2. Biogas, its composition and uses
Energy equivalence and Commonly used organic matter
for biogas generation
Overall scheme for anaerobic digestion of organic matter
Nutrient Contents of Digested Slurry from biogas plant
and FYM
Types of biogas plants
Role of Biogas plants in saving of environment
Status of biogas development in India
Economics of family size biogas plants

3. A gas obtained due to anaerobic decomposition of
organic matter (cattle dung)
It is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
sulphide, water vapor, oxygen, nitrogen and
hydrogen.
Biogas has been known as swamp gas, sewer gas,
fuel gas, marsh gas etc.
In India, it is more commonly known as ‘gobar’ gas.
The digester in which the decomposition takes place
is known as BIOGAS PLANT

4. Methane 50-70%
Carbon dioxide 30-45%
Hydrogen 0-1%
Nitrogen 0-1%
Water 0.1%
Hydrogen sulphide 0-1%
Oxygen 0-1%

5. Cooking
Lighting
Power generation
Engine running

6. Use of 1m3 of biogas as fuel can save other
sources of energy as:
0.52 litre of diesel
0.62 litre of kerosene oil
3.40 kg of wood
12.30 kg of cow dung cakes
0.43 kg of LPG
1.46 kg of coal
4.70 KW of electricity

7. Cattle dung
Kitchen and dining hall waste
Vegetable market waste
Poultry dropping
Crop residue
Pig and horse excreta
Aquatic weeds such as water hyacinth
Agro industrial waste
Sewage Sludge

8. S No Type of feed stock Gas Yield per
Kg ( m3 )
Normal Feed availability per
animal per day (Kg)
1 Cattle dung 0.036 10 to 15
2 Human excreta 0.07 0.5
3 Horse dung 0.045 10
4 Sheep dropping 0.042 1
5 Camel droppings 0.056 6
6 Piggery waste 0.08 2.25
7 Poultry droppings 0.062 0.18

9. 1st Phase- hydrolysis of complex organic materials,
i.e.,carbohydrates,fats,proteins, nitrogen compounds,salts
etc. into soluble organic compounds, i.e., sugars,fatty
acids,amino acids etc.
2nd Phase- soluble organic compounds are reduced to
simpler compounds, i.e., organic acids (acetic acid,
propionic acid etc.) , simpler alcohols and acetone.
3rd Phase- Organic acids ,mainly acetic acid and certain
other oxidised compounds are converted to methane and
carbon dioxide by methanogenic bacteria.

10. and digested slurry

11. S.No. Nutrient FYM Biogas slurry
Range % Average % Range % Average %
1. Nitrogen
(N
2
)
0.5 to 1.0 0.8 1.4 to 1.8 1.6
2. Phosphorus
(P
2
O
5
)
0.5 to 0.8 0.7 1.1 to 2.0 1.55
3. Potash (K
2
0) 0.5 to 0.8 0.7 0.8 to 1.2 1.0
Source: Biogas Technology: A training manual for extension, FAO

12. FLOATING DRUM TYPE
FIXED DOME TYPE
• JANTA BIOGAS PLANT
• DEENBANDHU BIOGAS PLANTS

13. KVIC MODEL BIOGAS PLANT
(Floating drum type)

14. JANTA BIOGAS PLANT (Fixed dome type)

16. The inlet in the traditional biogas plant is
designed and modified by providing 12 inch
dia pipe inclined at about 75 degrees with
horizontal.
The outlet is accordingly modified as per
requirement
The water requirement : 30 % of cattle
dung as compared to 100 % of cattle dung in
traditional biogas plants
Digested Slurry is more thick hence easy to
manage

17. Inlet 30 cm diameter PVC pipe
Angle of inclination of pipe with horizontal=75o

18. DEMONSTRATION OF MODIFIED JANTA BIOGAS PLANT AT THE
RESIDENCE OF SH. TARSEM SINGH, RURKI KHURD

19. DEMONSTRATION OF MODIFIED JANTA BIOGAS PLANT AT
THE RESIDENCE OF MANJEET KAUR, BHARBHURGARH

20. DEMONSTRATION OF MODIFIED DEENBANDHU BIOGAS
PLANT AT THE RESIDENCE OF LABH SINGH, BEEPUR

21. Direct and immediate impact :
• Save other fuels and hence less stress on other fuels
• Using biogas as a kitchen fuel can prevent deforestation
and hence soil erosion
• Change of environment in the house as biogas is a clean
fuel. Other fuels being commonly used creates pollution
by generating smoke.
• The use of biogas prevents chances of eye diseases and
respiratory diseases. Hence healthy life of rural woman.
• Clean kitchen and utensils and hence saving in the time
of women
• Clean House and hence less expenditure for
maintenance of house

