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![Indian poverty
• Poverty is widespread in India, with the nation
estimated to have a third of the world's poor.
According to a 2005 World Bank estimate, 41.6%
of the total Indian population falls below
the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day
(PPP, in nominal terms 21.6 a day in urban areas
and 14.3 in rural areas).[1] A recent report by the
Oxford Poverty and Human Development
Initiative states that 8 Indian states have more
poor than 26 poorest African nations combined
which totals to more than 410 million poor in the
poorest African countries.[2]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/climatechangeandwaterresources-121218071801-phpapp02/85/Climate-change-and-water-resources-21-320.jpg)
Uploaded bySai Bhaskar Reddy Nakka
Climate change and water resources
Climate change will have major impacts on water resources and society. While some impacts like heavier rainfall are more visible, changes like reductions in water supply and quality will also be significant. Vulnerability to climate change is determined by exposure to risks, sensitivity of systems, and adaptive capacity. India faces widespread poverty and many policy and community efforts are needed to build resilience, though many current responses only provide temporary relief. Adaptation is key to reducing the risks of climate change impacts on water and livelihoods.
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Climate change and water resources
- 1. Climate Change and Water Resources Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, CEO, GEO http://e-geo.org 16th August 2012 Center for Climate Change and Environment Advisory (CCCEA) Dr. MCR HRD Institute of AP, India
- 2. Present carbon cycle Storage and flux of carbon (in billions of tones) SPEED OF EXCHANGE PROCESS Very fast (less than 1 year) Fast (1 to 10 years) Slow (10 to 100 years) Very slow (more than 100 years)
- 3.
- 4. Variation of thetemperature on Earth
- 5. Temperature trends (1976to 2000)
- 6. Precipitation trends (1900to 2000)
- 7. TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATIONS 5 degrees = What separates us from the last glacial era (-15 000 BC) Models’ forecasts : +1,4 to +5,8 degrees by 2100. Source : IPCC/SRESA2
- 8. Visual impact ofClimate Change
- 9. Impact of ClimateChange on society …Katrina, Rita, Stan, Wilma… Climate change will cause heavier tropical cyclones.
- 10. Cost of extremeweather events
- 11. Less visual butwith major impact Agriculture and food security Consequences of Crop yields, irrigation demands... climate change: Forest Composition, health and productivity... Water resources Water supply, water quality... Coastal areas Erosion, inundation, cost of prevention... Species and natural areas > Temperature increase Biodiversity, modification of ecosystems... > Sea level rise > More rain Human health Infectious diseases, human settlements...
- 12. Vulnerability Vulnerability to climatechange is the risk of adverse things happening Vulnerability is a function of three factors: Exposure Sensitivity Adaptive capacity
- 13. Exposure •Exposure is whatis at risk from climate change, e.g., – Population – Resources – Property •It is also the climate change that an affected system will face, e.g., – Sea level – Temperature – Precipitation – Extreme events
- 14. Sensitivity • Biophysical effectof climate change – Change in crop yield, runoff, energy demand • It considers the socioeconomic context, e.g., the agriculture system • Grain crops typically are sensitive • Manufacturing typically is much less sensitive
- 15. Adaptive Capacity • Capabilityto adapt • Function of: – Wealth – Technology – Education – Institutions – Information – Infrastructure – “Social capital” • Having adaptive capacity does not mean it is used effectively
- 16. Vulnerability is a Function of … • More exposure and sensitivity increase vulnerability • More adaptive capacity decreases vulnerability • An assessment of vulnerability should consider all three factors
- 17. Adaptation “adjustment in naturalor human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm of exploits beneficial opportunities” (Third Assessment Report, Working Group II) Includes “actual” (realized) or “expected” (future) changes in climate
- 18. Adaptation (continued) Two typesof adaptation Autonomous adaptation or reactive adaptation tends to be what people and systems do as impacts of climate change become apparent Anticipatory or proactive adaptation are measures taken to reduce potential risks of future climate change
- 19. SL framework: Determinantsof adaptive capacity Livelihood Examples resources Human Knowledge, Skills Social Women’s savings and loans groups, farmer- CBOs Physical Irrigation infrastructure, seed and grain storage facilities Natural Reliable water source, productive land Financial Micro-insurance, diversified income sources Policies, institutions and power structures
- 20.
