Endocrine disorders
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The document discusses several endocrine disorders and conditions. It covers the roles of hormones like insulin, glucagon, and vasopressin. It also describes dysfunctions of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal glands that can cause diseases like diabetes, Cushing's syndrome, and hypothyroidism. Nursing care focuses on monitoring symptoms, administering treatments, and educating patients.
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Disorders of pituitary gland (( THE MASTER )) BY M.SASI
The pituitary gland acts as the control center of the endocrine system. Disorders of the pituitary gland can cause either pituitary hyperfunction (hyperpituitarism) or hypopituitarism. Pituitary hyperfunction is usually caused by a pituitary adenoma and can result in excess secretion of hormones like prolactin, growth hormone, ACTH, or TSH. Prolactinomas, which cause excess prolactin secretion, are the most common type of pituitary adenoma. Symptoms of a prolactinoma include menstrual irregularities in women, infertility, and galactorrhea. Diagnosis involves measuring prolactin levels and treating the underlying cause.
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The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, acts as the control center for the endocrine system. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. These hormones target organs like the thyroid, adrenals, and liver. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone which are produced in the hypothalamus. Pituitary tumors can cause hyperpituitarism by overproducing hormones or compressing the pituitary and decreasing hormone production.
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The document provides information about the endocrine system and endocrine diseases. It describes the key glands that make up the endocrine system, including the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testes, ovaries, and parathyroid glands. It then discusses several common endocrine diseases affecting these glands, including pituitary adenomas, Graves' disease, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's disease, and diabetes insipidus. The causes, signs, and symptoms of each disease are summarized. In general, endocrine diseases result from hormone imbalances or lesions in the endocrine system that affect hormone production and regulation of important body functions.
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Disorder of endocrine system
This document discusses disorders of the endocrine system, focusing on disorders of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and pancreatic islets. Key points covered include:
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Disorders of pituitary gland (( THE MASTER )) BY M.SASI
The pituitary gland acts as the control center of the endocrine system. Disorders of the pituitary gland can cause either pituitary hyperfunction (hyperpituitarism) or hypopituitarism. Pituitary hyperfunction is usually caused by a pituitary adenoma and can result in excess secretion of hormones like prolactin, growth hormone, ACTH, or TSH. Prolactinomas, which cause excess prolactin secretion, are the most common type of pituitary adenoma. Symptoms of a prolactinoma include menstrual irregularities in women, infertility, and galactorrhea. Diagnosis involves measuring prolactin levels and treating the underlying cause.
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The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, acts as the control center for the endocrine system. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. These hormones target organs like the thyroid, adrenals, and liver. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone which are produced in the hypothalamus. Pituitary tumors can cause hyperpituitarism by overproducing hormones or compressing the pituitary and decreasing hormone production.
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The document provides an overview of several endocrine system diseases. It discusses pituitary gland diseases like acromegaly which results in GH hypersecretion in adulthood causing disfiguring bone and tissue overgrowth. It also discusses thyroid diseases including Graves' disease, a common cause of hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism. The document also summarizes parathyroid diseases, adrenal diseases like Cushing's syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and diabetic emergencies.
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This document discusses disorders of the endocrine system, focusing on disorders of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and pancreatic islets. Key points covered include:
- Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland include acromegaly, gigantism, dwarfism, hyperprolactinemia, and Simmond's disease.
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- Disorders of the parathyroid glands include hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism.
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The document discusses disorders of the endocrine system, focusing on the thyroid gland. It describes the main endocrine glands and their hormones. It then discusses mechanisms of hormonal alterations including failures of feedback systems and target cell response. Specific thyroid gland disorders are explored in depth, including the effects of thyroid hormones, the mechanisms of thyroid hormone action, and the physiological effects of thyroid hormones on various body systems and metabolism.
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1 introduction endocrinology
This document provides an overview of endocrinology and the endocrine system. It discusses that endocrinology is the study of hormones, their receptors, and signaling pathways. It describes the major endocrine glands and their hormone functions. It also summarizes the different types of hormone actions, classifications, synthesis, secretion, transport, and feedback control of hormone levels.
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Hypopituitarism
1) Hypopituitarism occurs when the pituitary gland loses its ability to produce hormones, resulting in deficiencies of growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, FSH, LH, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone.
