Benefits of pharmacogenomics
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benefits of pharmacogenomics,better safe drugs, drug doses, advanced screening for disease, better vaccines, low healthcare cost
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Genes, Genomics and Proteomics
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
Pharmacogenomics
A brief material on pharmacogenomics, polymorphisms, mutations, personalized medicine, its applications, benefits and limitations
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the branch of biochemistry in which study how an individual’s genetic inheritance affects the body response to drug. Pharmacogenomics is the intersection of genetics and pharmaceutical industry.
In this presentation a brief note is given about what is pharmacogenomics. Why different drugs work differently in different people. today pharmacogenomics, future of pharmacogenomics. also describe the future of pharmacogenomics. challenges which have to pharmacogenomics.
Genomics
This document summarizes a seminar on genomics presented by Komal Rajgire. It defines genomics as the study of all genes in an organism, including their mapping, sequencing, and functional analysis. The key differences between genetics and genomics are outlined. The document discusses approaches in functional genomics like homology searching and expression analysis. It also covers related fields like structural genomics, epigenomics, metagenomics, pharmacogenomics, and the applications and future impact of genomics on medicine, drug discovery, and personalized treatment.
Pharmacogenomics
pharmacogenomics is a new drug discovry approach. It is the study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs, combining pharmacology and genomics
Protein micro array
Protein microarrays allow high-throughput analysis of protein interactions and functions. They consist of large numbers of capture proteins immobilized on a surface to which labeled probe molecules are added to detect reactions by fluorescence. There are analytical arrays to study protein binding properties and functional arrays containing full-length proteins to assay enzymatic activity and detect antibodies. Protein microarrays have applications in diagnostics, proteomics, analyzing protein interactions and functions, antibody characterization, and treatment development.
Pharmacogenomics
Deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response by co-relating gene expression or polymorphism with a drug’s efficacy or toxicity
Genomics and proteomics (Bioinformatics)
Genomics is the study of genomes, including sequencing genomes and determining the complete set of proteins and genes in an organism. The first genomes sequenced included Haemophilus influenzae in 1995 and the human genome was completed in 2003, taking 13 years. Genomics provides information on genes, metabolic pathways, and the functioning of organisms through approaches like genome sequencing, structural genomics, functional genomics, comparative genomics, and proteomics.
Recommended
Genes, Genomics and Proteomics
The study of nucleic acids began with the discovery of DNA, progressed to the study of genes and small fragments, and has now exploded to the field of genomics. Genomics is the study of entire genomes, including the complete set of genes, their nucleotide sequence and organization, and their interactions within a species and with other species. The advances in genomics have been made possible by DNA sequencing technology. [Source: https://opentextbc.ca/biology/chapter/10-3-genomics-and-proteomics/]
Pharmacogenomics
A brief material on pharmacogenomics, polymorphisms, mutations, personalized medicine, its applications, benefits and limitations
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the branch of biochemistry in which study how an individual’s genetic inheritance affects the body response to drug. Pharmacogenomics is the intersection of genetics and pharmaceutical industry.
In this presentation a brief note is given about what is pharmacogenomics. Why different drugs work differently in different people. today pharmacogenomics, future of pharmacogenomics. also describe the future of pharmacogenomics. challenges which have to pharmacogenomics.
Genomics
This document summarizes a seminar on genomics presented by Komal Rajgire. It defines genomics as the study of all genes in an organism, including their mapping, sequencing, and functional analysis. The key differences between genetics and genomics are outlined. The document discusses approaches in functional genomics like homology searching and expression analysis. It also covers related fields like structural genomics, epigenomics, metagenomics, pharmacogenomics, and the applications and future impact of genomics on medicine, drug discovery, and personalized treatment.
Pharmacogenomics
pharmacogenomics is a new drug discovry approach. It is the study of how genes affect a person's response to drugs, combining pharmacology and genomics
Protein micro array
Protein microarrays allow high-throughput analysis of protein interactions and functions. They consist of large numbers of capture proteins immobilized on a surface to which labeled probe molecules are added to detect reactions by fluorescence. There are analytical arrays to study protein binding properties and functional arrays containing full-length proteins to assay enzymatic activity and detect antibodies. Protein microarrays have applications in diagnostics, proteomics, analyzing protein interactions and functions, antibody characterization, and treatment development.
Pharmacogenomics
Deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response by co-relating gene expression or polymorphism with a drug’s efficacy or toxicity
Genomics and proteomics (Bioinformatics)
Genomics is the study of genomes, including sequencing genomes and determining the complete set of proteins and genes in an organism. The first genomes sequenced included Haemophilus influenzae in 1995 and the human genome was completed in 2003, taking 13 years. Genomics provides information on genes, metabolic pathways, and the functioning of organisms through approaches like genome sequencing, structural genomics, functional genomics, comparative genomics, and proteomics.
antisense technology
Antisense technology uses short DNA sequences called oligonucleotides that are complementary to messenger RNA (mRNA) to prevent specific proteins from being synthesized. When introduced into cells, these antisense oligonucleotides bind to their target mRNA through Watson-Crick base pairing, forming RNA-DNA hybrids that are degraded by RNase H enzyme. This prevents translation and expression of the target protein. There are three generations of antisense oligonucleotides that have been developed with improved stability and targeting capabilities, including phosphorothioate, 2'-O-methyl RNA, and locked nucleic acid chemistries. Antisense technology has potential applications in treating diseases like cancer, viral infections, and genetic disorders.
