Abstract: Now a days climate change is the biggest problem of the human being. It is already happening and represents one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats facing the planet. The warming of the climate system is unequal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level. Climate change, also called global warming, refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth. An overwhelming scientific consensus maintains that climate change is due primarily to the human use of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air. The gases trap heat within the atmosphere, which can have a range of effects on ecosystems, including rising sea levels, severe weather events, and droughts that render landscapes more susceptible to wildfires. The main causes of climate change are Increase in CO2 concentration, Ozone depletion, Deforestation, Methane and Nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture, Aerosols present in the Atmosphere, Sunspots, Burning of Fossil Fuels and Increase in population. India also affected by climate change. Drougths, extreme heat, changing rainfall patterns, glacier melting, rising sea level and health related issues are faced by India due to climate change. Indian government sets new climate change targets in 2015. The government has pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions intensity — the ratio between a country’s gross emissions to its gross domestic product at a particular point — by 33-35 per cent by 2030. For this, India has to ensure about 40 per cent of its electricity comes from non-fossil fuel sources. The government will launch new, more efficient and cleaner technologies in thermal power generation, reduction of emissions from the transportation sector, promotion of energy efficiency in industry, transportation, buildings and appliances, and reduction of emissions from waste.
Keywords: global warming, Climate change, transportation sector.
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture on industrialization and sustainability. It discusses key topics such as the necessity of industrialization, challenges for industry, critical issues like population growth and resource constraints, the sustainable industrialization process, and balancing technical progress with environmental sustainability. Global trends in industrialization are also examined, including the transformation to more innovative and localized production models.
The document discusses the objectives and importance of public involvement in environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It states that public participation is essential for EIAs and environmental decision making as it allows local knowledge and values to be incorporated. This improves the quality of decisions and project legitimacy. It also informs the public about proposed projects and their impacts. Early and meaningful public involvement throughout the EIA process is important for input on identifying impacts and alternatives and improving EIA reports and final decisions.
This document summarizes a unit on cleaner production from the Saltillo Technological Institute's distance education program. It discusses the principles and phases of cleaner production, as well as practices, barriers, and benefits. Cleaner production aims to conserve resources and reduce waste and pollution in production processes, products, and services. It can increase efficiency and sustainability. The document also provides several case studies on industries that implemented cleaner production strategies to reduce their environmental impact and become more sustainable and efficient.
Climate change tipping points and their implications - downloadablePaul Mahony
Climate change presentation dealing with: the science; tipping points; implications (including insurance); denialism; media reporting; and essential measures.
The impression conveyed in the media of a debate among scientists is not supported by the evidence. The overwhelming majority of climate researchers most actively publishing in the field, concur that the climate is changing rapidly due to human activity.
Urgent and meaningful action is required if we are to avoid runaway climate change, leading to a planet vastly different to the one in which human civilisation has developed.
marine pollution state of indian ocean - CopyShivani Mehta
This document discusses marine pollution in the Indian Ocean. It begins by defining marine pollution and providing statistics on the world's oceans. It then focuses on the Indian Ocean, describing its location and boundaries. The document outlines several major sources of marine pollution in India, including land-based sources like untreated sewage, oil spills, and plastic waste. It also discusses pollution from shipping, such as oil spills and container losses. Other issues covered include eutrophication from agricultural and industrial runoff, acidification from rising CO2 levels, and toxic pollution from pesticides, mercury, and other heavy metals. Examples are given of industries along India's coastline that contribute to pollution. Suggestions to protect the marine environment include
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce threats to water pollution by removing solid materials, decomposing organic matter with bacteria and algae, and further separating solids from treated water which is then discharged. Sludge is stabilized and applied to agricultural fields. The wastewater treatment plant laboratory conducts tests to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment process.
Effect of Climate Change - By Anjali Patel (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document is a presentation submitted by Anjali Patel to Dr. Pratibha Katiyar on the impacts of climate change on water resources and the hydrological cycle. It discusses how climate change affects precipitation patterns, flooding, drought, groundwater recharge and availability. Increased temperatures lead to changes in evaporation and rainfall variability, altering streamflows and water availability. The impacts on the Indian monsoon system are also examined. Adaptation strategies like infrastructure development, groundwater management and afforestation are proposed to mitigate the effects of climate change on water resources.
This document provides an outline and overview of a lecture on industrialization and sustainability. It discusses key topics such as the necessity of industrialization, challenges for industry, critical issues like population growth and resource constraints, the sustainable industrialization process, and balancing technical progress with environmental sustainability. Global trends in industrialization are also examined, including the transformation to more innovative and localized production models.
The document discusses the objectives and importance of public involvement in environmental impact assessments (EIAs). It states that public participation is essential for EIAs and environmental decision making as it allows local knowledge and values to be incorporated. This improves the quality of decisions and project legitimacy. It also informs the public about proposed projects and their impacts. Early and meaningful public involvement throughout the EIA process is important for input on identifying impacts and alternatives and improving EIA reports and final decisions.
This document summarizes a unit on cleaner production from the Saltillo Technological Institute's distance education program. It discusses the principles and phases of cleaner production, as well as practices, barriers, and benefits. Cleaner production aims to conserve resources and reduce waste and pollution in production processes, products, and services. It can increase efficiency and sustainability. The document also provides several case studies on industries that implemented cleaner production strategies to reduce their environmental impact and become more sustainable and efficient.
Climate change tipping points and their implications - downloadablePaul Mahony
Climate change presentation dealing with: the science; tipping points; implications (including insurance); denialism; media reporting; and essential measures.
The impression conveyed in the media of a debate among scientists is not supported by the evidence. The overwhelming majority of climate researchers most actively publishing in the field, concur that the climate is changing rapidly due to human activity.
Urgent and meaningful action is required if we are to avoid runaway climate change, leading to a planet vastly different to the one in which human civilisation has developed.
marine pollution state of indian ocean - CopyShivani Mehta
This document discusses marine pollution in the Indian Ocean. It begins by defining marine pollution and providing statistics on the world's oceans. It then focuses on the Indian Ocean, describing its location and boundaries. The document outlines several major sources of marine pollution in India, including land-based sources like untreated sewage, oil spills, and plastic waste. It also discusses pollution from shipping, such as oil spills and container losses. Other issues covered include eutrophication from agricultural and industrial runoff, acidification from rising CO2 levels, and toxic pollution from pesticides, mercury, and other heavy metals. Examples are given of industries along India's coastline that contribute to pollution. Suggestions to protect the marine environment include
Wastewater treatment involves several stages to manage water discharged from homes, businesses, and industries. These stages include pre-treatment, preliminary treatment, primary treatment, secondary treatment, and sludge disposal. The goal is to reduce threats to water pollution by removing solid materials, decomposing organic matter with bacteria and algae, and further separating solids from treated water which is then discharged. Sludge is stabilized and applied to agricultural fields. The wastewater treatment plant laboratory conducts tests to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment process.