2) It can be congenital due to genetic mutations or perinatal injuries, or acquired from brain damage, tumors, infections, or other causes that damage the pituitary gland.
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The document discusses various birth defects including:
1. Atavism, polydactyly, syndactyly, gigantism, and cleft lip which are abnormalities in development.
2. Terms used to describe diseases such as signs, symptoms, and etiology.
3. Types of anomalies including malformations, disruptions, deformations, and syndromes.
4. Various congenital defects and birth defects are discussed such as clubfoot, torticollis, Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, and cerebral palsy. Environmental factors that can influence birth defects are also summarized.
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The document discusses several common endocrine disorders including:
1) Adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism (myxedema), hyperthyroidism (thyroid storm), hypoglycemia, diabetes insipidus, SIADH, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma.
2) It provides information on the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of each condition.
3) The endocrine system maintains homeostasis through glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals that regulate metabolism, fluid balance, growth, and stress response through hormones.
Endocrine disorders
The document discusses the endocrine system and hormones. It describes how the endocrine system works with the nervous system to act as the body's communication network through the release of hormones from endocrine glands. It then discusses the pituitary gland and different types of pituitary disorders including gigantism, acromegaly, and hypopituitarism. Gigantism results from increased growth hormone levels before epiphyseal closure, while acromegaly occurs after closure. Hypopituitarism is a lack of pituitary hormones and can have various causes.
Hypothyrodism
Hypothyroidism is the failure of the thyroid gland to produce enough hormones. It can cause hypertension, dyslipidemia, infertility and other issues if untreated. It is most common in females and prevalence increases with age. Thyroid dysfunction is more common in diabetics than the general population. Screening is recommended for diabetics and those with risk factors like autoimmune disease or family history. A TSH test is used to diagnose, and levothyroxine replacement is the standard treatment, with dosage based on weight. Subclinical hypothyroidism may also be treated in high risk groups.
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This document summarizes male reproductive anatomy and function. It describes how the testes produce sperm and sex hormones, regulated by LH and FSH from the pituitary gland. Androgens produced by Leydig cells mediate male sexual development and function. Spermatogenesis requires FSH and androgens. The document also discusses evaluating Leydig and Sertoli cell function, puberty, causes of delayed puberty like constitutional delay or hypogonadism, and conditions like Klinefelter's and Turner's syndromes.
Endocrine Diseases.pptx
This document summarizes several endocrine disorders including disorders of the anterior pituitary gland like gigantism, acromegaly, and dwarfism. It also discusses disorders of the thyroid gland such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter. Cushing syndrome is described as a rare disease causing obesity through excess cortisol production. Simmond's disease is noted as a rare pituitary disease occurring with hypopituitarism. Disorders of the posterior pituitary and conditions like pheochromocytoma and diabetes mellitus are also briefly mentioned.
Cretinism & hypothyroidism in children
Cretinism and hypothyroidism in children are congenital or acquired thyroid disorders caused by thyroid hormone deficiency. Cretinism results from congenital absence or deficiency of thyroid secretion and causes physical deformities and intellectual disability. Hypothyroidism is acquired due to primary thyroid issues or problems with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Both disorders are diagnosed through clinical features, laboratory tests showing low thyroid hormones and high TSH, and imaging exams. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy via thyroid supplements to replace missing hormones and allow normal growth and development.
Hypopituitarism
Hypopituitarism is a rare disorder where the pituitary gland fails to secrete hormones that regulate important body functions. It can affect one or multiple hormones. Common causes include tumors, injuries, infections, or genetic defects. Symptoms vary depending on which hormones are deficient but may include fatigue, weight changes, and fertility issues. Treatment involves lifelong hormone replacement therapy. Prognosis is generally good if treated, though the condition itself is permanent.
Graves disease
Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to overproduce thyroid hormones. This leads to an enlarged thyroid and hyperthyroidism. Symptoms include bulging eyes, increased appetite with weight loss, heat intolerance, and hyperactivity. The condition is caused by antibodies that mimic TSH, stimulating excess thyroid hormone release. With treatment like antithyroid drugs, radioiodine therapy, or surgery, the prognosis is generally positive, but without treatment there are long term health risks.