Personalized medicine
This document discusses personalized medicine and how genetic variations between individuals can impact disease susceptibility and drug response. It provides examples of how single nucleotide polymorphisms can influence conditions like heart disease and impact drug metabolism pathways involving cytochrome P450 enzymes. The document also discusses challenges like implementing pharmacogenomic testing, ensuring privacy of genetic data, and determining appropriate coverage and costs of personalized medicine approaches.
Role of bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics in drug discovery
Bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics can accelerate drug discovery and development processes and reduce costs and timelines. Bioinformatics provides databases and tools to aid in target identification and validation. Pharmacogenomics helps determine individual genetic factors that influence drug responses. Together, they allow more efficient and personalized drug development. While still developing, bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics show potential to support drug design and address barriers like adverse reactions. They may help revive orphan drugs and aid in developing treatments for emerging issues like COVID-19 through drug repurposing informed by human genome interactions.
Pharmacogenomics
The document discusses pharmacogenomics and how genetic variations can affect individual responses to drugs. It describes how pharmacogenomics examines genomic loci and biological pathways to determine drug variability. It also discusses pharmacogenetics which focuses on single gene variants. The document outlines some merits of pharmacogenomics like improving drug safety and personalized treatment. It then discusses various scenarios on how genetic polymorphisms can impact different drug metabolism pathways. Finally, it examines how specific genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters can influence drug pharmacokinetics and potential adverse effects.
Pharmacogenomics
- Pharmacogenomics deals with how genetic variations influence individual responses to drugs in terms of efficacy and toxicity. It aims to identify individuals who are more or less likely to respond to drugs or require altered doses.
- Pharmacogenetics studies variations in targeted genes or related genes, while pharmacogenomics uses genetic information to guide individualized drug and dose choice.
- Genetic polymorphisms like SNPs can result in different amino acids, protein changes, or no effect. They influence drug metabolism and response.
- Pharmacogenomics offers advantages like personalized medicine but faces barriers like complexity, education needs, and drug company incentives. It is being applied in various stages of clinical trials from target identification to dosing.
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics is the study of genetic basis of variation in drug response. It aims to maximize drug efficacy and minimize toxicity. Genetic and exogenous factors contribute to differences in how individuals respond to drugs. Pharmacogenetics can help identify patient subgroups likely to respond to a drug, which aids drug development and allows for customized prescriptions to improve outcomes. It offers advantages like predicting responses, reducing adverse events, and improving rational drug design.
Pharmacogenomics- a step to personalized medicines
Pharmacogenomics aims to optimize drug therapy based on a patient's genotype to maximize efficacy and minimize adverse effects. It involves studying how genetic factors influence individual responses to drugs in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Genetic polymorphisms like SNPs that occur in over 1% of the population can impact a drug's effects. Pharmacogenomic testing identifies biomarkers related to drug metabolism and targets to determine effective treatments and dosages for patients. While it holds promise for improving drug development and personalized medicine, limitations include insufficient validation and high costs.
Personalized medicine
This document discusses personalized medicine (PM), which aims to provide customized treatment and care based on a patient's genetic profile. PM considers how genetic variations affect an individual's response to medications and susceptibility to diseases. The document outlines key benefits of PM, such as improved medication selection and safer dosing to minimize adverse reactions. It also discusses some current genetic tests used in PM, such as tests for enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Overall, the document presents PM as a promising approach that may enable more effective, targeted treatment tailored to individual patients.
Role of bioinformatics in drug designing
Role of bioinformatics in different steps of drug discovery and drug designing. Various tools and software used in Computer-aided drug designing.
Pharmacogenomics
This document discusses how genetic polymorphisms can influence how individuals respond to drugs. It explains that genetics can account for 20-95% of variability in drug effects between people. Sequence variants in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and targets can impact drug disposition and response. Specifically, it describes genetic polymorphisms that influence the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A5 and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein, and how these affect the metabolism and transport of various medications. The document stresses that pharmacogenomic studies are helping to elucidate the inherited basis of differing drug responses.