Effect of Climate Change - By Anjali Patel (IGKV Raipur, C.G)Rahul Raj Tandon
This document is a presentation submitted by Anjali Patel to Dr. Pratibha Katiyar on the impacts of climate change on water resources and the hydrological cycle. It discusses how climate change affects precipitation patterns, flooding, drought, groundwater recharge and availability. Increased temperatures lead to changes in evaporation and rainfall variability, altering streamflows and water availability. The impacts on the Indian monsoon system are also examined. Adaptation strategies like infrastructure development, groundwater management and afforestation are proposed to mitigate the effects of climate change on water resources.
Extent of climate change over India & its projected impact on Indian agricult...India Water Portal
Climate change is projected to have a significant impact on Indian agriculture. Higher temperatures could reduce yields of major crops like wheat and rice. A 2°C increase in temperatures could decrease rice yields by 0.75 tons per hectare. Wheat crop could decrease by 600 kg per hectare for every 1°C rise in temperatures. Climate change may also increase the probability of droughts negatively impacting rain-fed agriculture, which accounts for 60% of India's cropped area. Overall, climate change poses a major threat to India's food security and agriculture-dependent economy.
The document discusses various methods of aerating water, including using spray nozzles, permitting water to trickle over cascades, air diffusion using perforated pipes, and using trickling beds. It also discusses water softening processes to remove hardness, including boiling to remove temporary hardness, and lime-soda and zeolite (ion exchange) processes to remove permanent hardness. The lime-soda process uses lime and soda ash to precipitate calcium and magnesium, while zeolite processes exchange sodium ions in zeolite for calcium and magnesium ions in hard water.
Wet scrubbers are air pollution control devices that remove particles and gases from industrial exhaust streams. They work by introducing the dirty gas stream into a scrubbing liquid, usually water, where the gases and particles are collected. There are different types of wet scrubbers that vary in their complexity and method of operation depending on factors like the industrial process conditions and nature of pollutants. The document then provides details on the features, designing procedure, working principle, types, advantages and disadvantages of wet scrubbers.
Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of determined toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health.
# Main Causes of Soil Pollution
# What Diseases Does Pollution Cause
# Soil Pollution and Its Effects
# Methods to control soil pollution
# How soil pollution and soil erosion could be prevented
The document discusses recent conventions on climate change, including COP25 in Madrid in 2019 and the upcoming COP26 in Glasgow in 2021. COP25 aimed to increase commitments to limit global warming to 1.5°C as outlined in the Paris Agreement, but results were disappointing. The conference achieved some progress on technology and support for developing countries, but more ambitious action is needed. COP26 was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and is an important opportunity for countries to submit strengthened climate plans.
This document discusses the adverse health effects of air pollution on children. It outlines how children are more vulnerable than adults due to higher ventilation rates and developing lungs and immune systems. Exposure to criteria air pollutants is associated with increased mortality in children, adverse pregnancy outcomes, birth defects, respiratory issues, school absenteeism, altered immunity, and vitamin D deficiency. Reducing air pollution levels has been shown to improve children's health outcomes. The conclusions call for more research on air pollution's impacts to help policymakers and protect children's health.
This study examines coping strategies used in coastal Bangladesh to deal with cyclones and storm surges. It identifies various pre-disaster, during disaster, and post-disaster coping strategies used by households. The study found that adoption of coping strategies depends on demographic factors like age, gender, and socioeconomic factors like income, education, and location. Indigenous early warning signs, social support networks, and relief programs all influence coping capacity.
Climate change is happening as the Earth is warming due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. The average global temperature has risen 0.85°C from 1880 to 2012 and is projected to exceed 2°C by 2100. Small changes in average temperature can lead to large shifts in climate and weather. Evidence shows changes in rainfall patterns, more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and impacts on ecosystems. The document then provides details on climate change impacts expected for India, such as changes in weather patterns, sea level rise, impacts on agriculture and food security. Case studies on projected climate trends and impacts in Bhubaneswar, India are also presented, along with proposed resilience actions.
This document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA) history, need, process, and legal basis in Nepal. It discusses how EIA began in the 1970s in the US to make projects environmentally sustainable and spread globally after the 1992 Earth Summit. In Nepal, EIA was first recognized in the 6th plan in 1980 and legalized in the Environment Protection Rules of 1997. The EIA process involves scoping, impact identification and mitigation, approval procedures, and monitoring. Key EIA guidelines and regulations in Nepal are also outlined.
The document discusses various topics related to solid waste management including:
1. Identifying sources of solid waste and characterizing waste properties.
2. Designing layouts and landfills as well as new technologies for managing solid waste.
3. Calculating waste generation rates and the composition, characteristics, and degradation times of different types of waste materials.
Green house effects & the impact on bangladesh economy power point presentationAsad Sheikh
This document summarizes a presentation on the impacts of greenhouse effects and climate change on Bangladesh's economy. It discusses how climate change is predicted to increase global temperatures by 1.8-4°C by 2100, threatening food production and biodiversity. For Bangladesh, it may reduce agricultural output, increase flooding from sea level rise, heavy rainfall and glacier melt. This would negatively impact GDP, with the agricultural sector most affected. The document then outlines some mitigation and adaptation strategies Bangladesh is taking, such as using renewable energy, agroforestry, disaster preparedness, and climate-resistant agriculture and aquaculture.
This document discusses environmental pollution in Bangladesh. It begins by defining pollution and environmental pollution, noting that pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural surroundings and disrupt ecosystems. The major causes of environmental pollution are identified as industries, transportation, agricultural activities, trading activities, and residences. The effects of environmental pollution are outlined, including impacts on humans, animals, plants, and ecosystems. Bangladesh is ranked among the worst countries for urban air quality. The document concludes by outlining some governmental steps taken in Bangladesh to control pollution, such as establishing environmental laws and banning certain pollutants.
This document discusses various methods for collecting and measuring particulate pollutants. It describes techniques such as sedimentation jars for larger particles, high volume filtration for particles under 10 micrometers, and tape samplers. Impingement methods like wet and dry impingers are also covered, as well as electrostatic precipitation and thermal precipitation for smaller particles. The goal is to collect pollutant samples that can then be analyzed to determine mass concentration and chemical composition.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Project ManagementJoy Bhattacharjee
Environmental Impact Assessment is a systematic process by which we can identify what will be the future consequences of a projected or recent actions.
Climate Change: Causes, Impacts and Vulnerability Assessmentramtpiitb
Climate change poses serious threats to humanity and the environment. Increased greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities are causing the planet to warm beyond natural variability. This document discusses the science of climate change, its causes, impacts such as sea level rise and effects on ecosystems, food security, water supply and public health. It also covers climate change policies and conferences, as well as social and economic dimensions of the issue.
Lecture-1 Understanding of Environmental PolicyShankor Paul
This document summarizes a lecture on environmental policy and planning. It defines key concepts like policy, public policy, and the policy cycle. It also distinguishes between policy and law, and policy and rules/regulations. The lecture discusses the development of international environmental laws and key principles like sustainable development. It provides examples of environmental policies in Bangladesh and outlines the objectives of studying environmental policy.
