This ppt describes how the animal fart is causing climate change and suggests alternative methods to mitigate climate change due to animal fart. Sustainable development is planned and a detailed methodology, given.
Investigation Of Exhaust Gas Recovery System In SI EngineIJARIDEA Journal
Abstract— In our venture that creation of fumes gas recuperation framework for preheating in takes air on IC petroleum motor. The inexorably overall issue in regards to quick economy advancement and are lative deficiency of vitality, the interior ignition motor fumes squander warm and ecological contamination has been more accentuated vigorously as of late. Out of the aggregate warmth provided to the motor as fuel, roughly, 10 to15%isconvertedinto helpful mechanical work; the rest of the warmth is ousted to nature through fumes gasses and motor cooling frameworks, coming about into entropy rise and genuine ecological contamination, so it is required to used waste warmth into valuable work. The recuperation and use of waste warmth monitors fuel (non-renewable energy source) as well as decreases the measure of waste warmth and nursery gasses damped to condition. The has been recognized that there are extensive possibilities of vitality reserve funds using waste warmth recuperation advances.
Squander warm recuperation characterizes catching and reusing the waste warmth from inner burning motor for warming .It would likewise perceive the change in execution and emanations of the motor.
Keywords— Squander warm recuperation, Waste Warmth Monitors Fuel, Waste Warmth Recuperation.
The Potential Application of Gasification for Biomass Power Generation in Iso...IJERA Editor
Indonesia has renewable energy source very large, as biomass. Installed capacity power plants of Indonesia
now 53,585 MW, where the potential energy biomass is the largest of renewable sources of energy that owned
by Indonesia. The machine of gasification is designed to produce combustible gas (CO, H2, CH4). These
combustible gas are produced to replace fossil fuel as engine fuel to generate electricity. However, the
properties and characteristics of these combustible gas should meet the characteristic of the engine as every
engine has its own specific characteristic. In this research, Biomass Power Generation (BPG) which work more
properly with CO was used. High level of tar contained in produced combustible gas contaminates the engine
filter rapidly. Therefore, the machine cannot be operated at a longer time. The objective of this research was to
study the potential application of downdraft gasification machine with high content of CO and low production
of tar. Downdraft gasification machine which designed in this research had installed capacity as much as 50 kW
with reactor diameter and height were 900 mm and 1000 mm, respectively. The testing result showed that power
generated from this machine was 40 kW, efficiency 80 % and can be operated for 6 hours. The optimum
combustible gas produced by this machine occurred at CO, H2 and CH4 content were 21.75 %, 13.12 % and 1.12
%, respectively. Besides of using active carbon, tar removal was carried out using dust trap system (wet
scrubber). The potential reduction of value of greenhouse gases emission is about 37 until 67 %. Based on an
analysis calculation of financial , a test performance of gasification, and analysis of environmental impact, the
use of system gasification can be used on a system a power plant in the isolated area from national electricity
company in Indonesia.
Operation of Internal Combustion Engines on Digas for Electricity ProductionLPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67668
The purpose of this research is to review engine performance and technology issues relating to generating electricity from digester gas in reciprocating internal combustion engines. Research performed at the Colorado State University (CSU) Engines & Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) and published material from other organizations is utilized.
Digester gas (digas) can be used effectively in internal combustion engines for electricity production to offset operating costs and/or sell to the electric utility. Stationary industrial engines are generally employed for this purpose. Four application areas where systems have been successfully demonstrated are sewage processing plants, animal waste facilities, landfills, and agricultural waste processing systems. Digas is generated through anaerobic digestion, or biomethanization, for all these cases. There are many common engine technical issues within these areas, although the digas generation systems employed in each case are different. In this presentation issues pertinent to running engines on digas are explored. The focus is on animal waste facilities, but the presentation draws upon the other application areas for technical insight related to engine technology. Specific stationary engine types are discussed. High engine efficiency and power density are important to the economic viability of anaerobic digestion systems. Engine operational and design changes to maintain high efficiency and power density for digas fueling are analyzed. Management of engine maintenance problems is also key to economic viability. Corrosive gases contained in digas, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are evaluated.
