this is Dr.haider's lec, the one we took today , he left it on the desktop and said you can take it =D and btw for the pics he said check any anatomy book even the ones in the library
On the front of the thorax the most important vertical lines are the midsternal, the middle line of the sternum; and the mammary, or, better midclavicular, which runs vertically downward from a point midway between the center of the jugular notch and the tip of the acromion
this is Dr.haider's lec, the one we took today , he left it on the desktop and said you can take it =D and btw for the pics he said check any anatomy book even the ones in the library
On the front of the thorax the most important vertical lines are the midsternal, the middle line of the sternum; and the mammary, or, better midclavicular, which runs vertically downward from a point midway between the center of the jugular notch and the tip of the acromion
Learning goals:
• Anatomy of the lungs and airways , blood vessels
• Histology of airways
• Nervous system effect on airways ( regulation of diameter)
• What is Asthma
• Spirometry
( how to interpret capacities ,restrictive and obstructive)
• mechanics of breathing
(Muscles involved in respiration)
• Multi-ethnic differences in lung function
This lecture help the students such as medical ,nursing , and any health care provider to understand the basic information about anatomy of respiratory system.
USMLE RESP 01 lung pleura trachea anatomy medical .pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The lungs are vital organs of the respiratory system responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.
Disorders affecting the lungs include pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer.
Maintaining lung health through a healthy lifestyle and avoiding exposure to harmful substances is crucial for respiratory function.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
3. Respiratory System starts at the nares
Major Functions
Upper respiratory system:
1. Air conditioning (warming)
2. Defense against pathogens
3. Gas Transport
Lower respiratory system:
1. Speech & other
respiratory sounds
2. Gas exchange (ventilation)
3. Maintenance of
homeostasis, e.g. pH
10. Upper Respiratory
System
1) Nose
External and internal nares =
Nostrils
Nose Hairs = vibrissae
Alar cartilages on the nose
Paranasal Sinuses
11. Upper Respiratory
System
• 2) Nasal Cavity
• Nasal Conchae:
– Superior, middle and
inferior
– Other name: “Turbinate
bones” because they
create
13. Upper Respiratory
System
4) Pharynx
Shared passageway for respiratory and digestive systems
Nasopharynx - part above uvula and posterior to internal
nares
Oropharynx – portion visible in mirror when mouth is wide
open
fauces = the opening
uvula - posterior edge of soft palate
Laryngopharynx – between the hyoid bone & the esophagus
14.
15. Larynx (voice box)
The larynx consists of three
articulating cartilages,
1. Thyroid
2. cricoid
3. Arytenoid
16. Lungs
Light, soft, spongy
Conical in shape, apex, base, costal surface, medial
surface, hilus. Note various impressions
Right lung
Three lobes; superior, middle and inferior
Oblique and horizontal fissure
Left Lung
Two lobes; superior and inferior also Lingula and Cardiac
notch, oblique fissure
20. Lung Fissures:
Oblique fissure (Right & Left):
It starts at the 3rd thoracic spine while the arms are elevated,
descends downwards, laterally & anteriorly along the medial
border of the scapula touching the inferior angle of the
scapula) cutting the midaxillary line in the 5th rib & ending at
the 6th costal cartilage 3 inches from the midline.
In cadaver it arise at the 2nd thoracic spine.
The transverse fissure (Right):
It arises at the 4th costal cartilage, runs horizontally to meet
the oblique fissure in the midaxillary line in the 5th rib.