This document discusses composting as a solution for managing municipal solid waste in India. It provides information on the sources and composition of organic waste that can be composted. Various composting methods are described, including windrow composting, Indore and Bangalore methods, aerobic and anaerobic processes. Key factors that affect composting like carbon-nitrogen ratio, moisture level, temperature and aeration are outlined. The document also provides statistics on composting in India, like the capacity for compost production and treatment of municipal solid waste.
The document discusses various issues related to soil pollution and degradation. It covers the following key points:
1) Soil takes a long time to form but can degrade rapidly due to human activities like farming, construction, and deforestation which cause soil erosion.
2) Pesticide use can pollute soils and accumulate in animals/food chains posing health risks. Persistent pesticides remain in soils for many years.
3) Salinization from irrigation water reduces soil fertility and renders land useless for agriculture in dry areas.
4) Proper soil conservation and integrated treatment methods like organic farming and pest management are needed to minimize loss of topsoil and pollution.
EMPLOYEES VIEW ON PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL PROCESS AND ITS EFFECT ON WORK ATTITU...paperpublications3
Abstract: Performance appraisal is a means of evaluating employees’ current past performance standards set by the organization. The purpose of the study was to establish the employees’ views on performance appraisal process and its effect on work attitude in Kenya seed Company Limited. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the 71 employees. The data collected from the field was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results were then presented in tables, pie charts and bar graphs. On overall, the study found out that performance appraisal if carried out as a matter of routine improves the work performance in the organization. It was recommended that the management should continue embracing performance appraisal and employees to get more information on the standards against which they are being rated.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLIER EFFECTIVENESS ON ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE AT KENYA SEED C...paperpublications3
This document summarizes a research study on the effects of supplier effectiveness on organizational performance at Kenya Seed Company in Kitale, Kenya. The study aims to determine the impact of supplier agility, process visibility, supplier willingness, and supplier capabilities on an organization's operational, relational, and transformational performance. A sample of 190 employees from Kenya Seed Company participated in focus groups, interviews, and surveys. The findings showed that supplier effectiveness can significantly influence organizational performance both positively and negatively. Specifically, all four components of supplier effectiveness were found to impact the three dimensions of organizational performance. When supplier effectiveness is high, organizational performance is also high. Therefore, developing effective supplier relationships is concluded to be an important strategic tool for improving performance.
Extent of climate change over India & its projected impact on Indian agricult...India Water Portal
Climate change is projected to have a significant impact on Indian agriculture. Higher temperatures could reduce yields of major crops like wheat and rice. A 2°C increase in temperatures could decrease rice yields by 0.75 tons per hectare. Wheat crop could decrease by 600 kg per hectare for every 1°C rise in temperatures. Climate change may also increase the probability of droughts negatively impacting rain-fed agriculture, which accounts for 60% of India's cropped area. Overall, climate change poses a major threat to India's food security and agriculture-dependent economy.
The document discusses various methods of aerating water, including using spray nozzles, permitting water to trickle over cascades, air diffusion using perforated pipes, and using trickling beds. It also discusses water softening processes to remove hardness, including boiling to remove temporary hardness, and lime-soda and zeolite (ion exchange) processes to remove permanent hardness. The lime-soda process uses lime and soda ash to precipitate calcium and magnesium, while zeolite processes exchange sodium ions in zeolite for calcium and magnesium ions in hard water.
Wet scrubbers are air pollution control devices that remove particles and gases from industrial exhaust streams. They work by introducing the dirty gas stream into a scrubbing liquid, usually water, where the gases and particles are collected. There are different types of wet scrubbers that vary in their complexity and method of operation depending on factors like the industrial process conditions and nature of pollutants. The document then provides details on the features, designing procedure, working principle, types, advantages and disadvantages of wet scrubbers.
Soil pollution is defined as the build-up in soils of determined toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease causing agents, which have adverse effects on plant growth and animal health.
# Main Causes of Soil Pollution
# What Diseases Does Pollution Cause
# Soil Pollution and Its Effects
# Methods to control soil pollution
# How soil pollution and soil erosion could be prevented
The document discusses recent conventions on climate change, including COP25 in Madrid in 2019 and the upcoming COP26 in Glasgow in 2021. COP25 aimed to increase commitments to limit global warming to 1.5°C as outlined in the Paris Agreement, but results were disappointing. The conference achieved some progress on technology and support for developing countries, but more ambitious action is needed. COP26 was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and is an important opportunity for countries to submit strengthened climate plans.
This document discusses the adverse health effects of air pollution on children. It outlines how children are more vulnerable than adults due to higher ventilation rates and developing lungs and immune systems. Exposure to criteria air pollutants is associated with increased mortality in children, adverse pregnancy outcomes, birth defects, respiratory issues, school absenteeism, altered immunity, and vitamin D deficiency. Reducing air pollution levels has been shown to improve children's health outcomes. The conclusions call for more research on air pollution's impacts to help policymakers and protect children's health.
This study examines coping strategies used in coastal Bangladesh to deal with cyclones and storm surges. It identifies various pre-disaster, during disaster, and post-disaster coping strategies used by households. The study found that adoption of coping strategies depends on demographic factors like age, gender, and socioeconomic factors like income, education, and location. Indigenous early warning signs, social support networks, and relief programs all influence coping capacity.
Climate change is happening as the Earth is warming due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. The average global temperature has risen 0.85°C from 1880 to 2012 and is projected to exceed 2°C by 2100. Small changes in average temperature can lead to large shifts in climate and weather. Evidence shows changes in rainfall patterns, more extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and impacts on ecosystems. The document then provides details on climate change impacts expected for India, such as changes in weather patterns, sea level rise, impacts on agriculture and food security. Case studies on projected climate trends and impacts in Bhubaneswar, India are also presented, along with proposed resilience actions.
This document provides an overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA) history, need, process, and legal basis in Nepal. It discusses how EIA began in the 1970s in the US to make projects environmentally sustainable and spread globally after the 1992 Earth Summit. In Nepal, EIA was first recognized in the 6th plan in 1980 and legalized in the Environment Protection Rules of 1997. The EIA process involves scoping, impact identification and mitigation, approval procedures, and monitoring. Key EIA guidelines and regulations in Nepal are also outlined.
The document discusses various topics related to solid waste management including:
1. Identifying sources of solid waste and characterizing waste properties.
2. Designing layouts and landfills as well as new technologies for managing solid waste.
3. Calculating waste generation rates and the composition, characteristics, and degradation times of different types of waste materials.
Green house effects & the impact on bangladesh economy power point presentationAsad Sheikh
This document summarizes a presentation on the impacts of greenhouse effects and climate change on Bangladesh's economy. It discusses how climate change is predicted to increase global temperatures by 1.8-4°C by 2100, threatening food production and biodiversity. For Bangladesh, it may reduce agricultural output, increase flooding from sea level rise, heavy rainfall and glacier melt. This would negatively impact GDP, with the agricultural sector most affected. The document then outlines some mitigation and adaptation strategies Bangladesh is taking, such as using renewable energy, agroforestry, disaster preparedness, and climate-resistant agriculture and aquaculture.