Investigation Of Exhaust Gas Recovery System In SI EngineIJARIDEA Journal
Abstract— In our venture that creation of fumes gas recuperation framework for preheating in takes air on IC petroleum motor. The inexorably overall issue in regards to quick economy advancement and are lative deficiency of vitality, the interior ignition motor fumes squander warm and ecological contamination has been more accentuated vigorously as of late. Out of the aggregate warmth provided to the motor as fuel, roughly, 10 to15%isconvertedinto helpful mechanical work; the rest of the warmth is ousted to nature through fumes gasses and motor cooling frameworks, coming about into entropy rise and genuine ecological contamination, so it is required to used waste warmth into valuable work. The recuperation and use of waste warmth monitors fuel (non-renewable energy source) as well as decreases the measure of waste warmth and nursery gasses damped to condition. The has been recognized that there are extensive possibilities of vitality reserve funds using waste warmth recuperation advances.
Squander warm recuperation characterizes catching and reusing the waste warmth from inner burning motor for warming .It would likewise perceive the change in execution and emanations of the motor.
Keywords— Squander warm recuperation, Waste Warmth Monitors Fuel, Waste Warmth Recuperation.
The Potential Application of Gasification for Biomass Power Generation in Iso...IJERA Editor
Indonesia has renewable energy source very large, as biomass. Installed capacity power plants of Indonesia
now 53,585 MW, where the potential energy biomass is the largest of renewable sources of energy that owned
by Indonesia. The machine of gasification is designed to produce combustible gas (CO, H2, CH4). These
combustible gas are produced to replace fossil fuel as engine fuel to generate electricity. However, the
properties and characteristics of these combustible gas should meet the characteristic of the engine as every
engine has its own specific characteristic. In this research, Biomass Power Generation (BPG) which work more
properly with CO was used. High level of tar contained in produced combustible gas contaminates the engine
filter rapidly. Therefore, the machine cannot be operated at a longer time. The objective of this research was to
study the potential application of downdraft gasification machine with high content of CO and low production
of tar. Downdraft gasification machine which designed in this research had installed capacity as much as 50 kW
with reactor diameter and height were 900 mm and 1000 mm, respectively. The testing result showed that power
generated from this machine was 40 kW, efficiency 80 % and can be operated for 6 hours. The optimum
combustible gas produced by this machine occurred at CO, H2 and CH4 content were 21.75 %, 13.12 % and 1.12
%, respectively. Besides of using active carbon, tar removal was carried out using dust trap system (wet
scrubber). The potential reduction of value of greenhouse gases emission is about 37 until 67 %. Based on an
analysis calculation of financial , a test performance of gasification, and analysis of environmental impact, the
use of system gasification can be used on a system a power plant in the isolated area from national electricity
company in Indonesia.
Operation of Internal Combustion Engines on Digas for Electricity ProductionLPE Learning Center
Proceedings available at: http://www.extension.org/67668
The purpose of this research is to review engine performance and technology issues relating to generating electricity from digester gas in reciprocating internal combustion engines. Research performed at the Colorado State University (CSU) Engines & Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL) and published material from other organizations is utilized.
Digester gas (digas) can be used effectively in internal combustion engines for electricity production to offset operating costs and/or sell to the electric utility. Stationary industrial engines are generally employed for this purpose. Four application areas where systems have been successfully demonstrated are sewage processing plants, animal waste facilities, landfills, and agricultural waste processing systems. Digas is generated through anaerobic digestion, or biomethanization, for all these cases. There are many common engine technical issues within these areas, although the digas generation systems employed in each case are different. In this presentation issues pertinent to running engines on digas are explored. The focus is on animal waste facilities, but the presentation draws upon the other application areas for technical insight related to engine technology. Specific stationary engine types are discussed. High engine efficiency and power density are important to the economic viability of anaerobic digestion systems. Engine operational and design changes to maintain high efficiency and power density for digas fueling are analyzed. Management of engine maintenance problems is also key to economic viability. Corrosive gases contained in digas, such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), are evaluated.