Antisense therapy
Antisense therapy is presented by E,harika (13gd1r0013) from chilkur balaji college of pharmacy hyderabad,hyderabad
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual's genetic inheritance affects their body's response to drugs. It involves studying the genetic basis for variability in drug efficacy and toxicity. The goal is to develop personalized medicine by understanding how genetic factors influence an individual's ability to metabolize and respond to drugs. Key factors that can vary between individuals include drug metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, and drug targets. Genetic variations in these factors are associated with differences in drug efficacy or risk of adverse effects. Pharmacogenomic testing helps identify genetic polymorphisms that can predict drug response and dosing requirements.
Role of bioinformatics of drug designing
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science, and information technology. It enables the discovery of new biological insights and unifying principles in biology through the merging of these disciplines. There are three main sub-disciplines: developing algorithms and statistics for analyzing large datasets, analyzing various types of biological data like sequences and structures, and developing tools for accessing and managing information.
Pharmacogenomics
This document summarizes a seminar on pharmacogenomics presented by Mr. Madhan Mohan Elsani. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes influence individual responses to drugs. Understanding genetic variations between individuals can help explain differences in drug efficacy and risk of adverse reactions. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are variations in DNA sequences that can impact how the body processes and metabolizes drugs. Pharmacogenomic testing can help optimize drug selection and dosing for individual patients based on their genetic makeup. This could improve drug safety and reduce adverse reactions.
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual's genetic profile affects their response to medications. It aims to provide the right drug at the right dose for the right patient by understanding genetic factors. Current applications include testing for genetic variants before prescribing certain drugs to avoid bad reactions. Challenges include accounting for both genetic and environmental influences on drug responses and protecting patient privacy. As understanding and technologies improve, pharmacogenomics may help develop new drugs and reduce trial-and-error prescribing.
The Role of Bioinformatics in The Drug Discovery Process
The Role of Bioinformatics in The Drug Discovery Process, is an undergraduate seminar presentation in the department of Biochemistry, Faculty of life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin.
Genomics
Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genome, including all of its genes and their interrelationships. It involves sequencing and analyzing genomes to understand how genes are expressed and work together. The term was coined in 1986. Some key goals of genomics are to sequence entire genomes, understand gene expression, and determine how the genome directs growth and development. Sequencing genomes provides insights into finding genes and understanding how they function together. The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, mapped the entire human genome sequence. Genomics has applications in medicine, agriculture, evolution studies, and forensics.
Application of genomic in Pharmacogenomicsof new drug
The document discusses the role of genomics in pharmacogenomics and drug development. It defines key terms like pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics. It explains how genomics technologies can help optimize drug efficacy and minimize toxicity by identifying genetic variations that influence individual drug responses. Genomic information from the human genome project can aid drug target identification and reduce bottlenecks in development. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are discussed as the most common genetic variations affecting drug metabolism. The applications of pharmacogenomics in precision medicine to improve drug safety and efficacy are summarized.
Microarray technology and applications
This document describes the process of DNA microarray technology. It discusses:
- How DNA microarrays work by hybridizing DNA or RNA targets to probes arranged on a solid surface.
- The key steps of microarray experiments including array printing, sample preparation, hybridization, and data acquisition and analysis.
- Different types of microarrays like cDNA microarrays and high-density oligonucleotide arrays.
- Details of probe selection, target labeling, hybridization conditions, scanning, and data analysis.
Nucleic acids as therapeutic agents
Nucleic acids have potential as therapeutic agents by inhibiting gene expression through various mechanisms. Plasmids can introduce genetic material into cells to produce therapeutic proteins. Oligonucleotides can be used for antisense or antigene applications to selectively block expression of disease-causing proteins. Aptamers and DNAzymes can directly interact with and interfere with proteins implicated in disease. RNA-based therapeutics like RNA aptamers, decoys, antisense RNA, ribozymes, and siRNAs can also inhibit gene expression. MicroRNAs naturally downregulate gene expression and have potential therapeutic applications. Gene and stem cell therapies aim to treat genetic disorders and repair damaged tissue.
Personalized medicines
hi.friends this is my first slide presentation which contain the information about the PERSONALIZED MEDICINES.this is the future medicinal treatment so,I hope you people like my presentation.
PHARMACOGENOMICS AS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE hira.pptx
This document discusses the role of pharmacogenomics in personalized medicine and drug development. Pharmacogenomics combines pharmacology and genomics to understand how a person's genes affect their response to drugs. It allows the development of safe and effective medications tailored to a person's genetic makeup. The document outlines how pharmacogenomics can be applied throughout the drug development process, from target identification to optimization of drug properties based on a person's metabolic pathways and potential for adverse reactions. The goal is to develop drugs that work effectively at the right dose for each individual.
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antisense technology
Antisense technology uses short DNA sequences called oligonucleotides that are complementary to messenger RNA (mRNA) to prevent specific proteins from being synthesized. When introduced into cells, these antisense oligonucleotides bind to their target mRNA through Watson-Crick base pairing, forming RNA-DNA hybrids that are degraded by RNase H enzyme. This prevents translation and expression of the target protein. There are three generations of antisense oligonucleotides that have been developed with improved stability and targeting capabilities, including phosphorothioate, 2'-O-methyl RNA, and locked nucleic acid chemistries. Antisense technology has potential applications in treating diseases like cancer, viral infections, and genetic disorders.
