A. Al-Bayati, an Assistant Professor of Physiology and Pharmacology at the University of Baghdad. It outlines his education, including a BVM&S, MSc in Physiology, and PhD in Pharmacology and Toxicology. It also lists his academic positions, teaching experience, research interests in reproductive physiology and the nitric oxide system, publications, and thesis supervision of 64 students.
Pharmacogenetic
This document discusses pharmacogenetics, which refers to how genetic differences can affect individual responses to drugs in terms of therapy and adverse effects. It provides examples of genetic polymorphisms that can influence drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters, affecting how drugs are absorbed, metabolized, or interact with receptors. Understanding these genetic factors helps explain variability in drug responses between individuals and can help physicians optimize treatment plans.
Nanopharmacology
Nonopharmacology, types of nano, liposome nanotoxicology
nano calcification, nano robot, nano medicine
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molecular biology and pharmacology G protein, receptor, transport of drug ankoring protein, adapter protein, cell signal
Endothelium derived factors
This document provides biographical information about Mohanad AlBayati and summarizes key discoveries related to nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium-derived vasodilators. It discusses:
1) The 1977-1986 discoveries by Furchgott, Murad, and Ignarro that acetylcholine causes relaxation via endothelium-derived NO and that NO is identical to endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), earning them the 1998 Nobel Prize.
2) The endothelium releases vasodilators like NO and prostacyclin and vasoconstrictors like endothelin-1 and reactive oxygen species to regulate vascular tone.
3) NO activates guanylate cyclase, increasing cGMP and
Pharmacology of hypothermia
The document discusses therapeutic hypothermia and the body's mechanisms for temperature regulation, including external heat transfer and the hypothalamus controlling processes like skin blood flow and sweating. It also examines the possible mechanisms underlying the beneficial and risk factors of induced hypothermia, and covers topics like excitotoxicity which is related to excessive activation of glutamate receptors in the central nervous system.
Control of the of analytical methods
This document contains information about Mohanad AlBayati, an Assistant Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology at the University of Baghdad. It also defines key terms related to method precision including: relative standard deviation, inter-assay precision, intermediate precision, reproducibility, and accuracy. Accuracy is described as comparing a substance analyzed by a method to a reference standard analyzed by the same procedure.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
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Clinical pharmacology hormonal disorders
- 1. Clinical Pharmacology 1 Mohanad AlBayati Mohanad AbdulSattar Ali Al-Bayati, BVM&S, MS. Physiology, PhD. Assistant Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of Physiology and Pharmacology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Baghdad Al-Ameria, Baghdad Phone: 0964 7700766550 E. Mail: aumnmumu@covm.uobaghdad.edu.iq aumnmumu@yahoo.com Hormonal Therapy Hormonal disorders
- 2. 2 Clinical Pharmacology Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones Third ventricle Optic chiasm Infundibular stalk Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Intermediate lobe
- 5. 5 Clinical Pharmacology Hypothalamic-Pituitary Hormones and drugs interference
- 6. 6 Null cells Endocrine - secreting cell Clinical Pharmacology
- 8. 8 Growth hormone and drug interference Clinical Pharmacology
- 9. 9 Growth hormone and drug interference Clinical Pharmacology
- 10. 10 Growth hormone and drug interference Clinical Pharmacology
- 11. 11 Growth hormone and drug interference Clinical Pharmacology