Biogas as Alternate Fuel in Diesel Engines: A Literature ReviewIOSR Journals
Bio fuels derived from biomass are considered as good alternative to petroleum fuels. Biogas, a
biomass derived fuel can be used in internal combustion (IC) engines, because of its better mixing ability with
air and clean burning nature. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion of various organic substances such as
kitchen wastes, agricultural wastes, municipal solid wastes, cow dung etc., which offers low cost and low
emissions than any other secondary fuels. It can be a supplemented to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and
compressed natural gas (CNG), if it is used in compressed form in cylinders. This paper reviews the current
status and perspectives of biogas production, including the purification & storage methods and its engine
applications. Lower hydrocarbon (HC), smoke and particulates emission has been reported in diesel engines
operating on biogas diesel dual fuel mode. Here through detailed literature review, the combustion
characteristics of biogas in I.C engines are investigated.
This is a presentation by Eng. Demiss Alemu, Associate Professor in Thermal Engineering/Mechanical Engineering, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology at the 3rd Annual East Africa Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit
On March 5th, 2010 the UNH Wildcats, Whittemore School of Business, New Hampshire Division of Economic Development and Public Service of New Hampshire hosted a unique afternoon workshop at UNH aimed at building teams, developing effective leaders and stimulating innovation.
The "Wild for Innovation" workshop was developed specifically for New Hampshire business leaders and their teams, and included presentations like this one, on the Landfill Gas Project, by Larry Van Dessel.
You can make your own gas and electricity much cheaper than traditional ways through biomass waste and coal; we manufacture biomass and coal gasifiers; please contact for details at 0333 661 8887.
The only solution of Pakistan economics and energy crisis through Alternative fuels and energy from Algae and Hydrogen in Pakistan.
What is gasification?
Gasification is an interesting concept. Part of the benefit is its independence and self-sufficiency. It does not depend on the wind, currents, or daily forecast. It is an independent process, reliant only on one thing… your waste.
It is the process of turning anything organic, aka anything with carbon in it, into a gas form. The gas is known as Syngas if oxygen has been used in the process and Producer Gas if air has been used. This gas is very flexible. The more well-known uses of the gas are 1) to power an internal combustion engine to create electricity and 2) to power a boiler, creating hot water and heating. Both are universal needs across any industry. Find out more about gasification.
So what does this mean?
This means you can take any waste stream that is free of inorganic elements like metals, ceramics and glass and convert them into heat and electricity! So if you are Manufacturer with food byproducts, a sawmill with wood chips and/or sawdust, an army base with general daily waste, a farmer with farm animal waste, gasification could be making you money instead of your waste costing you money.
How can gasification save me money?
Gasification can save you money two ways: 1) by creating on site waste management and 2) by helping create energy independence. Being able to process your waste at your plant, farm, resort, hospital, etc cuts out costs left and right. You no longer have to pay services to haul away the waste. You no longer have to pay tipping fees at the landfill. And on top of this, you no longer have to worry about what you will do with this waste once the landfills are full.
Add in the benefit of powering and heating your business with the waste that was once a cost and you are suddenly in the black. Gasification systems can feed the producer gas directly into existing boiler systems, creating heat and hot water. At the same time, it can power an internal combustion engine and help power your premises. Both of these also cutting utilities way down, which can be a game changer in most industries.
Implementable Recommendation of Cleaner Production Progress in PakistanUmay Habiba
This presentation is representing the details of three different major industries of Pakistan i.e. oil and gas sector, Leather industry and textile industry
Biogas as Alternate Fuel in Diesel Engines: A Literature ReviewIOSR Journals
Bio fuels derived from biomass are considered as good alternative to petroleum fuels. Biogas, a
biomass derived fuel can be used in internal combustion (IC) engines, because of its better mixing ability with
air and clean burning nature. Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion of various organic substances such as
kitchen wastes, agricultural wastes, municipal solid wastes, cow dung etc., which offers low cost and low
emissions than any other secondary fuels. It can be a supplemented to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and
compressed natural gas (CNG), if it is used in compressed form in cylinders. This paper reviews the current
status and perspectives of biogas production, including the purification & storage methods and its engine
applications. Lower hydrocarbon (HC), smoke and particulates emission has been reported in diesel engines
operating on biogas diesel dual fuel mode. Here through detailed literature review, the combustion
characteristics of biogas in I.C engines are investigated.