Endocrine System_ST.ppt
The document summarizes the key endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland as the central regulators of the endocrine system. It then discusses each major endocrine gland - the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, pineal and thymus glands. For each gland it provides details on the hormones produced and their functions in maintaining homeostasis.
Graves Disease
Graves' disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States.
Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormone than the body needs.
Thyroid disorders
The document discusses the thyroid gland and thyroid disorders. It provides details on:
- The anatomy and blood supply of the thyroid gland.
- Thyroid follicles which are the functional units that secrete thyroid hormones like T4 and T3.
- The two main thyroid disorders - hypothyroidism which is an underactive thyroid, and hyperthyroidism which is an overactive thyroid.
- The most common causes of hypothyroidism including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and the signs, symptoms, and treatment which involves thyroid hormone replacement.
- Graves' disease as the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, along with its autoimmune pathogenesis and associated signs and
Pathophysiology of the thyroid gland
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland
it includes disease spectrums like
1.Congenital diseases
2.Inflammation
3.Functional abnormality
4.Diffuse and Multinodular goiters
5.Neoplasia
Endocrinology
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target organs and tissues. Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, and pineal gland. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland act as the master regulators of the endocrine system through positive and negative feedback loops that control hormone production and secretion.
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Endocrine disorders ppt
The document discusses the endocrine system and various endocrine disorders. It provides an overview of the pituitary gland and hormones it secretes including ACTH, TSH, growth hormone, and others. Specific endocrine disorders covered include Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, gigantism, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Treatment options are discussed for each condition along with nursing considerations.
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Pathophysiology of endocrine disorders
The document discusses disorders of the endocrine system, focusing on the thyroid gland. It describes the main endocrine glands and their hormones. It then discusses mechanisms of hormonal alterations including failures of feedback systems and target cell response. Specific thyroid gland disorders are explored in depth, including the effects of thyroid hormones, the mechanisms of thyroid hormone action, and the physiological effects of thyroid hormones on various body systems and metabolism.
Gonadal function
The document discusses the gonads and sex hormones. It states that the gonads are the organs that produce gametes (sex cells) and steroid hormones. In males the gonads are the testes and in females they are the ovaries. Sex steroids control the development of sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics. Their production is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The document then discusses factors that can affect sex hormone production and various conditions related to abnormal hormone levels.
1 introduction endocrinology
This document provides an overview of endocrinology and the endocrine system. It discusses that endocrinology is the study of hormones, their receptors, and signaling pathways. It describes the major endocrine glands and their hormone functions. It also summarizes the different types of hormone actions, classifications, synthesis, secretion, transport, and feedback control of hormone levels.
Disorders of the Adrenal Glands
The document discusses disorders of the adrenal glands, including Cushing's syndrome, Conn's disease, Addison's disease, and adrenal crisis. It describes the anatomy and function of the adrenal glands and hormones produced. For each condition, it covers epidemiology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, management, and outcomes of treatment. Cushing's syndrome results from excessive cortisol and can be caused by a pituitary or adrenal tumor. Addison's disease is an autoimmune disorder requiring lifelong glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement.
Hypopituitarism
1) Hypopituitarism occurs when the pituitary gland loses its ability to produce hormones, resulting in deficiencies of growth hormone, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, FSH, LH, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone.
2) It can be congenital due to genetic mutations or perinatal injuries, or acquired from brain damage, tumors, infections, or other causes that damage the pituitary gland.
3) Symptoms depend on which hormones are deficient but may include growth failure, hypoglycemia, delayed puberty, electrolyte imbalances, and diabetes insipidus. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy and monitoring hormone levels.
Birth defects
The document discusses various birth defects including:
1. Atavism, polydactyly, syndactyly, gigantism, and cleft lip which are abnormalities in development.
2. Terms used to describe diseases such as signs, symptoms, and etiology.
3. Types of anomalies including malformations, disruptions, deformations, and syndromes.
4. Various congenital defects and birth defects are discussed such as clubfoot, torticollis, Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, muscular dystrophy, spina bifida, and cerebral palsy. Environmental factors that can influence birth defects are also summarized.
