The document discusses the impact of SACOLA, the Sabinyo Community Livelihoods Association, on conservation efforts in Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. SACOLA works to promote the coexistence of nature, economy, and society by supporting local communities through socio-cultural and economic programs while also promoting tourism in the park. The association has made achievements in community development and tourism that support both people's livelihoods and wildlife conservation in the park.

1. Symposium
SEPT20Years – The Co-existence of Nature, Economy
and Society as Base for Sustainable Economic
Development, Leipzig, 24 November 2012
PES and REDD+ for sustainable land
management in developing countries
– case studies from Latin America, South East Asia, and Africa
Udo Nehren,
Cologne University of Applied Sciences

2. 1
Higher Education Excellence in Development
Cooperation – exceed
— The CNRD is one of five competence centers for
development cooperation in Germany, funded by the
German Ministery of Economic Cooperation and
Development (BMZ)
— CNRD is coordinated by the Institute for Technology and
Resources Management in the Tropics and Subtropics (ITT)
at Cologne University of Applied Sciences

3. 2
Orientation towards Millennium Development
Goal 7 (MDG 7) in research, teaching, and
training

4. 3
The CNRD network

5. 4
"The ninth-century
collapse and
abandonment of the
Central Maya
Lowlands in the
Yucatán peninsular
region were the
result of complex
human–environment
interactions“
(Cook et al. 2012)
© Roy Andersen, National Geographic

6. 5
Maya civilization, Deforestation for agricultural land, urban expansion,
depended on building materials, etc. = internal pressure
agriculture,
technological and
cultural progress
Longest dry spell of the last 2,000 years = external
Growing pressure
population
Cook et al. (2012):
Few centuries later: - Reduced annual precipitation
Change of regional - Regional climate change, severe droughts
climate towards
moister conditions
In many areas forests
expanded Collapse of Maya civilization
Population reduced to 10% if its maximum

7. Civilization 6
…
…technical progress

8. 7

9. 8
Fotos Yucatán Kultur
und Karst
Slides Nummerieren
Climate Change Scenarios

10. 9
Earth System under stress –
people under stress
Source: UNEP

11. 10
Hans Carl von Wood scarcity in Central Europe;
Carlowitz: Sylvicultura reforestation, “forest romanticism”;
oeconomica. Acc. to Radkau (2008) start of the
Anweisung zur wilden modern environmental movement
Baum-Zucht (1713):
US: preservation (= nature
Nachhaltigkeit
set aside for its own sake)
(Sustainability)
versus conservation (=
managing for human use)

12. 10
UN Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), 1992 Rio Summit
Brundtland report (1987)
Global 2000 (1980)
Club of Rome (1972): Limits to growth

13. 10
UN Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), 2012 Rio+20
2002 World Summit on Sustainable
Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg
Kyoto Protocol 1997

14. Action on all fronts and at all levels
Researchers ICZM
Ecosystem
management
Kyoto Protocol
Food security
Soil erosion
People
Sustainable development
IWRM
Sea level rise
Millennium Ecosystem
Water scarcity
Assessment Agenda 21

15. 12
Markets and
economic
incentives?

16. 13
Biodiversity loss
„We'll lose uncounted new benefits. These
are what the economists call opportunity
costs, and they are enormous because we
haven't even identified the vast majority of
species out there.“
E.O. Wilson 1993: The Threatened Biosphere,
Defenders Magazine, Summer 1993

17. 14
The crucial role of tropical and
subtropical ecosystems

18. 15
Significance of tropical and subtropical
Ecosystems

19. 16
Carbon storage
Deforestation is responsible for an estimated
release of 5.8 billion tons of CO2 equivalents
per year, of which 96% are emitted by
developing countries of the tropics (Stern
Report 2006, IPCC 2007)

20. 17
Protection from natural hazards
www.cnx.org

21. 18
(Sub)tropical countries prone to disasters
Alliance Development Works (2012): World Risk Report 2012

22. 19
Population growth, economic growth
+1.2
+10.5
+7.7
+6.6
+3.6 +4.2 +5.9
+4.2
Numbers = Average
growth rate of real
GDP 2007-2011
Population data for 2011 (CIA fact book 2012)
Economic data for 2011 (World Bank 2012)

23. 20
Consequences
FAO Global Forest Assessment 2010

24. 21
Ecosystem Services for human well-being – The
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)
Provisioning services Regulating services
(food, fiber, genetic (climate, water, erosion,
resources, biochemicals, pest, disease regulation,
fresh water): demand of and others): protection of
natural resources natural resources