This is a presentation by Eng. Demiss Alemu, Associate Professor in Thermal Engineering/Mechanical Engineering, Addis Ababa Institute of Technology at the 3rd Annual East Africa Cement, Concrete and Energy Summit
On March 5th, 2010 the UNH Wildcats, Whittemore School of Business, New Hampshire Division of Economic Development and Public Service of New Hampshire hosted a unique afternoon workshop at UNH aimed at building teams, developing effective leaders and stimulating innovation.
The "Wild for Innovation" workshop was developed specifically for New Hampshire business leaders and their teams, and included presentations like this one, on the Landfill Gas Project, by Larry Van Dessel.
You can make your own gas and electricity much cheaper than traditional ways through biomass waste and coal; we manufacture biomass and coal gasifiers; please contact for details at 0333 661 8887.
The only solution of Pakistan economics and energy crisis through Alternative fuels and energy from Algae and Hydrogen in Pakistan.
What is gasification?
Gasification is an interesting concept. Part of the benefit is its independence and self-sufficiency. It does not depend on the wind, currents, or daily forecast. It is an independent process, reliant only on one thing… your waste.
It is the process of turning anything organic, aka anything with carbon in it, into a gas form. The gas is known as Syngas if oxygen has been used in the process and Producer Gas if air has been used. This gas is very flexible. The more well-known uses of the gas are 1) to power an internal combustion engine to create electricity and 2) to power a boiler, creating hot water and heating. Both are universal needs across any industry. Find out more about gasification.
So what does this mean?
This means you can take any waste stream that is free of inorganic elements like metals, ceramics and glass and convert them into heat and electricity! So if you are Manufacturer with food byproducts, a sawmill with wood chips and/or sawdust, an army base with general daily waste, a farmer with farm animal waste, gasification could be making you money instead of your waste costing you money.
How can gasification save me money?
Gasification can save you money two ways: 1) by creating on site waste management and 2) by helping create energy independence. Being able to process your waste at your plant, farm, resort, hospital, etc cuts out costs left and right. You no longer have to pay services to haul away the waste. You no longer have to pay tipping fees at the landfill. And on top of this, you no longer have to worry about what you will do with this waste once the landfills are full.
Add in the benefit of powering and heating your business with the waste that was once a cost and you are suddenly in the black. Gasification systems can feed the producer gas directly into existing boiler systems, creating heat and hot water. At the same time, it can power an internal combustion engine and help power your premises. Both of these also cutting utilities way down, which can be a game changer in most industries.
Implementable Recommendation of Cleaner Production Progress in PakistanUmay Habiba
This presentation is representing the details of three different major industries of Pakistan i.e. oil and gas sector, Leather industry and textile industry
Waste-to-energy (WtE), also known as energy-from-waste, is the process where energy (typically heat and electricity) is generated using waste as a fuel source. This is often done through direct combustion using waste incinerators – i.e. burning the waste – or the production of combustible fuel from a gas such as methane.
The earliest breakthrough in soil carbon trading has occurred in regional Australia. Louisa Kiely from Carbon Farmers of Australia explains how they work.
Reduction of Carbon Footprints in Shipping Industry-Nirjhar Sarkar-GUNI-Gujar...nirjharsarkar20
To reduce the carbon footprints the current shipping industry is open up to a lot options. However, the point is that which option is more efficient, cost effective and preferable. All the options have its own pros and cons.
The shipping industry is already on verge of adopting an alternate source of power to reduce the carbon emissions. The only awaiting factor is which alternate fuel develops faster and is made available in market and how much efficient is it compared to its other competitors. The pace with which the developments are ongoing and efforts that are been put on to reduce the carbon emissions by 2050, its not going to be further before which the transition is going to complete.
Integrated green technologies for msw (mam ver.)mamdouh sabour
SA is facing a great challenges for waste management due to the fast demographic and industrial growth, which left the country with accumulative amount of generated waste that needs to be managed in the most cost-effective, sustainable and green.
Ethanol Project: Mega Factories
Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade’ has created NSWS Portal, an initiative of the Government of India that promotes ‘Blending Of Ethanol’ with Petrol products so that there is a “Saving in Import of Crude Oil” and also conservation of valuable Foreign Exchange.