Personalized medicine
This document discusses personalized medicine and how genetic variations between individuals can impact disease susceptibility and drug response. It provides examples of how single nucleotide polymorphisms can influence conditions like heart disease and impact drug metabolism pathways involving cytochrome P450 enzymes. The document also discusses challenges like implementing pharmacogenomic testing, ensuring privacy of genetic data, and determining appropriate coverage and costs of personalized medicine approaches.
Role of bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics in drug discovery
Bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics can accelerate drug discovery and development processes and reduce costs and timelines. Bioinformatics provides databases and tools to aid in target identification and validation. Pharmacogenomics helps determine individual genetic factors that influence drug responses. Together, they allow more efficient and personalized drug development. While still developing, bioinformatics and pharmacogenomics show potential to support drug design and address barriers like adverse reactions. They may help revive orphan drugs and aid in developing treatments for emerging issues like COVID-19 through drug repurposing informed by human genome interactions.
Pharmacogenomics
The document discusses pharmacogenomics and how genetic variations can affect individual responses to drugs. It describes how pharmacogenomics examines genomic loci and biological pathways to determine drug variability. It also discusses pharmacogenetics which focuses on single gene variants. The document outlines some merits of pharmacogenomics like improving drug safety and personalized treatment. It then discusses various scenarios on how genetic polymorphisms can impact different drug metabolism pathways. Finally, it examines how specific genetic variations in drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters can influence drug pharmacokinetics and potential adverse effects.
Pharmacogenomics
- Pharmacogenomics deals with how genetic variations influence individual responses to drugs in terms of efficacy and toxicity. It aims to identify individuals who are more or less likely to respond to drugs or require altered doses.
- Pharmacogenetics studies variations in targeted genes or related genes, while pharmacogenomics uses genetic information to guide individualized drug and dose choice.
- Genetic polymorphisms like SNPs can result in different amino acids, protein changes, or no effect. They influence drug metabolism and response.
- Pharmacogenomics offers advantages like personalized medicine but faces barriers like complexity, education needs, and drug company incentives. It is being applied in various stages of clinical trials from target identification to dosing.
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics is the study of genetic basis of variation in drug response. It aims to maximize drug efficacy and minimize toxicity. Genetic and exogenous factors contribute to differences in how individuals respond to drugs. Pharmacogenetics can help identify patient subgroups likely to respond to a drug, which aids drug development and allows for customized prescriptions to improve outcomes. It offers advantages like predicting responses, reducing adverse events, and improving rational drug design.
Pharmacogenomics- a step to personalized medicines
Pharmacogenomics aims to optimize drug therapy based on a patient's genotype to maximize efficacy and minimize adverse effects. It involves studying how genetic factors influence individual responses to drugs in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Genetic polymorphisms like SNPs that occur in over 1% of the population can impact a drug's effects. Pharmacogenomic testing identifies biomarkers related to drug metabolism and targets to determine effective treatments and dosages for patients. While it holds promise for improving drug development and personalized medicine, limitations include insufficient validation and high costs.
Personalized medicine
This document discusses personalized medicine (PM), which aims to provide customized treatment and care based on a patient's genetic profile. PM considers how genetic variations affect an individual's response to medications and susceptibility to diseases. The document outlines key benefits of PM, such as improved medication selection and safer dosing to minimize adverse reactions. It also discusses some current genetic tests used in PM, such as tests for enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Overall, the document presents PM as a promising approach that may enable more effective, targeted treatment tailored to individual patients.
Role of bioinformatics in drug designing
Role of bioinformatics in different steps of drug discovery and drug designing. Various tools and software used in Computer-aided drug designing.
Pharmacogenomics
This document discusses how genetic polymorphisms can influence how individuals respond to drugs. It explains that genetics can account for 20-95% of variability in drug effects between people. Sequence variants in genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and targets can impact drug disposition and response. Specifically, it describes genetic polymorphisms that influence the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A5 and the drug transporter P-glycoprotein, and how these affect the metabolism and transport of various medications. The document stresses that pharmacogenomic studies are helping to elucidate the inherited basis of differing drug responses.
Antisense therapy
Antisense therapy is presented by E,harika (13gd1r0013) from chilkur balaji college of pharmacy hyderabad,hyderabad
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual's genetic inheritance affects their body's response to drugs. It involves studying the genetic basis for variability in drug efficacy and toxicity. The goal is to develop personalized medicine by understanding how genetic factors influence an individual's ability to metabolize and respond to drugs. Key factors that can vary between individuals include drug metabolizing enzymes, drug transporters, and drug targets. Genetic variations in these factors are associated with differences in drug efficacy or risk of adverse effects. Pharmacogenomic testing helps identify genetic polymorphisms that can predict drug response and dosing requirements.