Dwarfism
Dwarfism is defined as an adult height of 4'10" or under and results from medical conditions that affect growth. It can be caused by metabolic disorders during infancy/childhood, chromosomal abnormalities, pituitary gland disorders, kidney disease, or problems absorbing nutrients. Anyone can be affected by dwarfism, as it can result from genetic mutations. The most common form is achondroplasia, which causes features like an enlarged head and bowed legs. Other types include spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias and diastrophic dysplasia. Dwarfism is diagnosed through physical exams, x-rays at birth or later genetic testing, and can be treated with physical and occupational therapy.
Common Endocrine Disorders
The document discusses several common endocrine disorders including:
1) Adrenal insufficiency, hypothyroidism (myxedema), hyperthyroidism (thyroid storm), hypoglycemia, diabetes insipidus, SIADH, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma.
2) It provides information on the causes, signs and symptoms, and treatment of each condition.
3) The endocrine system maintains homeostasis through glands like the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenals that regulate metabolism, fluid balance, growth, and stress response through hormones.
Endocrine disorders
The document discusses the endocrine system and hormones. It describes how the endocrine system works with the nervous system to act as the body's communication network through the release of hormones from endocrine glands. It then discusses the pituitary gland and different types of pituitary disorders including gigantism, acromegaly, and hypopituitarism. Gigantism results from increased growth hormone levels before epiphyseal closure, while acromegaly occurs after closure. Hypopituitarism is a lack of pituitary hormones and can have various causes.
Hypothyrodism
Hypothyroidism is the failure of the thyroid gland to produce enough hormones. It can cause hypertension, dyslipidemia, infertility and other issues if untreated. It is most common in females and prevalence increases with age. Thyroid dysfunction is more common in diabetics than the general population. Screening is recommended for diabetics and those with risk factors like autoimmune disease or family history. A TSH test is used to diagnose, and levothyroxine replacement is the standard treatment, with dosage based on weight. Subclinical hypothyroidism may also be treated in high risk groups.
Disorders of gonads
This document summarizes male reproductive anatomy and function. It describes how the testes produce sperm and sex hormones, regulated by LH and FSH from the pituitary gland. Androgens produced by Leydig cells mediate male sexual development and function. Spermatogenesis requires FSH and androgens. The document also discusses evaluating Leydig and Sertoli cell function, puberty, causes of delayed puberty like constitutional delay or hypogonadism, and conditions like Klinefelter's and Turner's syndromes.
Endocrine Diseases.pptx
This document summarizes several endocrine disorders including disorders of the anterior pituitary gland like gigantism, acromegaly, and dwarfism. It also discusses disorders of the thyroid gland such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and goiter. Cushing syndrome is described as a rare disease causing obesity through excess cortisol production. Simmond's disease is noted as a rare pituitary disease occurring with hypopituitarism. Disorders of the posterior pituitary and conditions like pheochromocytoma and diabetes mellitus are also briefly mentioned.
Cretinism & hypothyroidism in children
Cretinism and hypothyroidism in children are congenital or acquired thyroid disorders caused by thyroid hormone deficiency. Cretinism results from congenital absence or deficiency of thyroid secretion and causes physical deformities and intellectual disability. Hypothyroidism is acquired due to primary thyroid issues or problems with the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Both disorders are diagnosed through clinical features, laboratory tests showing low thyroid hormones and high TSH, and imaging exams. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy via thyroid supplements to replace missing hormones and allow normal growth and development.
Hypopituitarism
Hypopituitarism is a rare disorder where the pituitary gland fails to secrete hormones that regulate important body functions. It can affect one or multiple hormones. Common causes include tumors, injuries, infections, or genetic defects. Symptoms vary depending on which hormones are deficient but may include fatigue, weight changes, and fertility issues. Treatment involves lifelong hormone replacement therapy. Prognosis is generally good if treated, though the condition itself is permanent.
Graves disease
Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing it to overproduce thyroid hormones. This leads to an enlarged thyroid and hyperthyroidism. Symptoms include bulging eyes, increased appetite with weight loss, heat intolerance, and hyperactivity. The condition is caused by antibodies that mimic TSH, stimulating excess thyroid hormone release. With treatment like antithyroid drugs, radioiodine therapy, or surgery, the prognosis is generally positive, but without treatment there are long term health risks.
Endocrine System_ST.ppt
The document summarizes the key endocrine glands and hormones in the human body. It describes the hypothalamus and pituitary gland as the central regulators of the endocrine system. It then discusses each major endocrine gland - the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, pineal and thymus glands. For each gland it provides details on the hormones produced and their functions in maintaining homeostasis.