25. 22
Mechanismen:
CDM
REDD+
Paying people for sustainable forest
and land use management?
PES

26. 23
Climate Change Mitigation
a) Reducing greenhouse gas emissions
b) Increasing their sinks: Optimizing forest and land use management
Deforestation and forest degradation in tropical rainforests: 12-20% of global
GHG emissions (IPCC, 2007, van der Werf et al. 2009)
- Maintaining existing C pools
- Restoring lost C pools Low-cost GHG emission
- Creating new C pools reduction
FAO 2010

27. 24
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest
Degradation (REDD)
Idea of REDD in “Reducing Emissions Bali Action Plan: Copenhagen Cancún
the context of from Deforestation in Accord: Agreements:
LULUCF developing countries: Sustainable forest
approaches to management, Mobilization of Provide countries
stimulate action“ participation of financial resources with guidance on
requested by local communities from developed REDD+ readiness
“Coalition of and indigenous countries
Rainforest Nations“ peoples
Kyoto Protocol Montreal (COP-11) Bali (COP-13) Copenhagen (COP-15) Cancún (COP-16)
1997 2005 2007 2009 2010
Concentration of REDD+ projects in rainforest countries of the Amazon
Basin, Congo Basin, and South East Asia

28. 25
REDD vs. PES
REDD PES
Financial compensation for C storage or Payments for sustainable ecosystem
emission reduction through forest management to protect natural
management and reforestation resources
REDD+: sustainable use of forests and Usually four ecosystem services:
benefits for local communities - Carbon sequestration
- Water quality and availability
Monetary value for stored C; included in
- Biodiversity protection
international carbon trade system
- Landscape beauty and tourism
Projects financed by international funds
and grants, such as UN-REDD or FCPC Funding particularly for small farmers
(Forest Carbon Partnership Fund) and land owners
Currently: Developing methodologies Mainly governmental payments, no
and implementation in national policies trading system

29. Case study I: Ecuador 26
Potentials and Risks of REDD+ implementation
in indigenous community lands in the
Ecuadorian Amazon
Toa Loaiza-Lange, Udo Nehren, Gerhard Gerold

30. 27
REDD+ project in the buffer zone of Yasuní NP
How can indigenous
groups participate in the
REDD+ mechanism? Rio Napo

31. 28
Kichwas Shuar Peasants
Pop 80,000 Pop 45,000
Agriculture, livestock production, forestry
Fishing, hunting, gathering forests products
Extended families Clan arrangements Nuclear Family

32. 29
Nearly 900 petroleum companies Road opening, expansion of
are active in NE Amazon (80% of agricultural & pasture lands, illegal
the surface) (Larrea et al. 2009) logging -> annual loss of virgin
forest 2000-2010 = 1.8% (FAO, 2011)

33. Legal Framework Analysis
Legal issues in Indigenous 30
Local
territories
de facto vs de
jure rights Benefit
Sharing
Oil
Concessions
Carbon
Rights
ownership
Global
Laoiza Lange et al. 2012

34. 31
• REDD+ is known in the indigenous communities
• Unclear land tenure and overlapping of properties
• Shape & Limits of properties changed to allow oil
concessions
• Actual territories do not match ancestral lands
• Kichwas and Shuar also used legal mechanisms for
land titling to gain properties in non-traditional
territories
• Land speculation, carbon rights - Who will benefit?

35. 32
Case study II: Atlantic Forest of Brazil
Potential natural forest area
~1.0-1.5 million km² *)
Percentage of original forest area
~ 8.0% *) / 11.4-16.0% **)
Highly fragmented
~ 232,000 forest fragments *)
One of 25 biodiversity hotspots ***)
*) Fundação SOS Mata Atlântica / INPE 2009
**) Ribeiro et al. 2009
***) Myers et al. 2000
Climate Change Scenarios

36. 33
Serra do Mar corridor
Study Area of the
German-Brazilian
Research Project
DINARIO
Altlantic Ocean
Climate Change Scenarios
SOS Mata Atlântica 2010, modified
by Heinrich, Nehren & Sattler 2010

37. 34
Potentials for REDD+?
4.04% 0.14% Close to megacity Rio de
Janeiro: suburbanization
processes, fragmented
landscape, many small
45.45%
50.37% farmers
Lack of information about
EMBRAPA 2010
REDD+

38. 35
Legal framework
REDDy?
Climate Change Scenarios
Nehren et al. 2012

39. 36
Upper Guapi-
Macacu watershed
No additionality
PES for reforestation and management
of small forest fragments:
+ biodiversity
+ carbon storage
+ water quantity and quality
+ tourism