N.S. EPC Consultants India Pvt. Ltd. incorporated entity (erstwhile brand of N.S. Consultants) founded by Sushil Sharma and N. Nagaraja in 2005. Presently Mr. Sushil Sharma being the Executive Director & CEO of the Company joined by Mr. B.B.Pathak- Director-Operations & Principal Consultant, Er. Archit Sharma- Director-Technical and Ms. Aadya Sharma- Director-HR came stakeholder as well. It is a leading EPC company providing solutions and consultancy for Ethanol Plants in India. The company is having best team composition for grain-based distillery. Consultancy Advisory of the company will facilitate the ‘Improved Profit Margin’ of the Ethanol Plants in India. For any service related to the manufacturing of Ethanol plant, we will be happy to help and serve you for improved margins with improved output at the most optimized cost. The company is into Engineering, Procurement, and Construction and have been leading the change in providing ‘Green Energy Solutions’ to an extensive and diverse array of Industry. Well equipped with large infrastructure, vast experience, and expertise we have a proven track record in undertaking large turnkey projects and a variety of integrated comprehensive designs to deliver solutions to diverse Polymers, Chemical, and Process Industries with a major emphasis on the continuous improvement, development, and application of Biodegradable Products Biofuels, Bioethanol, and Biomass driven processes. As turnkey project suppliers, the company provided ‘Single-Point Solutions Provider’ for the entire spectrum of the plant design and build – right from evaluation, assessment, planning of business opportunities, and financing to Pre-Construction feasibility studies for complete Installation including Commissioning, Operation & Maintenance assistance.
WHY CHOOSE US
Moving towards the Green Energy Solution
End-to-end process design & engineering solutions
Integrated turnkey solutions
Quick project setup & quicker turnaround
Cumulative resource experience of 100+ years
State-of-the-art infrastructure
Maximum repeat customers
NOT A SINGLE UNHAPPY CUSTOMER!
OUR STRENGTHS FACILITATE THE JOURNEY FROM GREEN TO GOLD….
Consistent innovation
Many countries manufacturing & engineering
High quality, customized solutions
A number of ongoing projects & a few more in the pipeline
Already accomplished large scale turnkey project engineering for different segments
Biogas Petrol Blend Development and Testing as Alternative Fuel for Spark Ign...ijtsrd
The goal of this study is to create and test a biogas petrol mixture that can power spark ignition engines. A biogas petrol blend with a 20 80 ratio was created as a substitute fuel for spark ignition engines. To evaluate the performance of the fuels, comparison tests using gasoline and a biogas petrol combination were conducted on the test bed. The experiments findings demonstrated that the biogas petroleum blend produced higher torque, brake power, indicated power, brake thermal efficiency, and brake mean effective pressure yet used less fuel and heated the exhaust less than gasoline. According to the studys findings, a biogas petrol mix spark ignition engine was shown to be cheap, use less fuel, and contribute to sanitation and fertiliser production. Prof. Mihir Kumar Pandey | Anil Kumar Dwivedi "Biogas-Petrol Blend Development and Testing as Alternative Fuel for Spark Ignition Engine" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52718.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/52718/biogaspetrol-blend-development-and-testing-as-alternative-fuel-for-spark-ignition-engine/prof-mihir-kumar-pandey
Sub Zero temperature Mechanical properties of Automotive Materials -Steel an...Padmanabhan Krishnan
The automotive materials that undergo a ductile to brittle transition in the mechanical properties like flexure and flexural fatigue are characterized.
The various types of Impact , Crash Tests, Shock loading and the associated standards required to evaluate the various structures or vehicles for impact, shock and/or crashworthiness are discussed here.
The FMEA is introduced as a tool here to analyze engineering failures and case studies have been provided to explain their methodologies and corrections to improve the quality and reliability of Designs and components.
The root cause of engineering failures is defined and classified with some discussion on case studies that point towards the root cause of fracture or failure.