This document discusses environmental pollution in Bangladesh. It begins by defining pollution and environmental pollution, noting that pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural surroundings and disrupt ecosystems. The major causes of environmental pollution are identified as industries, transportation, agricultural activities, trading activities, and residences. The effects of environmental pollution are outlined, including impacts on humans, animals, plants, and ecosystems. Bangladesh is ranked among the worst countries for urban air quality. The document concludes by outlining some governmental steps taken in Bangladesh to control pollution, such as establishing environmental laws and banning certain pollutants.
This document discusses various methods for collecting and measuring particulate pollutants. It describes techniques such as sedimentation jars for larger particles, high volume filtration for particles under 10 micrometers, and tape samplers. Impingement methods like wet and dry impingers are also covered, as well as electrostatic precipitation and thermal precipitation for smaller particles. The goal is to collect pollutant samples that can then be analyzed to determine mass concentration and chemical composition.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in Project ManagementJoy Bhattacharjee
Environmental Impact Assessment is a systematic process by which we can identify what will be the future consequences of a projected or recent actions.
Climate Change: Causes, Impacts and Vulnerability Assessmentramtpiitb
Climate change poses serious threats to humanity and the environment. Increased greenhouse gas concentrations from human activities are causing the planet to warm beyond natural variability. This document discusses the science of climate change, its causes, impacts such as sea level rise and effects on ecosystems, food security, water supply and public health. It also covers climate change policies and conferences, as well as social and economic dimensions of the issue.
Lecture-1 Understanding of Environmental PolicyShankor Paul
This document summarizes a lecture on environmental policy and planning. It defines key concepts like policy, public policy, and the policy cycle. It also distinguishes between policy and law, and policy and rules/regulations. The lecture discusses the development of international environmental laws and key principles like sustainable development. It provides examples of environmental policies in Bangladesh and outlines the objectives of studying environmental policy.
This document discusses composting as a solution for managing municipal solid waste in India. It provides information on the sources and composition of organic waste that can be composted. Various composting methods are described, including windrow composting, Indore and Bangalore methods, aerobic and anaerobic processes. Key factors that affect composting like carbon-nitrogen ratio, moisture level, temperature and aeration are outlined. The document also provides statistics on composting in India, like the capacity for compost production and treatment of municipal solid waste.
The document discusses various issues related to soil pollution and degradation. It covers the following key points:
1) Soil takes a long time to form but can degrade rapidly due to human activities like farming, construction, and deforestation which cause soil erosion.
2) Pesticide use can pollute soils and accumulate in animals/food chains posing health risks. Persistent pesticides remain in soils for many years.
3) Salinization from irrigation water reduces soil fertility and renders land useless for agriculture in dry areas.
4) Proper soil conservation and integrated treatment methods like organic farming and pest management are needed to minimize loss of topsoil and pollution.
EMPLOYEES VIEW ON PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL PROCESS AND ITS EFFECT ON WORK ATTITU...paperpublications3
Abstract: Performance appraisal is a means of evaluating employees’ current past performance standards set by the organization. The purpose of the study was to establish the employees’ views on performance appraisal process and its effect on work attitude in Kenya seed Company Limited. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select the 71 employees. The data collected from the field was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results were then presented in tables, pie charts and bar graphs. On overall, the study found out that performance appraisal if carried out as a matter of routine improves the work performance in the organization. It was recommended that the management should continue embracing performance appraisal and employees to get more information on the standards against which they are being rated.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLIER EFFECTIVENESS ON ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE AT KENYA SEED C...paperpublications3
This document summarizes a research study on the effects of supplier effectiveness on organizational performance at Kenya Seed Company in Kitale, Kenya. The study aims to determine the impact of supplier agility, process visibility, supplier willingness, and supplier capabilities on an organization's operational, relational, and transformational performance. A sample of 190 employees from Kenya Seed Company participated in focus groups, interviews, and surveys. The findings showed that supplier effectiveness can significantly influence organizational performance both positively and negatively. Specifically, all four components of supplier effectiveness were found to impact the three dimensions of organizational performance. When supplier effectiveness is high, organizational performance is also high. Therefore, developing effective supplier relationships is concluded to be an important strategic tool for improving performance.
An Analysis of Efficiency Performance of Private life Insurancepaperpublications3
Abstract:This paper deals with the analysis of the Efficiency of private life insurance industry since the liberlisation process of insurance sector in the country. Keeping in view the limitations of ratio analysis techniques, the methodology used to judge the efficiency of private life insurance companies is Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The result of the DEA analysis is used to assess the technical efficiency of individual firms with respect to the best practice or benchmark firms. It further allows the classification of the technical efficiency into pure technical and scale efficiency. The present study has used the Farrel model which was further developed by Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (1978). Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is a non-parametric linear programming tool used to study the efficiency of the economic units (life insurers) through the construction of the economic frontier. The study takes into account ten private life insurance companies which commenced their business in the country in the year 2001-2002 .The study covers a period of 13 years from 2001-02 till 2013-14.It is found that the technical efficiency scores of the firms measured under pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency scores of the firms are rising over the years. Of the ten private companies taken for study, SBI life shows that it is operating at a full scale and technically highly efficient firm in par with public sector monopolist Life Insurance Corporation of India.
Evaluation of the Factors Affecting Community Policing Project in Teso South ...paperpublications3
Abstract: This research sought to evaluate the factors affecting community policing project. The research objective was, to determine the influence of committee structures on effective implementation of community policing projects. The research employed case study design which used qualitative and quantitative research methods. Primary data from interviews and questionnaires, secondary data from sources such as books, journals and official reports as well as internet sources were used. Simple and stratified random sampling technique was used to identify a sample 245 respondents from a population of 510.Data was analyzed using SPSS version 16 and Ms Excel software. The research established that unclear legal and institutional framework of CP committee structures affect effective implementation of CP project. The study recommends for a comprehensive membership in CP committees by ensuring that at least one third of the members represent women, youth and the disables in compliance with the constitution.
Economic Environment and Performance of Food and Beverage Sub-Sector of a Dev...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper examines the implications of economic environment on the performance of food and beverage sub-sector of Nigeria. The economic environment is an embodiment of dynamic variables characterized by significant challenges impacting on the food and beverage sub-sector. Performance in this sector is measured in terms of profitability, exchange rate, interest rate, current asset, turnover, market share and return on investment among others. This study therefore serves as report of investigation into the implications of these variables on the performance of food and beverage sub sector. The ordinary least square technique is adopted in the methodology and the result reveals a significant relationship between economic environmental variables and the food and beverage sub-sector. The study advocates a strong public private partnership between government and the sector as well as encouragement of stable exchange rate so as to foster economic growth.