22. Reduction in green house gases:
• How?

23. The gases which trap heat in the earth's atmosphere
and cause rise in temperature are known as green
house gases.
• Greenhouse gases are the major cause of global warming.
Different green house gases
Naturally present green house gases in the
atmosphere
• carbon dioxide,
• methane
• nitrous oxide
• water vapor and
• ozone
Green house gases due to human activities
• hydroflurocarbons (HFCs)
• perfluorocarbons and
• sulphur hexafluride.

24. Agriculture and industrialization
Fossil fuel burning like that of coal in power plant leads
to high emissions of carbon dioxide gas.
Methane generated during Anaerobic decomposition of
organic material
Emission of nitrous oxides due to nitric acid
production, use of cars with catalytic converters, the
use of fertilizers in agriculture and the burning of
organic matter
.

25. An international agreement signed
(December 1997) by about 180 countries
with the aim to reduce green house gases
emissions in order to save the environment
Countries have been assigned maximum
carbon emission levels and can participate in
carbon credit trading.

26. The carbon credit and carbon trade system was ratified in
conjunction with the Kyoto Protocol. Its goal is to stop the
increase of green house gas emissions.
For example,
• if an environmentalist group plants enough trees to reduce
emissions by one ton, the group will be awarded a credit.
• If a steel producer has an emissions quota of 10 tons,
but is expecting to produce 11 tons, it could purchase this carbon
credit from the environmental group.
• The carbon credit system looks to reduce emissions by having
countries honor their emission quotas and offer incentives for
being below them

27. Green house gas methane is more than 20 times as
powerful as carbon dioxide at entrapping heat in the
atmosphere.
Reaction during burning of methane (biogas).
Hence one molecule of methane is converted into
one molecule of carbon dioxide and as such the
effect of methane will be reduced to 1/20th of its
effect as compared to when it is released as such in
the atmosphere.
HeatOHCOOCH  2224 22

28. 1 m3 CO2 = 0.483 kg of carbon at about 30o C
1 m3 of CH4 = (20-1)0.483 =9.18 kg of carbon
For a 3 m3 biogas plant
Estimated biogas generated per day= 3 m3
Assuming 60 % methane in biogas
As such 3 m3 of biogas = 0.6*3 m3 of CH4 = 1.8 m3 of
methane
1.8 m3 of methane =1.8*9.18=16.52 kg of carbon/day
In one year = 365*16.52 =6030 kg of carbon=6 tonne of
carbon
1 tonne of carbon credit = 17 Euro
Equivalent credit earned in one year by 3 m3 biogas plant=
102 Euro
1 Euro= Rs 59
102 Euro = 6018 Rs
Thus a 3 m3 biogas plant can theoretically earn carbon
credit equivalent to Rs 6018 in one year.

29. Total potential of biogas plants based on cattle
dung in India: 1,23,39,300
Biogas plants installed as on 31-12 2009
:41,85,442
% of total potential exploited : 33.9
For Punjab
% of total potential exploited for Punjab :
24.7
% of total potential exploited for Punjab :
17.8

30. S No
State/ Union
Territories
Estimated
Potential
(Nos. of
Biogas
Plants)
Cumulative
achievements*
as on
31/12/2009
Percentage of
Biogas Plants
installed
against total
potential
1 Sikkim 7300 6926 94.9
2
Maharashtra 897000
773410 86.2
3 Kerala 150000 124202 82.8
4 Mizoram 5000 3770 75.4
5 Gujarat 554000 404973 73.1
6 Karnataka 680000 411241 60.5
7 Nagaland 6700 3743 55.9
8 Goa 8000 3878 48.5
9 West Bengal 695000 305760 44.0
10
Andhra
Pradesh
1065000
452499 42.5
11 Orissa 605000 235393 38.9