30. Airways
Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary
bronchi out to 25 generations
All comprised of hyaline cartilage
Trachea
Begins where larynx ends (about C6)
10 cm long, half in neck, half in mediastinum
20 U-Shaped rings of hyaline cartilage – keeps lumen intact
but not as brittle as bone
Lined with epithelium and cilia which work to keep foreign
bodies/irritants away from lungs
31. From Bronchi to Lungs: The Bronchial
Tree
1 bronchi (enter lungs at
hilus, complete cartilage
rings)
2 bronchi (from now on
cartilage plates)
3 bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Conducting
portion
Respiratory portion
32. Airways
Primary Brochi One to each lung – continuation of
trachea
Right bronchus is wider and shorter 2.5 cm as opposed to
5 cm and branches from the trachea at a greater angle
Secondary bronchi – one to each lobe, three in right,
two in left
Tertiary – one to each bronchopulmonary segment –
approximately 10 per lung
All of the above are hyaline cartilage with no ability
to change diameter
38. Bronchioles
First level of airway surrounded by smooth
muscle (not the cartilage ), therefore can
change diameter as in brocho-constriction and
broncho-dilation
Terminal
Respiratory
3-8 orders
alveoli
41. Borders of the lung:
The apex is about 2-3 cms (1 inch) above the medial
1/3 of the clavicle, then the anterior border of both
lungs run downwards & medially meeting each other
in the middle line behind the angle of Louis (sternal
angle).
The anterior border of right lung continues running
downwards till the 6th costochondral junction.
The anterior border of left lung continues running
downwards till the 4th costal cartilage then curves
laterally ½ inch forming the cardiac notch then
descends downwards till the 6th costochondral
junction.
42. Borders of the lung:
The lower border of the lungs represented by a line
starting from 6th rib in the MCL, 8th rib in the MAL &
10th rib in the scapular line.
44. Bronchial circulation
• The trachea (and esophagus), main-stem bronchi, and
pulmonary vessels into the lung , as well as the visceral
pleura in humans are supplied by the bronchial
(systemic) circulation.
• The bronchial circulation has enormous growth
potential. In long-standing inflammatory and
proliferative diseases, such as bronchiectasis or
carcinoma, bronchial blood flow may be greatly
increased.
45. Pulmonary circulation
• In humans the pulmonary artery enters each lung at
the hilum in a loose connective tissue sheath adjacent
to the main bronchus.
• The pulmonary artery travels adjacent to and branches
with each airway generation down to the level of the
respiratory bronchiole.
• As blood enters the vast alveolar wall capillary
network, its velocity slows, averaging approximately
1000 µm/sec (or 1 mm/sec),where gas exchange take
place.
46. • Anatomically, the pulmonary blood vessels can be
divided into two groups in
1. Extra-alveolar
2. Alveolar.
Extra-alveolar
vessels lie in the loose-binding connective tissue
(peribronchovascular sheaths, interlobular septa).
Extra-alveolar vessels extend into the terminal
respiratory units. Arteries as small as 100 µm in
diameter have loose connective tissue sheaths. This is
in contrast to the bronchioles, which are tightly
embedded in the lung framework from the
bronchioles (1 mm in diameter) onward.
Alveolar vessels
lie within the alveolar walls and are embedded in the
parenchymal connective tissue
47. Innervation
Pleura via intercostal (thoracic) nerves.
Tracheobronchial tree motor pathway
Parasympathetic via CN X efferent function =
broncho-constriction via smooth muscle, also to
epithelial cells in trachea, afferent = responsible for
cough reflex
Sympathetic from T1-T5 efferent = brocho-dilation
48. • Cholinergic, adrenergic, and peptidergic nerve
Endings are present around tracheal glands and do
not show patterns of slective innervation density
between serous and mucous cells . Serous and
mucous granule secretion is stimulated more by
muscarinic than by adrenergic agents.
49. lymphatics
• Superficial plexuses- The superficial plexus is located
n the surface of the lung just beneath the pulmonary
pleura.
• Deep plexuses-accompanies the branches of the
pulmonary vessels and ramifications of bronchi.
50. Right lung lymphatics
• Right upper lobe:
• Upper 2/3rd-Right tracheobronchial nodes
• Lower l/3rd -Dorsolateral hilar nodes
• Right middle lobe:
• Hilar nodes around middle lobe bronchus
• Right lower lobe:
• Porsolateral part-Dorsolateral hilar nodes
• Ventromedial part- Ventromedial hilar and carinal
nodes
51. Left lungs lymphatics
• Left upper lobe:
• Apex-para-aortic node
• Other than apex-Anterior and posterior hilar nodes
• Left lower lobe
• Dorsolateral part-Dorsolateral hilar nodes
• Ventromedial par^Ventromedial hilar and carinal
nodes