Motivational Factors and Motivating Level of College Teachers under Self-Fina...paperpublications3
Abstract: Teachers play a very important role in the learning process of students who idealize teachers and try to copy them. So Teachers' commitment is thought to decrease progressively over the course of their teaching career. This study was an effort to identify the motivational factors, motivation level and effect of motivation towards organizational commitment of self-finance teachers in Arts and Science colleges of Madurai District. Educational institutions are faced with the problems of motivational level of their staff, so this study is designed to address that which factors promote motivation and motivational level of self -finance teachers. To assess the level of motivation among the self -finance college teachers perceived by them and find out the reason for organizational commitment towards motivation of self - Finance College teachers. the result is show on The study result expressed that the majority of the self-finance teachers view that good relationship with colleagues and student’s community is the most important factor which make the teachers committed with their institution. Teachers’ performance in Colleges is to be improved, it is necessary to pay attention to the kind of work environment that enhances teachers’ sense of professionalism and decrease their job dissatisfaction.
Presentation The Effect of Greenhouse Gases on Earth’s Temperature .pptxBigBoss647822
The document discusses the effects of greenhouse gases on global warming. It explains that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap heat in the atmosphere and cause the planet to warm up. This is causing glaciers to melt and sea levels to rise, threatening coastal areas. It discusses how human activities like the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation are increasing greenhouse gas levels. The document also outlines some of the potential consequences of climate change, such as more extreme weather, and discusses possible solutions like transitioning to renewable energy and reducing consumption.
Over millions of years, species become adapted to survive in the conditions in which they live. A stable climate supports this process and allows living things to thrive. If the climate changes quickly, organisms don’t have enough time to adapt to new conditions and may no longer be able to survive.
Global Warming: Effect on Living Organisms, Causes and its SolutionsDr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present scenario many scientists, researchers
and environmentalists are expressing their deep concerns
about the overall changes. For continuous production of
Electricity Fossil and Fuels are being used. The burning of
these fuels produces gases like carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxides which lead to global warming. The main cause
of global warming can be unsustainable human activities that
increase the accumulation of greenhouse gases. The hazard of
global warming is continuously causing major damage to the
Earth's environment. Most human beings are still unaware of
global warming and do not consider it to be a big problem in
the future. Living Organisms have to make efforts to
maintain health by recognizing and resolving abnormal
situations such as the presence of invading microorganisms.
Here we outline the effect on living organisms, causes and
how we can overcome it.
This document discusses global warming and potential solutions. It was authored by three students from K.S. Institute of Technology. The document provides an abstract that discusses how industrial emissions pose a risk to nature and humanity. It then discusses the causes of global warming like increased CO2 and methane emissions, deforestation, and fossil fuel usage. The effects of global warming discussed include melting glaciers, climate change, rising sea levels, and more frequent heat waves. Potential solutions proposed are boosting energy efficiency, greening transportation, increasing renewable energy, and reducing deforestation.
The Impact of Global Warming on the Global ClimateIJERA Editor
Global warming is the gradual rise in environmental temperature due to depletion of the Ozone layer. The increase in the environmental temperatures is due to amplified rate of industrial development. In this case, most industries have contributed to the dangers associated with warming. The paper seeks to discuss global warming from various perspectives. It commences with an introduction highlighting the general information about the topic. The second part focuses on both natural and artificial causes while the last part discusses the effects on both humans and atmosphere
This document discusses global warming and its causes and effects. It defines global warming as a long-term rise in Earth's temperatures due to increased greenhouse gases from human activity since the Industrial Revolution. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the lower atmosphere, causing temperatures to be about 33°C warmer than they would be otherwise. Aerosols from volcanoes and pollution can have a cooling effect by reflecting sunlight, but models show they cannot account for current warming. Effects of global warming include sea level rise, extreme weather, ecosystem changes, and ocean acidification. While impacts are already occurring, the document argues renewable energy can provide most energy needs and avoid the worst effects of climate change if adopted more widely.
The document discusses greenhouse gases and their effect on the environment. It defines greenhouse gases as gases that trap heat in the atmosphere and contribute to global warming. The main greenhouse gases are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane. The document discusses how human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have greatly increased greenhouse gas levels since the Industrial Revolution. This intensified greenhouse effect has led to consequences like rising global temperatures, changes in weather patterns, and sea level rise. The document also examines potential solutions to mitigate the greenhouse effect through sectors like industry, transportation, renewable energy, and forestry.
The document discusses global warming, including its causes, effects, and projections. It defines global warming as the increase in average temperatures due to greenhouse gas emissions. The major causes are greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels and methane from agriculture. Effects discussed include rising sea levels, ecosystem disruption, and water scarcity. The document projects that global temperatures will increase between 1.4-5.8°C by 2100 and sea levels will rise by 9-88 cm, with more extreme weather. Precautions recommended include reducing emissions from vehicles, appliances, and industries.
The document summarizes several key reasons behind climate change:
1. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased greenhouse gas emissions, trapping more heat in the atmosphere and warming the planet. This is the dominant cause of current climate change.
2. Agriculture, livestock, and land use changes also contribute by emitting greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide.
3. Natural factors like variations in solar activity and volcanic eruptions used to be the main drivers of climate change, but human causes now overwhelm their effects since the Industrial Revolution.
Climate change is caused by both natural factors and human activities that alter Earth's energy balance. Naturally, variations in solar energy, volcanic eruptions, and greenhouse gas concentrations impact climate. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, land use changes, livestock farming, and fluorinated gases have increased atmospheric CO2 levels 42% since the industrial era. This excess CO2 acts as a blanket trapping heat, causing global warming and extreme weather. Bangladesh is highly vulnerable to climate impacts due to its geography, poverty, reliance on climate-sensitive sectors, population density, and limited adaptive capacity.
Assignmentof business environment and indian economySandeepKaur451
Global warming refers to the average increase in Earth's temperature caused by greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels. Scientists predict average global temperatures could increase between 1.4 to 5.8°C by 2100, resulting in rising sea levels and more severe weather. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion, methane from agriculture and landfills, and nitrous oxide from fertilizers. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions 50-80% through increased renewable energy, electric vehicles, carbon capture, and reforestation could stabilize temperatures.
The document discusses the history of the Earth's climate and global warming. It explains that global warming is caused by increased greenhouse gases trapping heat from the sun. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide are emitted through human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. The document also discusses the effects of global warming that are already occurring, such as rising sea levels, as well as future effects like impacts on agriculture and rising temperatures causing ice melting. Solutions proposed to address global warming include reducing fossil fuel consumption and switching to alternative energy sources.
Greenhouse effect and global warming
Earth’s atmosphere works something like a giant glass greenhouse. As the sun’s rays enter our atmosphere, most continue right down to the planet’s surface. As they hit the soil and surface waters, those rays release much of their energy as heat. Some of the heat then radiates back out into space.
However, certain gases in our atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor, work like a blanket to retain much of that heat. This helps to warm our atmosphere. The gases do this by absorbing the heat and radiating it back to Earth’s surface. These gases are nicknamed “greenhouse gases” because of their heat-trapping effect. Without the “greenhouse effect,” Earth would be too cold to support most forms of life.