31. 12
Arunachal
Pradesh
7500
2818 37.6
13
Himachal
Pradesh
125000
45488 36.4
14 Tamilnadu 615000 215033 35.0
15
Meghalaya 24000
6058 25.2
16 Punjab 411000 101705 24.7
17 Assam 307000 74187 24.2
18
Uttar
Pradesh
1938000
419516 21.6
19
Madhya
Pradesh
1491000
287549 19.3
20 Haryana 300000 53345 17.8
21 Bihar 733000 125688 17.1
22
Pondicherry 4300
573 13.3
23
Uttarakhand 83000
9590 11.6

32. 24
Tripura 28000
2771 9.9
25
Dadra &
Nagar
Haveli
2000
169 8.5
26 Chattisgarh 400000 30576 7.6
27 Rajasthan 915000 67172 7.3
28 Chandigarh 1400 97 6.9
29
A&N
Islands
2200
137 6.2
30 Manipur 38000 2128 5.6
31 Delhi 12900 679 5.3
32 Jharkhand 100000 4408 4.4
33
Jammu &
Kashmir
128000
2352 1.8
Total 1,23,39,300 41,85,442 33.9

34. S.No. Item Capacity of Biogas Plants (m3)
3 4 5 6
1. Estimated cost (Rs.) 14000 15500 16500 18000
2. Equivalent Biogas
produced per month in
terms of LPG
(Cylinders)
2.57 3.42 4.28 5.14
3. Monthly saving from
Biogas in terms of
LPG (Assumed cost of
LPG cylinder
=Rs.330/-)
771 1026 1284 1542
4. Approximate pay back
period of Biogas Plant
(years)
1.50 1.25 1.10 1.00
Estimated cost and Payback period for Deenbandhu biogas plants
on the basis of saving of LPG

35. The initial cost of the plant can be recovered in a very
short time due to savings in the use of alternate fuels.
The user will be getting the biogas from the plants for
more than 25 years.
User is saved from the increase in cost of alternate fuels
during the life of plant
All the farmers rearing animals should adopt this
technology as it requires one time investment and its
benefits are derived for rest of the life of plant.
Government of India provides an incentive of Rs. 8000/- or
50% of cost which ever is less for the installation of
biogas plants.

36. An additional incentive of Rs 1000/- is provided for
connecting the toilet to the biogas digester
Attachment of toilet to the biogas plant will decrease the
cost of toilet significantly as no separate septic tank will
be required for the toilet.
Value of the good manure and carbon credit earned has
not been considered in computing the payback period.
Keeping all the incentive into consideration the initial cost
will be recovered in a very short time.
There is no major maintenance cost for the plant and the
operation of the plant is very simple.

37. Capacity of
biogas plant
(m3 )
Approximate
No. of
animals
required
Quantity of
fresh dung
required
(kg)
Cooking for
number of
persons
1 2-3 25 2-3
2 4-5 50 4-5
3 6-7 75 7-8
4 8-10 100 10-11
6 13-15 150 14-16

38. Some farmers may feel difficulty in arranging the
initial capital for installation of biogas plant
For such farmers a programme may be framed
in which the bank provides interest free loan to
the farmers.
The loss in to the bank is compensated from the
incentives to be provided to the farmers.
The direct incentive to the farmers may be
reduced in such cases

39. Rate of
Interest
Monthly Installment for
20000 loan(Rs)
Total Interest paid (Rs)
Period of Return (Months) Period of Return (Months)
36 48 60 36 48 60
8 643 497 411 2491 3363 4260
7 633.5 488 402 2170 2925 3700
0 571.5 425.5 339
0 0 0

40. The use of biogas plants reduces the green house
effect due to anaerobic decomposition of organic
matter to a large extent and helps to save our
environment.
Attaching the toilet to the biogas plant will improve the
sanitary condition in villages and help in reducing the
cost of the toilet.
The biogas plants are easily affordable and
economically viable and must be installed at a rapid
rate to achieve 100 % potential of biogas plants . The
investment is one time and the benefits are derived
for rest of the life of plant.