Graves Disease
Graves' disease, also known as toxic diffuse goiter, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in the United States.
Hyperthyroidism is a disorder that occurs when the thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormone than the body needs.
Thyroid disorders
The document discusses the thyroid gland and thyroid disorders. It provides details on:
- The anatomy and blood supply of the thyroid gland.
- Thyroid follicles which are the functional units that secrete thyroid hormones like T4 and T3.
- The two main thyroid disorders - hypothyroidism which is an underactive thyroid, and hyperthyroidism which is an overactive thyroid.
- The most common causes of hypothyroidism including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and the signs, symptoms, and treatment which involves thyroid hormone replacement.
- Graves' disease as the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, along with its autoimmune pathogenesis and associated signs and
Pathophysiology of the thyroid gland
Pathology of the Thyroid Gland
it includes disease spectrums like
1.Congenital diseases
2.Inflammation
3.Functional abnormality
4.Diffuse and Multinodular goiters
5.Neoplasia
Endocrinology
The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate distant target organs and tissues. Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, gonads, and pineal gland. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland act as the master regulators of the endocrine system through positive and negative feedback loops that control hormone production and secretion.
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The document discusses the endocrine system and various endocrine disorders. It provides an overview of the pituitary gland and hormones it secretes including ACTH, TSH, growth hormone, and others. Specific endocrine disorders covered include Cushing's syndrome, acromegaly, gigantism, hypopituitarism, diabetes insipidus, and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. Treatment options are discussed for each condition along with nursing considerations.
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The document discusses the endocrine system, which regulates body functions through hormones secreted into the bloodstream. It describes the major endocrine glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, testes and ovaries. It also discusses other tissues that contain endocrine cells like the kidneys, heart, digestive tract and placenta. The roles and hormones of each gland are explained in detail. Common endocrine disorders and the feedback control of hormone release are also summarized.
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This document summarizes major endocrine disorders including their causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and management. It discusses disorders of the pituitary gland (hyperpituitarism, hypopituitarism), thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism), parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism), and adrenal glands (pheochromocytoma, Addison's disease). It provides details on the hormonal imbalances, symptoms, and treatment approaches for each condition.
Endocrine Disorders
This document summarizes major endocrine disorders including their causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and management. It discusses disorders of the pituitary gland (hyperpituitarism, hypopituitarism), thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism), parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism), and adrenal glands (pheochromocytoma, Addison's disease). It provides details on the hormonal imbalances, symptoms, and treatment approaches for each condition.
Endocrinology
This document provides an overview of endocrinology, including the anatomy and physiology of the major endocrine glands, such as the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, pineal gland, and others. It also discusses common endocrine disorders like diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and their associated emergencies. The assessment and management focuses on airway, breathing, circulation, glucose levels, IV access, and expedited transport to a medical facility.
Endocrine disorders-Nursing Maseno.ppt11
This document provides an overview of endocrine disorders and endocrine system dysfunction. It discusses the roles of various hormones and endocrine glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and pancreas. It also summarizes different endocrine diseases, their signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment and management approaches.
adrenalcrisis-220627010816-f7d5cddb.pdf
This document summarizes adrenal gland function and adrenal insufficiency. It describes:
1) The adrenal glands produce cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens which regulate stress response, electrolyte balance, and sex characteristics.
2) Primary adrenal insufficiency results from adrenal gland dysfunction and causes deficiencies in cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones. Secondary adrenal insufficiency is caused by pituitary or hypothalamic disease and causes cortisol deficiency alone.
3) Adrenal crisis is a life-threatening emergency characterized by refractory hypotension that requires aggressive treatment with glucocorticoid replacement such as hydrocortisone.
Adrenal Crisis.pptx
This document summarizes adrenal gland function and adrenal insufficiency. It describes:
1) The adrenal glands produce cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens which regulate stress response, electrolyte balance, and sex characteristics.
2) Primary adrenal insufficiency results from adrenal gland dysfunction and causes decreased hormone production. Secondary insufficiency is caused by pituitary or hypothalamic disease and causes cortisol deficiency.