40. Case study III: Deforestation and degradation
of dry forests due for wood fuel extraction,
Mutomo district, Kenya
Geoffrey Ndegwa1, Dieter Anhuf2, Udo Nehren3, Sabine Schlüter4, Miyuki Iiyama5
1 University Passau
2 Cologne University of Applied Sciences
th
3 ICRAF – 27 of September, 2012 Centre, Nairobi
Date: World Agroforestry

41. 38
Key figures Mutomo District (GOK,
2011)
Location Eastern province of
Kenya
Population / About 180,000 (2009),
land area 33,000 households,
20,400 km2; high
population growth rate
Main sources Casual labour (41%),
of income remittances (21%), petty
trading (18%), formal
employment (3%)
charcoal production
(9%)
Rainfall 500-1,050mm (with 30%
reliability)
Population 65%
below poverty
line

42. 39
How can a PES scheme support
sustainable land management and
reduce deforestation and forest
degradation?
Household distribution by
main cooking fuel + biodiversity
firewood paraffin electricity charcoal + carbon storage
+ tourism
ICRAF 2012

43. 40
Case studies IV and V:
Vietnam and Indonesia
Hazards and environmental problems

44. 41
Ecosystems under pressure
Slash and burn Acacia and rubber plantations
Climate Change Scenarios
Dam construction Illegal mining

45. 42
Evolving technologies and Ecosystem and community-
community-­‐based monitoring based adaptation to climate
for effective REDD+ related disasters
implementation Cologne University of Applied Sciences,
University of Wageningen (The Hue University (Vietnam)
Netherlands), Cologne University of Applied
Sciences, Vietnam Academy for Water
Resources, Hue University (Vietnam)

46. 43
Indonesia, Karimunjawa Island
Mangrove forest carbon stock mapping in small islands using
remote sensing: above and below ground carbon mapping on
medium resolution satellite image
Gadjah Mada University (Indonesia), Cologne University of Applied Sciences
Focus:
Baseline for REDD+ implementation
Climate Change Scenarios
Community-based ecosystem management

47. 44
Lessons learned so far
Much attention paid to economic approaches for land
and ecosystem management, such as REDD+ and PES
Success strongly depends on the political,
socioeconomic, cultural and ecological circumstances
PES successfully implemented in (sub)tropical countries;
Can economic relatively low risks
approaches
help to REDD+ bears risks of top-down governance, land
prevent the speculation, violation of indigenous rights, apart from
21st century technical challenges
ecological
collapse? REDD+ requires strong involvement of communities to
improve knowledge and acceptance; safeguards for
communities and ecosystems needed

48. Thank you very much for your
attention
And thanks to the PhD students:
Toa Loaiza Lange (Ecuador)
Vanesa Rodriguez (Bolivia, Brazil)
Geoffrey Ndegwa (Kenya)
Arun Pratihast (Nepal, Vietnam)
Pramaditya Wicaksono (Indonesia)

49. 20
THE CO-EXISTENCE OF NATURE, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
AS BASE FOR SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
TOPIC:
THE IMPACT OF SACOLA(SABYINYO
COMMUNITY LIVELIHOODS
ASSOCIATION) IN THE CONSERVATION
OF VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK-
REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
Presented by: NSHIMIYIMANA Gonzalves
INES-Ruhengeri, E-mail: gonshimiye@yahoo.fr

50. Outline
1. BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT RWANDA
1. Akagera National Park (East of Rwanda)
2. Nyungwe National Park (South of Rwanda)
3. Volcanoes National Park (North Rwanda)
2. SACOLA : THE COEXISTANCE OF NATURE, ECONOMY AND
SOCIETY
1. The nature of SACOLA
2. Main achievements of SACOLA (socio-cultural, economic, tourism)
3. Conclusion: Overall impact
2 SMEs: Coexistance of Nature, Economy and Society

51. 1. Basic information about Rwanda
Size: 26,338km2; Landscape: Hilly
Pop: 11m (54% women, 46% men)
Life: 85% agriculture
Religion: 95 christians
Languages: Kinyarwanda, English, French

52. 1.1. Akagera National Park (East of Rwanda)
Is the largest in Rwanda with
various wild animals (Zebra,
Giraffes, hippos, lions, impala,
Distance: 2hrs drive from Kigali
Inside the Park: Akagera Game
Lodge
4 SMEs: Coexistance of Nature, Economy and Society