But there can be too much of a good thing. Carbon dioxide is released when we use fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas. We burn these fuels, made from the ancient remains of plants and animals, to run electricity-generating plants that power factories, homes and schools. Products of these fossil fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel, power most of the engines that drive cars, airplanes and ships.
By examining air bubbles in ice cores taken from Antarctica, scientists can go back and calculate what the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have been throughout the last 650,000 years. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been climbing to where today it is 30 percent greater than 650,000 years ago. That rise in carbon dioxide “is essentially entirely due to the burning of fuels,” Susan Solomon says. She’s a senior scientist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, in Boulder, Colo., and studies factors that affect climate.
Humans have further increased the levels of greenhouse gases in the air by changing the landscape. Plants take up carbon dioxide to make food in a process called photosynthesis. Once cut down, they can no longer take in carbon dioxide, and this gas begins building up in the air instead of fueling the growth of plants. So by cutting down trees and forests for farmland and other human uses, more carbon dioxide is also added into the atmosphere.
The document discusses the effects of climate change on the environment and human health. It notes that climate change is causing the earth's temperature to increase by 1 to 3.5 degrees this century, melting polar ice caps and raising sea levels. This threatens coastal cities and islands with flooding. Climate change is also increasing the frequency of extreme weather events, endangering up to 30% of plant and animal species, and damaging ecosystems. Agriculture and forests are negatively impacted as well, with potential increases in global hunger and wildfires. The health effects on humans can also be severe depending on location and ability to adapt.
Changes in the environment due to climate change are negatively impacting biodiversity. As the planet warms due to greenhouse gas emissions, species are becoming extinct or threatened. In the Arctic, loss of sea ice is eliminating habitats for species adapted to live on or under ice. Ocean warming is causing acidification, reducing calcium carbonate needed for shells. Climate change is also projected to cause the extinction of 20% of the world's lizard species by 2080. Monitoring of arthropods can provide early warnings of ecological changes due to impacts like decreased decomposition and increased herbivory.
Climate change and global warming English lesson Summaryadinochina
This document discusses climate change and global warming. It explains that greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trap heat in the atmosphere and have caused the average global temperature to rise around 1 degree Celsius in the last 100 years. If temperatures continue to increase, it will lead to severe consequences like more extreme weather, rising sea levels, and difficulties for agriculture. The document advocates curbing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel use in order to slow the pace of climate change and its impacts on human and natural systems.
This document discusses climate change, its causes, effects, and potential solutions. It outlines that climate change is a long-term change in temperature, precipitation and wind patterns ranging from decades to millions of years. It identifies both natural factors like volcanic eruptions and human activities like deforestation and fossil fuel emissions as causes. Effects of climate change mentioned include rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, rising sea levels and melting Arctic ice, as well as loss of wildlife species. Solutions proposed are improving public transportation, increasing efficiency and use of electric vehicles, reducing deforestation, and upgrading infrastructure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
This presentation discusses global warming, including its causes, effects, and predictions for the future if actions are not taken. It defines global warming as a rise in average temperatures due to both natural phenomena and human activities like burning fossil fuels. Key impacts include rising sea levels from melting ice caps that threaten coastal regions, as well as disrupted agriculture and extinction of plant and animal species. The presentation calls for actions like using more efficient vehicles and appliances, and planting trees to help mitigate the ongoing and future consequences of climate change.
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CLIMATE CHANGE AND its IMPACT ON INDIA
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Climate Change and Its Impact on India
Neha
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, Dev Samaj College, Ambala City
Abstract: Now a days climate change is the biggest problem of the human being. It is already happening and
represents one of the greatest environmental, social and economic threats facing the planet. The warming of the
climate system is unequal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean
temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global mean sea level. Climate change, also called
global warming, refers to the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth. An overwhelming scientific consensus
maintains that climate change is due primarily to the human use of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide and
other greenhouse gases into the air. The gases trap heat within the atmosphere, which can have a range of effects
on ecosystems, including rising sea levels, severe weather events, and droughts that render landscapes more
susceptible to wildfires. The main causes of climate change are Increase in CO2 concentration, Ozone depletion,
Deforestation, Methane and Nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture, Aerosols present in the Atmosphere,
Sunspots, Burning of Fossil Fuels and Increase in population. India also affected by climate change. Drougths,
extreme heat, changing rainfall patterns, glacier melting, rising sea level and health related issues are faced by
India due to climate change. Indian government sets new climate change targets in 2015. The government has
pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions intensity — the ratio between a country’s gross emissions to its
gross domestic product at a particular point — by 33-35 per cent by 2030. For this, India has to ensure about 40
per cent of its electricity comes from non-fossil fuel sources. The government will launch new, more efficient and
cleaner technologies in thermal power generation, reduction of emissions from the transportation sector,
promotion of energy efficiency in industry, transportation, buildings and appliances, and reduction of emissions
from waste.
Keywords: global warming, Climate change, transportation sector.
1. INTRODUCTION
Now a days climate change is the biggest problem of the human being. It is already happening and represents one of the
greatest environmental, social and economic threats facing the planet. The warming of the climate system is unequal, as is
now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, wide spread melting of snow
and ice, and rising global mean sea level. The Earth’s average surface temperature has risen by 0.76° C since 1850. Most
of the warming that has occurred over the last 50 years is very likely to have been caused by human activities. The
climate can affect every person and our health directly through increases in temperature. Such increases may lead to
more extreme heat waves during the summer while producing less extreme cold spells during the winter. Particular
segments of the population such as those with heart problems, asthma, the elderly, and the very young can be especially
vulnerable to extreme heat. There can be extreme floods and droughts, hurricanes . In this paper we understand the
meaning of climate change and factors that causes climate change.How climate change affects environment and human
life . India also suffers from climate change and its adverse effect. Indian government sets new target to deal with this
problem in future.
Climate Change:
Climate change is a change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns when that change lasts for an extended period
of time (i.e., decades to millions of years). Climate change may refer to a change in average weather conditions, or in the
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time variation of weather around longer-term average conditions (i.e., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate
change is caused by factors such as biotic processes, variations in solar radiation received by Earth, plate tectonics,
and volcanic eruptions. Scientists actively work to understand past and future climate by using observations and
theoretical models. A climate record—extending deep into the Earth's past—has been assembled, and continues to be built
up, based on geological evidence from borehole temperature profiles, cores removed from deep accumulations of
ice, floral and faunal records, glacial and periglacial processes, stable-isotope and other analyses of sediment layers, and
records of past sea levels.
Physical Evidence:
Evidence for climatic change is taken from a variety of sources that can be used to reconstruct past climates. Reasonably
complete global records of surface temperature are available beginning from the mid-late 19th century. For earlier
periods, most of the evidence is indirect—climatic changes are inferred from changes in proxies, indicators that reflect
climate, such as vegetation, ice cores, dendrochronology, sea level change, and glacial geology.