- 21. Indian poverty • Povertyis widespread in India, with the nation estimated to have a third of the world's poor. According to a 2005 World Bank estimate, 41.6% of the total Indian population falls below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day (PPP, in nominal terms 21.6 a day in urban areas and 14.3 in rural areas).[1] A recent report by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative states that 8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations combined which totals to more than 410 million poor in the poorest African countries.[2]
- 23. What is beingdone and how effective is it? 1. Communities continuously finding better options to reduce their vulnerability 2. Few responses decrease the sensitivity of the system 3. Majority are short-term fixes - reduce vulnerability temporarily but decreases the resilience of the system
- 24. Climate Changes inIndia • Increase in surface temperature by 0.4 degree C over the past century. • Warming trend along the west coast, in central India, the interior peninsula, and northeastern India.
- 25. Climate Changes in India • Cooling trend in northwest India and parts of South India. • Regional monsoon variations: increased monsoon seasonal rainfall along the west coast, northern Andhra Pradesh and North- western India, decreased monsoon seasonal rainfall over eastern Madhya Pradesh, North-
- 26. Climate Changes inIndia • Observed trends of multi- decadal periods of more frequent droughts, followed by less severe droughts. • Studies have shown a rising trend in the frequency of heavy rain events and decrease in frequency of moderate events over central India from 1951 to 2000. 26
- 27. Climate Changes in India • Records of coastal tide gauges in the north Indian ocean for the last 40 years has revealed an estimated sea level rise between 1.06-1.75 mm per year. • The available monitoring data on Himalayan glaciers indicates recession of some glaciers. 27
- 28. Per-capita Carbon –dioxideemission (Metric Tons) 25 20.01 20 15 11.71 9.4 9.87 10 5 3.6 4.25 1.02 0 USA Europe Japan China Russia India World average
- 29. Watershed activities focuson vulnerability reduction Livelihood enforcing support rights Productivity of Enhancement natural of knowledge resources
- 33.
- 34. The Barefoot College,Tilonia
- 35. Freshwater management inIndia Water Conservation Watershed management Water quality conservation Inter basin water transfer GW management Recycle and reuse of water Public involvement and capacity building Anupma Sharma
- 36. Condensation Let’s take a look at Precipitation The Water Cycle Evapotranspiration Evaporation Infiltration Surface Runoff Consumption Surface Water .ppt (36) Sea water intrusion
- 37. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (WDP) Improve and sustain productivity and production potentials of the dry/semi-arid regions of India through adoption of appropriate production and conservation technologies. Meet the needs of local rural communities for food, fuel, fodder and timber. Improve all types of lands, i.e., Government, Forest, Community and Private Lands falling within a watershed.
- 38. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (WDP) WDPs, in short: A holistic approach to improve and develop the economic and natural resource base of dry/semi-arid/fragile regions. In a watershed development program the watershed is the unit for development rather than political or administrative boundaries
- 39. WDP Activities • i)LandDevelopment: Levelling and terracing, improving soil quality and productivity; and watershed reclamation. • ii)Water Development: Promote in situ water harvesting and conservation, establish percolation ponds and open wells, tanks, small reservoirs, and improving water quality.
- 40. WDP Activities • iii)Enterprises/Activities:Evolve appropriate farming systems, encourage a crop mix of high value/high yield crops, social/agro- forestry, other income-generating activities like dairying, poultry-keeping, etc.
- 41. Some Illustrations ofBenefits of WDPs • -Replacing seasonal/annual crops with agro- silvi, agrohorti, silvi-horti; systems on hill slopes/degraded lands. Benefits: reduce soil erosion; arrest surface run-offs. • -Training water to store excess water run-offs in farm ponds/percolation tanks. Benefits: improve groundwater recharge. • -Construction of earthen or vegetative bunds or barriers to surface run-offs in a watershed. Benefits: help in moisture conservation.
- 43. In the lifeof a farmer climate Variability and Extreme events are more important than climate change
- 44. Government departments (AP) • Agriculture and Co-Operation • Labour, Employment Training and Factories • Animal Husbandry and Fisheries • Law • Backward Classes Welfare • Minorities Welfare • Consumer Affairs Food & Civil Supplies • Municipal Administration and Urban • Energy Development • Environment, Forests, Science and • Panchayat Raj and Rural Development Technology • Planning • FinanceFinance (PMU)Finance (Project Wing) • Public Enterprises • General Administration • Rain Shadow Areas Development • Health, Medical and Family Welfare • Revenue • Higher Education • School Education (SE Wing) • Home • School Education (SSA Wing) • Housing • Social Welfare • Industries and Commerce • Transport, Roads and Buildings • Information Technology and Communications • Women Development, Child Welfare and • Infrastructure and Investment Disabled Welfare • Irrigation • Youth Advancement, Tourism and Culture http://www.aponline.gov.in/apportal/departments/portallistoforgsbydepts.aspx?i=3
- 45. MGNREGA • 'National RuralEmployment Guarantee Act'2005 (NREGA) • Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year to every household • a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an opportunity to combine growth with equity • Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force, not as recipients of doles, but as productive partners in our economic process • assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency • Operationalised from 2nd February, 2006 in 200 selected districts, extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08. • The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April, 2008
- 46. Agriculture • India ‘spopulation is 1.21 billion in 2011. 67% are rural. Majority are in agriculture. • Importance of agriculture in Indian economy. Although it contributes only 15% of GDP, the share of workers is about 55%. • Marginal and small farmers dominate • Major crops are rice, wheat, maize, coarse cereals, groundnut, cotton, sugarcane, fruits and vegetables • 60% of cultivated area is rainfed as only 40% of area is under irrigation. • Rural poverty is 41%in 2004-05. • Agriculture is a ‘State Subject’. In other words, the policies of provinces are also important
- 47. Climate Change /Variability in Semi-arid regions Precipitation is less than potential evapotranspiration. Low annual rainfall of 25 to 60 centimeters and having scrubby vegetation with short, coarse grasses; not completely arid.