Polymeric and Hybrid Composite Materials for Aircraft Engine applications / ...Padmanabhan Krishnan
Contents: Introduction to Engines used in Aircrafts,
Materials and Manufacturing,
Basic Mechanics,
Meso and Macro mechanics and Interfaces in Composites,
Tests and failure theories,
Possibilities in Product Design and Development,
Possibilities in Aircraft Engine Applications
Transformational Management Roles of a Teaching Learning Centre in an Academi...Padmanabhan Krishnan
The Academic Staff College of VIT was started in 2004, three years after the Vellore Engineering College became a Deemed University under the UGC 1956 act 3.
The roles and responsibilities are to train the trainer, empower the trainer, disseminate knowledge to the students through the trainer or the faculty and assist in inclusive growth .
To improve the teaching and learning outcomes and the ranking and accreditation outcomes of the Institution.
To work on feedback from the faculty, staff, experts , organizations and auditors for continual improvement
About 150 developmental programmes are conducted each year by the ASC in multiple disciplines. The ASC has given birth to the Distance Learning and the VIT On-line Learning Centres down the years since inception.
Viscoelastic response of polymeric solids to sliding contactsPadmanabhan Krishnan
A polymeric solid is seen to produce its own signatures in sliding contacts. This has immense applications. The viscoelastic phenomena and signatures are discussed with the relevant models.
Preparation and characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites ...Padmanabhan Krishnan
Preparation and mechanical characterization of self reinforced fibre polymer composites with emphasis on the fibre/matrix interface, is discussed. Quasi-static and dynamic properties were evaluated.
Reconstruction of the Ancient Thamizh Yazh and Hindustani Swaramandal using ...Padmanabhan Krishnan
Reconstruction of the Ancient Thamizh Yazh and Hindustani Swaramandal using Carbon Fabric/ epoxy Matrix Composite Materials and patent filing is briefly described here.
Mesomechanics- The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polyme...Padmanabhan Krishnan
The importance of Mesomechanics as the The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polymer composites is described in comparison with the micromechanical domains that are of importance in ceramics and their composites.
High performance polymer fibre reinforced metal matrix composites- Metal Orga...Padmanabhan Krishnan
Zylon reinforced aluminium, zinc and lead low melting metal matrix composites that broadly belong to the MOF ( Metal Organic Framework ) materials were processed, characterised and measured for their properties and foreseen applications.
different Modes of Insect Plant InteractionArchita Das
different modes of interaction between insects and plants including mutualism, commensalism, antagonism, Pairwise and diffuse coevolution, Plant defenses, how coevolution started
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Climate change due to fart and energy alternatives
1. SUSTAINABLE FUEL FROM CATTLE
FLATULENCE TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE
– THE HIGH EFFICIENCY ENERGY
ALTERNATIVE.
PADMANABHAN KRISHNAN, M VENKATA KRISHNA SAI,
HAREEN.
SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
12-06-2019 1
2. CONTENTS
Background/rationale and specific aims
Method/approach - The approach is trans-disciplinary in nature
and addresses a significant problem from a trans-disciplinary
approach.
Includes Plans for dissemination, outreach, and future grant
proposals
Includes Time lines and plan of action.
Includes Detailed Budget
Provides Acknowledgements and References.
12-06-2019 2
3. BACKGROUND, RATIONALE/SPECIFIC AIMS
Faunal Flatulence is the prime cause of climate change as
maximum GHG ( Green House Gases ) are emitted out in to the
atmosphere through this process. Only a few living beings are
responsible for the process industries and transportation-
humans !
A conservative estimate of the average faunal flatulence per day
is 1X 1013 litres which is 10000 billion litres (American measure).
Annually, this would be 5100 million metric tons of flatulence
after considering its density to be ~1.4 kg/m3., --40 % heavier
than air.
It contains higher portions of Green House Gases (GHG) like
CO2, Methane, Sulphur containing gases, CO and traces of
other hydrocarbons though the presence of oxygen nitrogen and
hydrogen would tend to reduce the density marginally.
12-06-2019 3
4. BACKGROUND , RATIONALE/ SPECIFIC AIMS
According to a UN report, some cattle are known to emit oral and anal
flatulence to the extent of 500 litres per day as they `chew the cud’
extensively .
The methane and hydrocarbon content is high in cattle flatulence .
Methane is 23 times more potent as a GHG than CO2 and so it must not be
let out in to the atmosphere but harnessed as a fuel with negligible
emissions.