Causes of Climate Change:
Increase in co2 concentration:
The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere by about thirty percent, due to Human beings have increased, the increase is
proportional to increases in fossil fuel combustion , for electricity generation, transportation, and heating, and also the
manufacture of cement (human caused) emissions. It is predicted that we’ll soon reach carbon dioxide concentrations that
haven’t been seen on Earth in the last 50 million years, which is eventually leading to changes in the Earth’s average
surface temperature, which is really proving fatal to human lives.
2. OZONE DEPLETION
Increase in ozone levels in the stratosphere over Antarctica, are the result of complex chemical processes. The return of
the Sun at the end of winter triggers photochemical reactions that lead to the destruction of ozone in the stratosphere. As
reported Over the Arctic the gradual development of an annual decline during the 1990s, has been observed. The
Protection of the Ozone Layer amendments has been issued to eliminate certain CFCs from industrial production, the
substantial destruction of ozone in the stratosphere over Antarctica, has not seen any improvement till date.
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Deforestation:
The use of forests for fuel (both wood, for charcoal and other necessary lifestyle products) is one cause of deforestation.
In order satiate ourselves, for wood and other products, mainly habitat and to build farms we are chopping forests which
is not a good sign and has also leads to decrease in rainfalls. Forests are very human friendly, they clean the air as they act
as natural filters remove and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and this deforestation releases large amounts of
carbon, as well as reducing the amount of carbon gas capture on the earth.
Methane and Nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture, Arctic sea beds and factories:
Methane is one of the greenhouse gases, which causes global warming. When organic matter is broken down by bacteria
under oxygen-starved conditions as in agricultural fields, methane is produced. The process also takes place in the
intestines of herbivorous animals, and with the increase in the amount of concentrated livestock production, the levels of
methane released into the atmosphere is increasing. Another source of methane is methane clathrate, a compound in large
amounts of methane trapped in the crystal structure of ice. As methane escapes from the Arctic seabed, the rate of global
warming increases, accordingly.
Aerosols present in the Atmosphere:
Atmospheric aerosols is able to alter the climate in two important ways.
They scatter and absorb solar and infra-red radiation
They may change the micro-physical and chemical properties of clouds and possibly their lifetime and extent.
This can be explained as, scattering of solar radiation acts to cool the planet, while the absorption of solar radiation by
aerosols warms the air directly instead of absorption of sunlight from the surface of the Earth.
The human contribution to the amount of aerosols in the atmosphere takes many forms, such as:
Biomass burning produces a combination of organic droplets.
Exhaust emissions from transport generate pollutants that are either aerosols from the outset, or are converted by
chemical reactions in the atmosphere to form aerosols.
Sunspots:
Sunspots are dark patches on the sun’s surface that block hot solar plasma. Increase in solar activities changes the Earth’s
solar radiation levels, thereby causing short-term warming cycles. Surrounding sunspots are bright patches known as
faculae. These patches give off greater than normal radiation, and they are more powerful than the darker, cooler patches.
This means that the total average energy over a 30-day solar rotation increases, which gives way to many other after
effects
Burning of Fossil Fuels:
Each time a fossil fuel burn, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere increase. As we know carbon dioxide absorbs infra-
red energy emitted from the earth’s surface, preventing it from returning to space. Auto mobiles, Carbon emissions from
the burning of gasoline to power cars, trucks, and other methods of transportation. Electricity generation requires, coal
is the largest producer of carbon dioxide emissions, Therefore countries across the world want to switch to nuclear power
plants.
Mining activities:
Mining oil, coal and other mineral products underlying in deep beds allow methane, a greenhouse gas, to escape from the
earth. Disturbing the soil, stored gases make their way into the environment.
Population Increase:
As the population on Earth increases, food and housing demands along with other basic necessities also increase. Manure
from cattle, contributes to methane gas levels. The cutting down of forests to make space for housing and other buildings
accounts for close to 11-12 % of carbon emissions.
Impact of Climate Change:
There are so many impacts of climate change, scientists have broadly categorized them into three areas:
1. Erratic climate and weather extremes
2. Altered ecosystems and habitats
3. Risks to human health and society
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The primary impact: Earth's water systems thrown off balance:
Emissions of heat-trapping gases from human activity—especially the burning of fossil fuels for energy—cause our
atmosphere to heat up.
This atmospheric heating unleashes a torrent of rapid changes to the way water systems typically function on our planet.
For example:
The cryosphere—the frozen water on Earth—is melting. A warmer atmosphere causes the planet's snow pack,
glaciers and sea and freshwater ice to melt at an accelerated pace. Melting glaciers and polar ice sheets contribute to
sea level rise. As the ice melts, it also exposes more dark ocean waters, which absorbs more sunlight than ice, and
thus heats the ocean more, triggering a cycle of melting and heating.
Weather of all kinds is getting more extreme: The increased evaporation of water is like fuel for storms,
exacerbating extreme weather events, such as hurricanes. Rising sea levels make coastal flooding events worse. In
more naturally arid areas, droughts and wildfires intensify.
The oceans are getting hotter, expanding, and becoming more acidic: The oceans are getting hotter, because they
soak up 90% of the extra heat in the atmosphere. This causes the oceans to expand, and this also contributes to higher
sea levels. Meanwhile, the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the ocean triggers a chemistry change that
makes the water more acidic. The ocean is almost 40% more acidic than it used to be.
This shift in water patterns then alters natural habitats
As climatic patterns rapidly shift, habitats on land and in the sea are changing, making them inhospitable for some
species, while letting others move in and take over. In some cases, entire ecosystems are at risk of collapsing.
The changes to the natural world are vast, but here are three notable and well-documented examples.
Coral and shellfish are suffering: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to small changes in ocean temperatures. The heat
stresses the algae that nourish the corals and provide their vibrant colors. The algae then leave, and the corals
eventually starve, an event known as bleaching. Also, a more acidic ocean affects the normal calcium balance,
meaning creatures with calcified shells, such as shellfish and coral, may not have enough calcium to grow.
Forests are more prone to deadly infestations:
Milder winters and longer summers allow tree-killing insects to thrive. Meanwhile, trees weakened by prolonged
drought have lower defense mechanisms. This cycle of warmer weather, weak trees and thriving insects is likely the
culprit behind the massive die-off of 70,000 square miles of Rocky Mountain conifers.
Our Arctic creatures need ice, but it's vanishing: As sea ice disappears, ice-dependent mammals like walruses and
polar bears struggle to survive. In 2008, the polar bear became the first animal to be added to the Endangered Species
Act list of threatened species because of global warming.
It also places many added burdens on people and society
Human life is thrown out of balance, too. One of the biggest impacts? Where, how and when we grow food, which is
vitally connected to our climate's normal patterns.
More extreme weather also means we face increased pressure on our health, infrastructure, and economy.
Climate change is a major threat to agriculture: The toll that climate change takes on agriculture is nearly
incalcuable, and as a result, our food security is at risk. All over the world, farmers are struggling to keep up with
shifting weather and increasingly unpredictable water supplies. Farmers also must contend with unexpected attacks
from weeds, diseases and pests, which affect yield.