Role of bioinformatics of drug designing
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science, and information technology. It enables the discovery of new biological insights and unifying principles in biology through the merging of these disciplines. There are three main sub-disciplines: developing algorithms and statistics for analyzing large datasets, analyzing various types of biological data like sequences and structures, and developing tools for accessing and managing information.
Pharmacogenomics
This document summarizes a seminar on pharmacogenomics presented by Mr. Madhan Mohan Elsani. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes influence individual responses to drugs. Understanding genetic variations between individuals can help explain differences in drug efficacy and risk of adverse reactions. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are variations in DNA sequences that can impact how the body processes and metabolizes drugs. Pharmacogenomic testing can help optimize drug selection and dosing for individual patients based on their genetic makeup. This could improve drug safety and reduce adverse reactions.
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual's genetic profile affects their response to medications. It aims to provide the right drug at the right dose for the right patient by understanding genetic factors. Current applications include testing for genetic variants before prescribing certain drugs to avoid bad reactions. Challenges include accounting for both genetic and environmental influences on drug responses and protecting patient privacy. As understanding and technologies improve, pharmacogenomics may help develop new drugs and reduce trial-and-error prescribing.
The Role of Bioinformatics in The Drug Discovery Process
The Role of Bioinformatics in The Drug Discovery Process, is an undergraduate seminar presentation in the department of Biochemistry, Faculty of life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin.
Genomics
Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genome, including all of its genes and their interrelationships. It involves sequencing and analyzing genomes to understand how genes are expressed and work together. The term was coined in 1986. Some key goals of genomics are to sequence entire genomes, understand gene expression, and determine how the genome directs growth and development. Sequencing genomes provides insights into finding genes and understanding how they function together. The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, mapped the entire human genome sequence. Genomics has applications in medicine, agriculture, evolution studies, and forensics.
Application of genomic in Pharmacogenomicsof new drug
The document discusses the role of genomics in pharmacogenomics and drug development. It defines key terms like pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics. It explains how genomics technologies can help optimize drug efficacy and minimize toxicity by identifying genetic variations that influence individual drug responses. Genomic information from the human genome project can aid drug target identification and reduce bottlenecks in development. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are discussed as the most common genetic variations affecting drug metabolism. The applications of pharmacogenomics in precision medicine to improve drug safety and efficacy are summarized.
Microarray technology and applications
This document describes the process of DNA microarray technology. It discusses:
- How DNA microarrays work by hybridizing DNA or RNA targets to probes arranged on a solid surface.
- The key steps of microarray experiments including array printing, sample preparation, hybridization, and data acquisition and analysis.
- Different types of microarrays like cDNA microarrays and high-density oligonucleotide arrays.
- Details of probe selection, target labeling, hybridization conditions, scanning, and data analysis.
Nucleic acids as therapeutic agents
Nucleic acids have potential as therapeutic agents by inhibiting gene expression through various mechanisms. Plasmids can introduce genetic material into cells to produce therapeutic proteins. Oligonucleotides can be used for antisense or antigene applications to selectively block expression of disease-causing proteins. Aptamers and DNAzymes can directly interact with and interfere with proteins implicated in disease. RNA-based therapeutics like RNA aptamers, decoys, antisense RNA, ribozymes, and siRNAs can also inhibit gene expression. MicroRNAs naturally downregulate gene expression and have potential therapeutic applications. Gene and stem cell therapies aim to treat genetic disorders and repair damaged tissue.
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Personalized medicines
hi.friends this is my first slide presentation which contain the information about the PERSONALIZED MEDICINES.this is the future medicinal treatment so,I hope you people like my presentation.
PHARMACOGENOMICS AS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE hira.pptx
This document discusses the role of pharmacogenomics in personalized medicine and drug development. Pharmacogenomics combines pharmacology and genomics to understand how a person's genes affect their response to drugs. It allows the development of safe and effective medications tailored to a person's genetic makeup. The document outlines how pharmacogenomics can be applied throughout the drug development process, from target identification to optimization of drug properties based on a person's metabolic pathways and potential for adverse reactions. The goal is to develop drugs that work effectively at the right dose for each individual.
04Personalized medicine.pptx
This document provides an introduction to personalized medicine and pharmacogenetics. It defines personalized medicine as using a person's genetic information to guide prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease. The key aspects are integrating a person's genes and proteins to understand how they will respond to specific treatments. Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic variations impact individual responses to drugs, with the goal of determining the right drug, dose, and treatment for each patient. Genome-wide association studies and candidate gene studies are approaches to identify genetic factors that influence drug responses and disease. The ultimate aim is to improve health outcomes by optimizing treatments based on a personalized understanding of an individual's genetics.