From a healthy cattle , it is realistic to produce 50- 100 litres of useable
hydrocarbon fuel per day after treatment. After compression in a cylinder
one would get 5 to 10 litres of compressed gas fuel.
This would mean 25 to 50 hrs of 1 KW generator set operation.. Or driving
to work in your premium compact SUV and getting back home for a week ,
from Vellore fort to VIT and back.
If you have a cow, you don’t need a petrol bunk or an inverter with battery !
12-06-2019 4
5. BACKGROUND, RATIONALE / SPECIFIC AIMS
• Generation and use of cattle flatulence and methane fuel
and sequestration of carbon di oxide from flatulence
through sustainable methods is proposed as an alternative
to the existing bio-gas technologies.
• To directly obtain the flatulence fuel gas from the cattle
without having to go through the process of converting the
solid dung to gaseous fuel in a Gobar gas plant- which is
more expensive and less efficient in addition to higher
installation and running costs.
• The cow gives only up to 5 Kgs of dung a day but gives
up to 300 litres of useable fuel from fart gas every day.
12-06-2019 5
6. METHODOLOGY/ APPROACH
• To extract value added fuels like methane and other hydrocarbons
from waste fart emissions for utility in, pumps, generators,
automobiles and fuel cell powered vehicles is the objective.
Methane is a precursor for methanol as a value added fuel.
• Similar to the cattle dung based fuel gas exercise, India can foray
in to a more direct methane producing venture through back pack
exercises. Dung based bio gas initiatives deplete the humus content
in the soil but a flatulence based exercise doesn’t. Thus it is a more
favorable method.
• Cows that have stopped yielding milk ( barren cows) need not be let
out in to the public but used for producing a farm based methane
fuel. This also reduces the menace of stray cattle as they can be
housed in a methane producing farm. For Rs. 50 spent on a cattle
for food, the cattle yields Rs. 500 worth fart fuel.
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8. METHODOLOGY/ APPROACH
Ref: Yunxia Yang et.al., RSC Advances, 2017, DOI: 10.1039/c6ra25509d.
Gas chromatography and mass spectra are used to separate the fart gases.
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9. METHODOLOGY / APPROACH
STEP 1
• Animal with back pack producing good flatulence.
• Removal of full back pack with flatulence.
STEP 2
• Sequestration of non-inflammable gases like CO2.
• Inflammable portion injected in to cylinder after adjustment of ignition
point.
STEP 3
• Adequate pressurization in a compact cylinder .
• Flow regulation and timing for ignition
STEP 4
.
• Ignition & combustion in an IC engine.
• Catalytic conversion of exhaust gases. Emission Norms !
Figure 2: A flow chart for harnessing cattle flatulence as fuel .
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10. METHODOLOGY/ APPROACH
• Separation of non-inflammable component from inflammable
component through the use of zeolites, metal organic frameworks,
micro, meso and macro porous solids is planned.
• Analysis is to be done by GC-MS, FT-IR for qualitative and quantitative
estimations.
• Auto-ignition of methane is to be avoided. When it is compressed for
storage in a cylinder, we plan to refer flash and fire points and store it
accordingly with additives or nitrogen gas additions that would permit
combustion only in the exact and allowable pressure and temperature
conditions.
• For pressurized methane, we plan to remove air / oxygen completely
so that no conversion/oxidation to CO2 occurs. A planned engine test
will be done, after checking the combustible content of the mixture.
• Emission after combustion needs to be analyzed for the composition of
fart gas. Accordingly , the norms for emission will be followed based
upon a feedback process.
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11. METHODOLOGY/ APPROACH
• The purified flatulence can be used in IC engines for
combustion after sequestering CO2 and other non-inflammables
from the gases that are inflammable.
• This way there could be a considerable reduction in the
flatulence that is let out into the atmosphere by the animal.
• Besides, the potential of flatulence as an energy alternative can
also be realized.
• The sequestered CO2 can be dissociated further or used as a
laboratory consumable in chemical, biochemical and
metallurgical reactions. CO2 is also a good refrigerant,
pneumatic gas in devices and a recovery gas for oil fields
though its use in carbonated beverages and food industry could
be religiously questioned.