3) Adrenal crisis is a life-threatening emergency characterized by refractory hypotension that requires aggressive treatment with glucocorticoid replacement such as hydrocortisone.
Endocrine hypertension
A short discussion on Endocrine Causes of hypertension, clinical evaluation and few case example of endocrine hypertension.
Endocrine disorders and therapeutic management
This document summarizes various endocrine disorders and their treatment. It discusses diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, hypoglycemia, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, diabetes insipidus, thyroid storm, and myxedema coma. For each condition, it describes the clinical manifestations and goals, treatments, and nursing management, which includes monitoring, medication administration, fluid management, and education. The document provides an overview of several endocrine disorders and therapeutic approaches.
Endocrine emergencies
The document discusses various endocrine emergencies including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hypoglycemia, and thyroid storm. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for each condition. DKA results from lack of insulin and needs urgent treatment including rehydration, insulin administration, and electrolyte correction. Hypoglycemia can be caused by too much insulin or too little food intake and requires glucose administration. Thyroid storm is a life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism that requires treatments to correct the hyperthyroidism and address any precipitating factors.
Endocrine emergencies
The document discusses various endocrine emergencies including diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hypoglycemia, and thyroid storm. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches for each condition. DKA results from lack of insulin and needs urgent treatment including rehydration, insulin administration, and electrolyte correction. Hypoglycemia can be caused by too much insulin or too little food intake and requires glucose administration. Thyroid storm is a life-threatening exacerbation of hyperthyroidism that requires treatments to correct the hyperthyroidism and address any precipitating factors.
Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism
This document summarizes hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in the elderly. It discusses laboratory tests for thyroid function like TSH, T4, and T3. It describes signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism like fatigue, weight gain, and constipation. Physical exam findings in hypothyroidism include bradycardia, puffy features, and dry skin. Myxedema coma is a life-threatening complication of untreated hypothyroidism. Symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism include weight loss, palpitations, and tremors. Physical exam may reveal lid lag, goiter, and tachycardia. Thyroid storm is a medical emergency caused by excessive thyroid hormone levels
Endocrine week 4 pt
Adrenal gland disorders occur when the adrenal glands do not function properly and can be caused by problems in the adrenal glands themselves or other regulating glands. Some examples of adrenal disorders discussed in the document include Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, and pituitary tumors. Treatment for these disorders aims to replace missing hormones and address underlying causes through medications, diet changes, and surgery.
Hypercalcemia
This document presents a case study of a 41-year-old woman diagnosed with hypercalcemia caused by milk alkali syndrome. She was brought to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status. Tests found her blood calcium level to be very high. Her history of consuming large amounts of antacids containing calcium and sodium bicarbonate led to the diagnosis of milk alkali syndrome. Milk alkali syndrome occurs when excessive oral intake of calcium and alkali impairs the kidney's ability to excrete calcium, resulting in hypercalcemia. The document then provides background information on calcium regulation and the various causes, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment approaches for hypercalcemia.
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Endocrine disorders
- 26. Adrenal Crisis
Editor's Notes
- Hypoparathyroidism – inadequate secretion of PTH after interruption of blood supply or surgical removal of parathyroid glands. Rare cause: atrophy of parathyroid glands Tetany results from irratability of neuromuscular system Develops when serum calcium is 5-6 mg/dL Increased serum phosphorus, bone xray shows increased density RX goal: ↑ serum calcium and eliminate symptoms Parathyroid hormone can be given IV in emergency situations– not used as primary therapy due to increased incidence of allergic reactions Environment free of noise, bright lights, sudden movement and drafts is needed to limit stimuli which could cause seizures Respiratory distress can occur and needs to be treated aggressively High calcium diet should avoid milk and eggs because of high levels of phosphorus
- Aldosterone’s primary action is to conserve sodium (water follows sodium) Hypokalemic acidosis– decreased ionized serum calcium which puts patient at risk for tetany and paresthesia Glucose intolerance can occur (K+ interferes with insulin secretion) Measurement of serum aldosterone after salt loading is useful in diagnosing primary aldosteronism ↑ serum aldosterone ↓ serum renin Renin-aldosterone stimulation test and bilateral adrenal venous sampling– differentiate cause of primary aldosteroneism
- Removal of either tumor or adrenal gland Same post-op care as any abdominal surgery