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Pharmacogenomics examines genetic variations that influence individual drug responses. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can predict good, bad, or no response to a drug. DNA microarrays efficiently identify SNPs to personalize treatment. This allows excluding non-responsive patients from trials, improving drug safety and efficacy. Currently, pharmacogenomics guides cancer treatment and medications metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes to prevent overdosing. Benefits include tailored therapy and safer drugs, though complexity challenges wide implementation.
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE,CUSTOMIZED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM ,3D PRINTING ,TELEPHARM...
Personalized medicine aims to provide the right drug to the right patient at the right time and dose based on their genetic profile. It enables more effective and safer medicines by better matching patients to drugs and eliminating adverse reactions. Developments like 3D printing, telepharmacy, and bioelectronic devices can help deliver customized medicine. Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics study how genetic factors affect individual drug responses and are important to personalized medicine.
Pharmacogenomics: The right drug to the right person.
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual's genetic inheritance affects their body's response to drugs. It combines knowledge of genetics with pharmacology to develop tailored treatments for individuals based on their genetic makeup. The goal is to understand how genetic variations influence drug metabolism and response in order to optimize drug efficacy and safety for each patient. Pharmacogenomics holds promise for more powerful and safer medications, better screening for disease, and improvements in the drug development process through a more personalized approach to medicine. However, challenges remain in fully realizing this potential due to the complexity of genetic variations and interactions.
Personalised Medicine- Future of Medicine.
Genetic Profiling is the basis for Personalised Medicine. The world is moving towards precision medicine, India is slowly warming up to the concept.
Combination Therapies
Combination therapies using multiple drugs or medical treatments promise to more effectively treat and possibly cure diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's, HIV/AIDS, and others. Combination therapies are more effective by attacking the disease through multiple pathways and are less likely to lead to drug resistance. Current drug development usually tests one drug at a time, but combination therapies could shorten development times and better target complex diseases. The organization I&C aims to educate about and help integrate combination therapies and precision medicine approaches into patient care.
Personalized medicine and customized drug delivery system
It includes personalized medicine, pharmacogenetics and customized drug delivery system as per M Pharm syllabus
Future Aspects of Personalized Medicine / Future Medicine
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Definition.
Eg. of Personalized medicine.
Advantages of Personalized Medicine.
Scientific challenges for PM,
The success of personalized therapy depends.
Future aspects of PM.
The FDA's Role in Advancing Precision Medicine.
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) tests.
Future of Personalized Medicine.
Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how an individual's genetic makeup affects their response to medications. Over 2 million people are hospitalized each year from adverse drug reactions, showing that a one-size-fits-all approach to medication does not work due to genetic differences between individuals. Pharmacogenomics aims to develop personalized medicine by using genetic screening to determine which medications will be effective and safe for a particular person's genetic profile.
Pharmacogenomics & its ethical issues
Humans are 99% similar to each other; but it is the 1% that is the cause of concern. This relatively small difference actually how a drug will effect our body. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs. In order to prevent any unwanted reactions it has become necessary to consider one's genome while prescribing medicine. Thus pharmacogenomics is the starting point of personalized medicine.
Genomics
Pharmacogenetics is the study of how an individual's genetic makeup impacts their response to medications. It considers how well medicines work and what side effects may occur based on a person's genes. Pharmacogenetics aims to develop personalized medicine by tailoring drug selection and dosages to a patient's genetic profile to maximize effectiveness and minimize adverse reactions. Current applications include determining drug responses for cardiac, respiratory, and psychiatric conditions.
Genetic Testing Reduces Specialty Drug Spend
An award-winning WellDyneRx study, recognized by the Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy, found that pharmacogenomics screening saved self-funded employers 5 percent in specialty drug claim costs.
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The document discusses personalized medicines and customized drug delivery systems. It defines personalized medicine as using genetic profiling and other individual patient characteristics to guide medical treatment. Customized drug delivery systems aim to optimize drug therapy for each patient by controlling dosage and delivery through technologies like bioelectronic medicines, 3D printing of pharmaceuticals, and telepharmacy.
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You don’t want to go to the hospital and wants to do DNA testing for cancer or any disease then RM Genetics provides you the best DNA test kit that gives you the accurate results at an affordable cost
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Personalised Medicine is a young but rapidly advancing field.
The term 'Personalised Medicine' is described as providing "the right patient with the right drug at the right dose at the right time".
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Robert Hooke first observed cells under a microscope in the 1600s and coined the term "cell". Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes. Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and established that microorganisms are present everywhere and can contaminate previously sterile environments. Robert Koch developed methods to isolate and grow bacteria in pure culture in the late 1800s, establishing the germ theory of disease and identifying the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.
Homeostasis- Microbial ecology
This document discusses homeostasis in bacteria. It begins by defining homeostasis as self-regulating processes that allow living organisms to maintain internal stability. It then describes several key homeostatic processes in bacteria, including iron homeostasis, metal homeostasis excluding iron, pH homeostasis, and membrane lipid homeostasis. Iron homeostasis involves specialized proteins that help bacteria absorb and store iron at optimal levels. Bacteria also regulate levels of other metals and can tolerate a wide range of pH through homeostatic mechanisms. Finally, the document presents diagrams depicting microbial interactions that maintain community homeostasis and how sugar consumption can disrupt this balance.