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12. A MESSAGE WITH TRANS-DISCIPLINARY JUSTIFICATION
• As this project addresses the issue of mitigation of
climate change due to flatulence by cattle and livestock in
general, that are known to emit a high volume of
methane and carbon dioxide in to the air ( GHGs ),
through an energy alternative process to fossil fuels that
would lead to sustainable development, there by killing
many birds in one stone, it is observed to be highly trans-
disciplinary in nature demanding the collaborative efforts
of experts from chemistry and mechanical engineering
with a deep concern for the environment.
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13. PLAN FOR DISSEMINATION, OUTREACH AND
FUTURE GRANT PROPOSALS
• It is planned to transfer the technology through patents to those with cattle
farms and supervise the setting up of plants to harness the wind power of
cattle. This would be the first of its kind in the country. The technology
outreach programme would address the concerns of environmentalists,
farmers with pumps, motors and tractors needing fuel, milk producers
needing energy at an affordable cost and high end technologists needing
methane fuel for fuel cells. This probably the most trans-disciplinary
initiative that one can think of that breeds sustainable development
• Future proposals to address innovative technology incubation, scaling and
mass industrialization of the processes to be developed and patented, are
planned. Rural up-liftment through empowerment of an easily affordable
technology through cost effective transfer is the expected outcome of this
proposal . Rurally relevant MNRE and automobile companies related major
proposals will achieve the purpose. Innovate in India and make in India
initiative stands to be fulfilled through this trans-disciplinary approach and
method.
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14. TIME LINE AND PLAN OF ACTION
• First three months: Collection of fart samples from
cattle and analysis for improvement through additives.
• Next three months : Separation of hydrocarbon fuels
and chemical analysis for efficiency improvement.
• Next three months: Testing combustion characteristics
and applying in devices and engines.
• Last three months: Validation and fine tuning with
emission norms. Patents and publications.
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15. REFERENCES
• Annual report 2013-14, Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and
fisheries, India.
• BBC News, January 27th, 2014, German cows cause methane blasts in Rasdorf.
• Crutzen PJ, Aselmann I and Seiler W, Tellus, 1986, 38B, 271-284.
• http://www.wri.org/publication/content/8468
• http://www.wri.org/chart/world-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2005
• http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0680e/i0680e.pdf
• Livestock Information, July 2005, Sector Analysis and Policy Branch, AGAL,
FAO, Livestock brief on Bangladesh.
• Padmanabhan. K, 2014, Climate change- Flatulent contributions !,
Environmental Research Jl. , 7(5), p1-3.
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16. REFERENCES …..
• Padmanabhan. K, 2019, ‘ SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT FROM ENERGY
ALTERNATIVES TO MITIGATE CLIMATE CHANGE DUE TO FAUNAL EMISSIONS-
A REVIEW’ in NEPT Journal, Vol:18, No:2, p679, 2019.
• Qiu Huai, Ju Zhiyong, Chang Zhijie, Feb 2013, A survey of cattle production in
China, , FAO corporate document repository.
• Swamy M and Bhattacharya S, 2006, Budgeting anthropogenic greenhouse gas
emission from Indian livestock using country-specific emission coefficients,
Current Science, 91(10), p1340.
• Wilkinson, D. M., Nisbet, E. G. and Ruxton, G.D., 2012, Current Biology, 22(9),
R292-293.
• www.fao.org
• www.inta.gov.ar
• www.sapgaya.mecon.gov.ar
• www.wikipedia.org.
• Yunxia Yang et. al., Royal Society of Chemistry Advances, 2017, DOI:
10.1039/c6ra25509d.
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17. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
WE THANK THE INVESTIGATORS WITH WHOM WE
HAVE SHARED OUR VIEWS. OUR THANKS ARE DUE
TO PROF. S. GHOSH FOR HAVING COME FORWARD
TO PROVIDE SUGGESTIONS TO MY WORK AND
ENHANCE THE OVERALL APPEAL. WE THANK PROF.
J. SRINIVASAN OF IISC, BANGALORE FOR THE HELP
WITH LITERATURE. WE THANK THE VIT
MANAGEMENT AND HONOURABLE CHANCELLOR
FOR THE SUPPORT AND ENCOURAGEMENT.
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