53. 1.2. Nyungwe National Park (South of Rwanda)
One the largest populations of endemic
species in all of Africa.
East Africa's largest protected high-
altitude rainforest.
Distance: 3hrs drive from Kigali
Species inside the Park:
86 mammals, 14 of primates,
280 of avian species,
43 species of reptiles,
1100 species of orchids
What else?
Canopy walkway: 90m long, 50m high
Nyungwe forest Lodge
SMEs: Coexistance of Nature, Economy and Society
5

54. 1.3. Volcanoes National Park (North Rwanda)
(the focus of this presentation)
Home
population of the remaining
endangered Mountain Gorillas
Distance: 2h30 from Kigali
Inside and around the Park:
Mountain Gorillas
Many lodges
Questions?
How local communities
benefit the volcanoes park?
What do they do to protect
it?
6 SMEs: Coexistance of Nature, Economy and Society

55. 2. SACOLA : THE COEXISTANCE OF NATURE, ECONOMY
AND SOCIETY
Created in 2004 by Kinigi District
SACOLA means authorities in collaboration with the
former Rwanda Office of Tourism
and National Parks (Now: RDB)
Objectives:
Improve and promote the lives of
population surrounding the park
who were suffering heavily from
the consequences of the guerilla
war of 1997-1998
Sabyinyo (the mountain above) Protect the park against human
Community Livelihood
Association activities and disease transmission
from humans to gorillas
7 SMEs: Coexistance of Nature, Economy and Society

56. 2.1. The nature of SACOLA
1. Domains of Intervention: 3. Tools used:
Socio- cultural Community cooperatives
Economic born after .
Tourism UNICOPAV (Ex-poachers,
Amizero poters club, crafters,
2. Means
bee-keepers),
Using, supporting and
ANNICO (Producers of
synchronizing services provided
tourism products made in
by local organizations and
Bamboos)
communities
Muhisimbi (tourism guides)
Profit sharing with surrounding
communities.
8 SMEs: Coexistance of Nature, Economy and Society

57. 2.2. Main achievements of SACOLA
1. Socio-cultural
Construction of full houses
31 for genocide survivors
20 for other vulnerables:
2,600 iron sheets + nails (16m Rwf)
Cows donated in the program
one cow per family:
150 cows from 2010 to 2012
SACOLA cultural center:
(traditional dancers, healers, iron
9 SMEs: Coexistance of Nature, Economy and Society

58. Money inject locally from 2008
to 2011 (SACOLA in partnership
with SSBL): 442,114 USD for:
construction of schools,
roads,
rain harvest water tanks
10 SMEs: Coexistance of Nature, Economy and Society

59. 2. Economic achievements
Investment: 750,000USD in Sabyinyo
Silver Back Lodge (18 beds in total; 5 Revenue sharing:
cottages, 2 suites and 1 family suite) 58USD per day &per head
Management by Governors camps, a allocated to SACOLA,
British Kenya-based group 30USD per visit to cultural
center paid directly to SACOLA
which also allocates a tip to the
owners of the visited site
60% of employees must come
from local community
Basic food is supplied by locals
Prices: From normal to high season NB:
300-500USD (Single) With this money SACOLA invests
700 to 1,000USD (Suite) back in the community
11 SMEs: Coexistance of Nature, Economy and Society

60. 3. Achievements in Tourism
Gorilla naming ceremony (yearly)
Introduced in 2005 to create awareness for
safeguarding of the mountain Gorillas that
are in danger of extinction
Gorillas increased from 300 to 480 in
2012,
2005-2006-2007-2008: 30, 12, 23 and 20
respectively.
Visit permit: from 500USD to 750USD
There are 8 gorilla families that can be
visited 10 people each every day
Walls preventing other animals going out of
the VNP
12 SMEs: Coexistance of Nature, Economy and Society

61. Conclusion:Overall impact
1. Social benefits: 2. Economic benefits:
Improved education, health Hotel construction,
care, Job creation and food market
Community united around Revenue sharing
one cause
Problems, experiences and
solutions sharing
3.Tourism benefits
Openness toward the outside Environmental conservation
world Increased number of Gorillas
Increased cost of Gorilla visit
permit
13 SMEs: Coexistance of Nature, Economy and Society

62. TtHhAaNnKk YyOoUu!

63. Sources
Interview with Florence Secretary,
Founder, One of Gorilla Naming Personalities in 2010
www.nyungwe.org
www.igcp.org
15 SMEs: Coexistance of Nature, Economy and Society