Adaptation of microorganism in environment- microbial ecology
The document discusses how microorganisms adapt to various environments. It notes that microbes can adapt to changing conditions within and between hosts through various strategies. These include producing proteins and enzymes to adapt to different temperatures, pH levels, salt concentrations, and other environmental factors. The document also describes several types of extremophiles that have adapted to survive in extreme environments through strategies like accumulating salts to balance osmotic pressure.
Microbiological examination of urine sample
The document discusses urine culture testing to diagnose urinary tract infections. It describes how urine samples are collected and tested, including microscopy and culturing of urine to identify bacteria. A positive urine culture finding of ≥105 CFU/ml indicates a urinary tract infection. Urine cultures are also used to screen pregnant women for asymptomatic bacteriuria and to diagnose some sexually transmitted diseases or mycobacterial infections of the urinary tract.
Collection and transport of clinical samples
The proper collection and transport of clinical specimens is critical for disease diagnosis. Specimens should be obtained before antimicrobial therapy to avoid killing pathogens. Fastidious bacteria like N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae require quick examination. Samples must be labeled with patient information and transported in sealed, leak-proof containers at the appropriate temperature and medium depending on the test requested. The quality of specimens impacts the ability to isolate pathogens, so proper collection, preservation and transport are necessary for optimal microbiological diagnosis.
Ecological succession
Ecological succession describes changes in species composition and abundance over time within a community. Microbial succession can be categorized as endogenous or exogenous based on the source of carbon. Endogenous succession relies on carbon internally within the substrate, while exogenous succession relies on continuous external carbon inputs. During endogenous succession, microbial community structure and carbon substrates available are interlinked and change together over time. In contrast, during exogenous succession, carbon substrate characteristics remain relatively fixed while community dynamics are driven by other factors. Patterns in microbial succession can be difficult to define given changes occur over a wide range of time scales and disturbances can alter succession sequences.
Microbial ecology and Hierarchy
- Ecology is the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment. The ecological hierarchy ranges from the level of individual organisms to populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere.
- Microbial ecology studies how microorganisms interact with each other and their environment. Microorganisms play important roles in ecosystems through processes like primary production, decomposition, nutrient cycling, and symbiotic relationships.
- Microorganisms can form different types of associations with other organisms, including parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, and predation. Examples include nitrogen-fixing bacteria that mutually benefit plants, gut bacteria that aid human digestion, and pathogenic bacteria that harm hosts.
Aspergillosis- infograph
Aspergillosis is caused by inhalation of fungal spores from the mold Aspergillus, which can cause several types of infections depending on a person's immune status. It develops in individuals with lung abnormalities or impaired immunity. There are several types including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma, and invasive aspergillosis. Diagnosis involves culture, microscopy, and imaging of specimens from sputum, blood, or lung biopsy. Treatment depends on the type but may include antifungal drugs like amphotericin B or itraconazole.
Virus- characteristics and viral infections infograph
Viruses are infectious agents that can infect animals, plants, and microorganisms. They require a living host cell to replicate and have either DNA or RNA in a protein capsid. Some viruses have an envelope surrounding the capsid. Viruses cause many human and animal diseases with a wide range of symptoms from mild to severe or fatal. Transmission can occur through direct contact, droplets, sexual contact, contaminated food/water, or vectors. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms while some infections may use antiviral drugs. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, presence of similar cases, and tests like blood tests, cultures, ELISA, and PCR. Control involves handwashing, hygiene, vaccination, and preventing bites.
Importance of virus in food microbiology
Viruses are important foodborne pathogens that can cause outbreaks. The viruses most frequently involved in foodborne infections are Norovirus and Hepatitis A virus, but others like Rotavirus, Enterovirus, Coronaviruses, Parvovirus and Adenovirus can also be transmitted by food. Many Enteroviruses cause gastroenteritis in humans while others may cause conditions like poliomyelitis or infectious hepatitis. Control measures like proper sanitation, personal cleanliness, thorough cooking of foods, disinfection of water, and preventing contact with flies are important to prevent viral foodborne illness.
Importance of virus in food microbiology
Viruses are important foodborne pathogens that can cause outbreaks. The viruses most frequently involved in foodborne infections are Norovirus and Hepatitis A virus, but others like Rotavirus, Enterovirus, Coronaviruses, Parvovirus and Adenovirus can also be transmitted by food. Viruses that cause foodborne illness result in symptoms like diarrhea, fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, and paralysis. Control measures like proper sanitation, cooking, disinfection, and fly prevention are important to prevent viral foodborne illness.
Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells. They consist of genetic material encased in a protein shell and use Brownian motion to reach their bacterial hosts. Bacteriophages are very host specific, usually infecting a single bacterial species or strain. They use one of two replication strategies: lytic, where the host cell is lysed releasing new bacteriophages, or lysogenic, where the phage genome integrates into the bacterial chromosome and is replicated without killing the host cell.
History of virology
Virology is the study of viruses, which were not well understood until the late 1800s. Early discoveries included Lady Montagu observing inoculation against smallpox in Turkey in the 18th century and Edward Jenner developing the smallpox vaccine using cowpox virus in 1798. In the late 19th century, the development of bacterial filters allowed viruses to be isolated and shown to be smaller than bacteria, causing diseases even when bacteria were removed. By the early 20th century, it was established that viruses could cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans and were distinct from bacteria.
Food microbiology- mold reproduction-spores
Molds reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction occurs through spores, including conidiospores, arthrospores, and sporangiospores. Sexual reproduction results in oospores in aseptate molds, zygospores in zygomycetes, ascospores in ascomycetes formed in sacs called asci, and basidiospores in basidiomycetes formed on club-shaped basidia. Spores spread by air and germinate under favorable conditions to form new mold growth.
Food microbiology - mold: morphological, cultural, physiological characteristics
Molds are multicellular, filamentous fungi that appear fuzzy or cottony when they grow on foods. While molds can spoil foods and make them inedible, some molds are used to manufacture foods like cheeses and breads. Molds consist of branching filaments called hyphae that make up the mycelium. Hyphae can be either vegetative for nutrition or fertile for reproduction. Molds require less moisture than bacteria or yeast but still need free oxygen and a pH between 2-8.5 to grow. Different molds have varying temperature and moisture requirements for optimal growth.
Plague infograph
Rat fleas transmit the Yersinia pestis bacteria between infected rodents and humans, causing zoonotic plague. The bacteria can cause three main types of plague - bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. Bubonic plague occurs when the bacteria enters through a flea bite and infects lymph nodes, causing swelling. Pneumonic plague develops when the infection spreads to the lungs via droplets. Septicemic plague happens when the infection enters the bloodstream from bubonic or pneumonic plague. Diagnosis involves examining blood, sputum, or infected lymph nodes under a microscope to look for the bacteria.
Food microbiology- cultural, morphological and physiological characters of yeast
This document provides information on the morphological, reproductive, cultural, and physiological characteristics of yeasts relevant to food microbiology. Yeasts can vary in size, shape, and cell wall structure when viewed microscopically. They reproduce asexually by budding or fission and sexually through the formation of ascospores. Culturally, yeast colonies tend to be white, cream-colored or pink and may appear moist, slimy, or dry. Physiologically, yeasts generally grow best under aerobic conditions between 25-30°C, with an optimum pH around 4-4.5, utilizing sugars as an energy source. Characteristics can differ between yeast species and strains.
Food Microbiology- Industrial importance of Yeast
This document summarizes several important genera of yeasts used in food microbiology. It outlines the industrial uses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, including its use in bread, beer, wine, and alcohol production. It also describes other yeast genera including Schizosaccharomyces, Zygosaccharomyces, Pichia, Debaryomyces, Torulopsis, Candida, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, and Brettanomyces and their roles in food fermentation and spoilage. False or wild yeasts from some of these genera can cause issues in breweries or spoil foods like milk, fruit juices, meats and sauerkraut.
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Benefits of pharmacogenomics
- 1. BENEFITS OF PHARMACOGENOMICS By Saajida Sultaana Mahusook
- 2. ADVANCED POWERFUL MEDICINES More powerful and efficient medications, with this ability, pharmaceutical companies will have the ability to create drugs based on enzymes, RNA molecules and proteins associated with particular diseases. BETTER AND SAFER DRUGS Drugs that are safer to use and better the first time. Trial and error will be eliminated. Patients will be able to get the right drug the first time itself.
- 3. APPROPRIATE DRUG DOSES More accurate methods of determining a drug’s proper dose. The dosage of the drugs will be based on the genetics of the individuals and not just based only on their weight, age or sex, to the factors which doesn’t always lead to accurate dosage. ADVANCED SCREENING FOR DISEASE Once a patient knows their genetic code for treatment, the physicians will be able to make the proper environmental and lifestyle changes to health, avoid or atleast alleviate the severity of genetic diseases.
- 4. BETTER VACCINES Vaccines made up of genetic material (DNA or RNA) will have all of the benefits of current vaccines without the current risks. These better vaccines shall activate the immune system, the person will be resistant to infections. DECREASE IN HEALTHCARE OVERALL COST Reduction in the number of failed drug trials, course of the medicine intake, how the disease affects the body, adverse drug reactions, the time taken for the drug to get approved, the amount of medications a patient takes before finding the right one and increase in the possible drug target range will help to decrease healthcare costs.
- 5. THANK YOU