Biometrics refers to authentication techniques that rely on measurable physiological and individual characteristics to automatically verify identity. A biometric system uses behavioral or biological traits like fingerprints, iris scans, or voice to identify or verify individuals. Identification involves searching a biometric sample against a database of templates, while verification compares a sample to a single stored template. Biometrics are increasingly used for security applications like access control and transactions due to their convenience and effectiveness compared to traditional authentication methods.

2. In the terms of computer security, biometrics refers
to authentication techniques that rely on measurable
physiological and individual characteristics that can be
automatically verified.
 A Biometric System is a system for the automated
recognition of individuals based on their behavioral
and biological characteristics.
 Depending on the context, in a biometric system, there
are two different ways to resolve a person’s identity
 I) verification
 Ii) identification


3. 
Verification:- Comparing a sample against a single
stored template is called verification
?
1
 Input
stored Template

4. Identification :- Search a sample against a database of
templates.
1
input data
database

5. 1) Physical biometrics:
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Fingerprint—Analyzing fingertip patterns
Facial recognition/face location—Measuring facial
characteristics
Hand geometry—Measuring the shape of the hand
Iris scan—Analyzing features of colored ring of the eye.
Retinal scan—Analyzing blood vessels in the eye
Vascular patterns—Analyzing vein patterns
DNA—Analyzing genetic makeup.
Earprint—this method is based on geometric distances, force
field transformation

6. It actually have
 Crossovers
 Core
 Islands
 Delta
 Pore
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7. The distance between eyes
 Size of mouth
 It is sensitive to environmental variables such as dust
and lighting and other factors such as facial expression,
facial hair, hats and spectacles.
 Templates are typically between 80 and 1,000 bytes in
size.


8. The colored ring surrounding
 The pupil of the eye
 Iris patterns are formed in the eighth month of age and,
remain stable throughout the life of the individual
 The iris can have approximately 270 distinct
characteristics including meshwork, striations, rings,
freckles.
 high-quality black and white image of the iris is taken
for processing into a template that is typically around
256 bytes in size.


9. Retinal scans record the pattern of blood vessels at the
back of the eyeball
 The biometric sensor projects a light into the eye and
requires close proximity and a high degree of user cooperation.
 Retinal patterns are affected by medical conditions, for
example high blood pressure or eye disease
 Retinal scan templates are typically 40 to 100 bytes in
size.
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10. 2) Behavioral biometrics:
 Speaker/voice recognition—Analyzing vocal
behavior
 Signature/handwriting—Analyzing signature
dynamics
 Keystroke/patterning—Measuring the time spacing of
typed words

11. It’s a habitual speaking recognition.
 Voice recognition systems analyze differences such as
in pitch, and tone.
 This biometric is also sensitive to environmental
conditions such as background noise.
 Template size can vary significantly according to the
length of the pass phrase.
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12. This biometric analyses signature characteristics such
as total time, speed, acceleration, character direction,
stroke order, stroke count, pressure and contact with
the writing surface.
 These templates are typically 50 to 300 bytes in size.


13. Similar to signature verification, this measures the
characteristics of an individual’s input of a pass phrase
or password. Characteristics may include total time,
speed with particular keys and pressure.
 Again the template size can vary significantly
depending on the length of the password or phrase.


14. 1. Sensing
◦ User’s characteristic must be presented to a sensor
◦ Output is a function of:
 Biometric measure
 The way it is presented
 Technical characteristics of sensor
2. Signal Processing
◦ Feature extraction
◦ Extract the desired biometric pattern
 remove noise and signal losses
 discard qualities that are not distinctive/repeatable
 Determine if feature is of “good quality”

15. 3. Pattern matching
◦ Sample compared to original signal in database
◦ Closely matched patterns have “small distances” between them
◦ Distances will hardly ever be 0 (perfect match)
4. Decisions
◦ Decide if the match is close enough
◦ Trade-off:
↓ false non-matches leads to ↑false matches

17.  Something
you have:
(token: key, card)
 Something you know:
(Password, Pin )
 Something you are:
(biometric :physiological, behavioral)

18. Biometric
representation
Capture &
processing
Feature
extraction
Template
creation
Storage
Or database

20. Location
 Security
 Task( identification, verification)
 Number of users
 Circumstances(user’s)
 Existing data
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21. 
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Biometrics is a rapidly evolving technology that is being
widely used in forensics, such as criminal identification and
prison security, and that has the potential to be used in a large
range of civilian application areas.
Biometrics can be used to prevent unauthorized access to
ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs,
workstations, and computer networks.
It can be used during transactions conducted by telephone and
Internet (electronic commerce and electronic banking).
In automobiles, biometrics can replace keys with keyless entry
devices.

22. 
Vertical markets that are using biometrics:
Government—Passports, national identification (ID) cards, voter cards,
driver’s licenses, social services, and so on
 ✓ Transportation—Airport security, boarding passes, and commercial
driver’s licenses
 ✓ Healthcare—Medical insurance cards, patient/employee identity cards
 ✓ Financial—Bankcards, ATM cards, credit cards, and debit cards
 ✓ Security—Access control and identity verifications, including time and
attendance
 ✓ Education—Student/teacher identity verification and access control.
Biometrics are now being implemented in large-scale ID systems around
the globe.

23. Biometrics cannot be lost, stolen or forgotten. Barring
disease or serious physical injury, the biometric is
consistent and permanent.
 It is also secure in that the biometric itself cannot be
socially engineered, shared or used by others.
 There is no requirement to remember passwords, or
PINs, thus eliminating an overhead cost. The biometric
is always available to the individual;
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24. Coupled with a smart card, biometrics provide strong
security for any credentials on the smart card.
 Biometric system provide a high degree of confidence
in user identity.
 Organizations can implement recognition systems to
obviate the need to log onto a system manually.


25.  Lack
of standardization
 While the reliability and the accuracy of biometric
devices continues to improve.
 Biometric systems must be able to accommodate
changes to the biometric over time which may be
caused by ageing, illness or injury.
 The effectiveness of the sample collection process is
strongly influenced by environmental conditions, user
training and usability. For example, lighting, facial
orientations, expression, image resolution and the
wearing of hats can affect the quality of the sample.