- 48. Climate Change /Variability in Semi-arid regions Climate Variability and extremes are an expected characteristic of semi-arid lands. The people vulnerable to droughts, which trigger frequent subsistence crises Increasing crop failures, dislocation, famine, poverty, increases stratification and the social inequities.
- 49. Major challenges ofAgriculture Climate change - Soil fertility Water variability - management extremes Impact of Burning of crop Alkalinity of soils hazardous residue pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers
- 50. Crop Water Soil Climate Energy Environment
- 52. Vulnerability of poorin rural areas Two-thirds of households derive income directly from natural sources Natural resources are threatened by stresses Biotic & Abiotic Agriculture & natural resource based livelihoods at immediate risk Rural poor do not have resources to cope
- 53. Nature of Works Waterbased Land based • » Water conservation • » Land development • » Water harvesting • » Micro and minor Forest/ Agro--Forestry irrigation works • » Provision of irrigation • » Afforestation facilities • » Horticulture • » Desilting of tanks Infrastructure • » Renovation of traditional water bodies • » Rural roads • » Flood control and protection works
- 58. Conservation technologies Stress-tolerant, climate-resilientvarieties of seeds, drip irrigation, zero-tillage, raised-bed planting, laser-levelling, Systems of Rice Intensification (SRI), can build adaptive capacities to cope with increasing water stress, providing “more crop per drop”.
- 59. “VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT ANDENHANSING ADAPTIVE CAPACITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN SEMI-ARID AREAS OF INDIA” Policies/Structures Vulnerability Adaptability Rural Poverty Livelihoods Diversification Community Empowerment Energy Bio Diversity Agriculture Production Water Resources Climate Change Appropriate Skills Water Management SCENARIO 1 Human / Social Natural / Environmental / Physical Economic / Political AFPRO 59
- 60.
- 61. Major challenges ofAgriculture Climate change - Soil fertility Water variability - management extremes Impact of Burning of crop Alkalinity of soils hazardous residue pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers
- 62. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 0 195152 195253 195354 195455 195556 195657 195758 195859 195960 196061 196162 196263 196364 196465 196566 196667 196768 196869 196970 197071 197172 197273 197374 197475 197576 197677 197778 197879 197980 198081 198182 198283 198384 198485 198586 198687 198788 198889 198990 199091 199192 199293 199394 199495 199596 199697 199798 199899 199900 200001 200102 200203 Mahabubnagar District Rainfall Pattern 200304 200405 200506 200607 R2 = 0.1374 200708 200809 200910 y = -4.6207x + 851.14 201011 201112 201213 201314
- 63. Field level interventions ACTIVITY CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT FACILITATION RESEARCH
- 64. INCREASED PRODUCTI SOIL SPIRITUAL CARBON ON TEMPERAT SEQUESTR URE ATION REGULATE D CREMATIO BELIEFS N TERMITES / MOISTURE ANTS RETENTION CULTURAL REPULSION ALTARS RITUALS ENERG Y EARTHWO WATER SOIL RMS CONSERVA FESTIVALS AMENDMENT INCREASE TION BIOCH AR NITROGEN BIOMASS BIOCHAR / PHOSPHOR COMPOST OUS INSECT FOOD PRESERV RETENTION REPELLE ING NT FOOD SOIL MICROBES NURSERIES FILTERIN CLEANIN DENSITY INCREASE PESTICIDES G MEDIA G ADBSORBTI ON GOOD STOVES SOAK MEDICIN •TLUDs PITS E •Other stoves POULTRY - PRACTICES CH4 REDUCTION BIOCHAR MATTRE WASTE URINALS SS MANAGEM SOURCES CROP ENT (BIOMASS) RESIDUE •Sludge BIOCHAR TOOTH ANIMALS BRICKS POWDER AQUARI AIR POULTRY QUALITY LIVESTOCK - UM / LITTER FYM / WATER URINE AND TERRARI • CO2 / COMPOST TREATM DUNG UMS CH4 ENT Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy, GEO http://e-geo.org | http://biocharculture.com
- 65. RITUAL / SPIRITUAL / SOIL AGRICUTURE ANIMALS ENERGY HABITAT SANITATION HEALTH WATER RELIGIOUS / PRACTICES PADDY APPLICATION IN ANIMAL PLACES BIOCHAR FIRE / ALTAR / METHANE BIOCHAR URINALS TO TAP SOURCE FROM YAGNAS / EMISSIONS BRICKS CLEANING URINE, SANITAT EFFICIENT TLUD AGNIHOTRA REDUCTION TEETH ION AND COOK STOVES EMISSIONS BIOCHAR REDUCTION BIOCHAR PESTICIDE & TOILETS COMPLEX BIOCHAR IN FIRE DURING CHEMICALS AQUARIUMS FESTIVALS AFFECTS RUMINANT WATER MITIGATION ANIMALS AS BY PRODUCT PURIFICATION – METHANE FROM GASIFIER BIOCHAR IN BIOCHAR COLOR, ODOR, EMISSIONS STOVES, BOILER CATTLE SHEDS TABLETS REMOVAL OF EMMISIONS REDUCTION AS S ETC HARMFUL REDUCTION FEED ADDITIVE ELEMENTS, ETC. BIOCHAR IN FROM FARM POULTRY CREMATIONS YARD FARMS CLEANING MANURES AND COMPOSTS PLATES / BIOCHAR UTENSILS SOAKING IN COMPOST CHARCOAL WITH ANIMALS BIOCHAR IN PRODUCTION NATURAL / URINE AND FOOD AS PART FROM BIOMASS BIOCHAR IN ARTIFICIAL CROP RESIDUE EXCRETA - OF FOOD / WASTE FRIDGES, MATT FIRES IN MANAGEMENT VALUE BATHING PREPARATIONS MANAGEMENT RESSES, ETC. FORESTS / ADDITION FIELDS, ETC.
- 66. Biocharculture Biocharculture is the process of using Biochar, including cultivation of crops • Biochar is the charcoal produced from carbonaceous source material. Sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in terrestrial ecosystems • Biocharculture is one of the means to integrate for sustainable cultivation and carbon sequestration. • Biochar is usually produced at around temperatures 300 to 600 degrees centigrade for example as found in the common biomass cook stoves. • Because of its macromolecular structure dominated by aromatic C, Biochar is more recalcitrant to microbial decomposition than uncharred organic matter
- 67. Biocharculture Adaptation benefits Lessen the impact of hazardous Securing the crop Reclaim the pesticides and from drought and water conservation, degraded soils, complex chemicals climate variabiiity & to reduce plant uptake. Conversion of crop reducing emissions increases in residue into Biochar and increasing the Increase in crop C, N, pH, and an option and sequestration of yield available P to the address carbon greenhouse gases plants sequestration Reduction in Increase in the soil Impacts of Biochar Temperature leaching of the bio / microbes / worms last more than 1000 regulation in the chem fertilizers at the biochar and years. soil applied soil interface
- 68. CONTROL AND BIOCHAR- OKRA Farmers focus 80% ON CROP 20% ON SOIL
- 69.
- 70. APPLICATION IN THEFIELDS
- 71. OKRA - CONTROLAND BIOCHAR PLOTS CONTROL BIOCHAR COMPOST 4 KGS 8 KGS 12 KGS
- 72. BIOCHAR CONTROL 1.5 FEET 6 FEET
- 73. BIOCHAR RESULTS GSBC PROJECT, 2009 (DORUGHT PREVAILED DURING THE GROWING SEASON)
- 74. Methane Emissions frompaddy fields
- 75. Biochar – livestockurine
- 76. BIOCHAR URINALS TAPPING NITROGEN FROM URINE OF ANIMALS AND PEOPLE USING BIOCHAR
- 77. OTHER BIOCHAR APPLICATIONS BIOCHAR BRICKS, GREEN BUILDINGS
- 82. MAGH SERIES BIOCHARPRODUCING STOVES
- 83. MAGH SERIES BIOCHARPRODUCING STOVES
Editor's Notes
- #67 Biochar is a part of the solution for cotton crop sustainable cultivation, there is a need to create large scale awareness among the farmers to continue traditional best practices of Biochar application and also adopt appropriate best technologies for improving the fertility of the soils and their sustainability.