Warmer, polluted air affects our health: A warmer atmosphere increases chemical reactions that form ground-level
ozone, also known as smog. Smog is a well-known lung irritant and a major trigger of asthma attacks. Smoke from
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wildfires further degrade the air. Extreme summer heat will mean more deaths during heat waves, and warmer freshwater
makes it easier for pathogens to grow and contaminate drinking water.
Infrastructure and transportation are at risk, too: Hot weather, flooding and other extreme weather events
damage infrastructure, put heavy burdens on electrical supplies, and disrupt how we travel and commute.
Climate Change And India:
Climate change also effect india adversely. Climate change could kill half a million people globally, and more than a
hundred thousand in India over the next 35 years. climate change will adversely impact food production. “The model
projects that by 2050, climate change will lead to per-person reductions of 3.2% in global food availability, 4% in fruit
and vegetable consumption. This change in dietary habits will cause an increase in lifestyle diseases. Already lifestyle
diseases are among the biggest health risks in India. For instance, about 60% of the total deaths in India are due to non-
communicable diseases like heart infections, diabetes, cancer, and respiratory diseases. huge coastal erosion due to a rise
in sea levels of about 40 cm resulting from faster melting of glaciers in the Himalayan and Hindukush ranges. It can affect
half-a-million people in India because of excessive flooding in coastal areas and also can increase the salinity of ground
water in the Sunderbans and surface water in coastal areas.The major impact of climate change in india are :
Extreme Heat:
India is already experiencing a warming climate. Unusual and unprecedented spells of hot weather are expected to occur
far more frequently and cover much larger areas. Under 4°C warming, the west coast and southern India are projected to
shift to new, high-temperature climatic regimes with significant impacts on agriculture.
Changing Rainfall Pattern:
A decline in monsoon rainfall since the 1950s has already been observed. The frequency of heavy rainfall events has also
increased. A 2°C rise in the world’s average temperatures will make India’s summer monsoon highly unpredictable. At
4°C warming, an extremely wet monsoon that currently has a chance of occurring only once in 100 years is projected to
occur every 10 years by the end of the century. An abrupt change in the monsoon could precipitate a major crisis,
triggering more frequent droughts as well as greater flooding in large parts of India. India’s northwest coast to the south
eastern coastal region could see higher than average rainfall.
Droughts:
Evidence indicates that parts of South Asia have become drier since the 1970s with an increase in the number of droughts.
Droughts have major consequences. In 1987 and 2002-2003, droughts affected more than half of India’s crop area and led
to a huge fall in crop production. Droughts are expected to be more frequent in some areas, especially in north-western
India, Jharkhand, Orissa and Chhattisgarh.
Crop yields are expected to fall significantly because of extreme heat by the 2040s
3. GROUNDWATER
More than 60% of India’s agriculture is rain-fed, making the country highly dependent on groundwater. Even without
climate change, 15% of India’s groundwater resources are overexploited. Although it is difficult to predict future ground
water levels, falling water tables can be expected to reduce further on account of increasing demand for water from a
growing population, more affluent life styles, as well as from the services sector and industry.
Glacier Melt:
Glaciers in the northwestern Himalayas and in the Karakoram range - where westerly winter winds are the major source
of moisture - have remained stable or even advanced. On the other hand, most Himalayan glaciers - where a substantial
part of the moisture is supplied by the summer monsoon - have been retreating over the past century. At 2.5°C warming,
melting glaciers and the loss of snow cover over the Himalayas are expected to threaten the stability and reliability of
northern India’s primarily glacier-fed rivers, particularly the Indus and the Brahmaputra. The Ganges will be less
dependent on melt water due to high annual rainfall downstream during the monsoon season. The Indus and Brahmaputra
are expected to see increased flows in spring when the snows melt, with flows reducing subsequently in late spring and
summer.
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Sea level rise:
Mumbai has the world’s largest population exposed to coastal flooding, with large parts of the city built on reclaimed
land, below the high-tide mark. Rapid and unplanned urbanization further increases the risks of sea water intrusion. With
India close to the equator, the sub-continent would see much higher rises in sea levels than higher latitudes. Sea-level rise
and storm surges would lead to saltwater intrusion in the coastal areas, impacting agriculture, degrading groundwater
quality, contaminating drinking water, and possibly causing a rise in diarrhea cases and cholera outbreaks, as the cholera
bacterium survives longer in saline water. Kolkata and Mumbai, both densely populated cities, are particularly vulnerable
to the impacts of sea-level rise, tropical cyclones, and riverine flooding.
Agriculture and food security:
Seasonal water scarcity, rising temperatures, and intrusion of sea water would threaten crop yields, jeopardizing the
country’s food security. Should current trends persist, substantial yield reductions in both rice and wheat can be expected
in the near and medium term. Under 2°C warming by the 2050s, the country may need to import more than twice the
amount of food-grain than would be required without climate change.
Water Security:
Many parts of India are already experiencing water stress. Even without climate change, satisfying future demand for
water will be a major challenge. Urbanization, population growth, economic development, and increasing demand for
water from agriculture and industry are likely to aggravate the situation further. An increase in variability of monsoon
rainfall is expected to increase water shortages in some areas. Studies have found that the threat to water security is very
high over central India, along the mountain ranges of the Western Ghats, and in India’s northeastern states.
Health:
Climate change is expected to have major health impacts in India- increasing malnutrition and related health disorders
such as child stunting - with the poor likely to be affected most severely. Child stunting is projected to increase by 35% by
2050 compared to a scenario without climate change. Malaria and other vector-borne diseases, along with and diarrheal
infections which are a major cause of child mortality, are likely to spread into areas where colder temperatures had
previously limited transmission. Heat waves are likely to result in a very substantial rise in mortality and death, and
injuries from extreme weather events are likely to increase.
India’s Climate and Energy Policy:
The government has pledged to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions intensity — the ratio between a country’s gross
emissions to its gross domestic product at a particular point — by 33-35 per cent by 2030, compared to 2005 levels. For
this, India has to ensure about 40 per cent of its electricity comes from non-fossil fuel sources. India will also increase its
forest cover to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. These targets (called
the intended nationally determined contribution, or INDC) were presented to the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change for the global Paris summit. The government has said till 2030, these emission intensity-reduction
targets and adaptation to climate change will require about $2.5 trillion, as well as an array of technologies. India, in its
submission, said, The successful implementation of INDC is contingent upon an ambitious global agreement, including
additional means of implementation to be provided by developed countries, technology transfer and capacity building.
India’s goal is to reduce overall emission intensity and improve the energy efficiency of its economy over time and, at the
same time, protect the vulnerable sectors of the economy and our society. In 2010, India had committed that by 2020, it
would reduce the emissions intensity of its economy 20-25 per cent compared to 2005 levels. India will undertake the
emission intensity reduction and the changing of energy mix by 2030. India has already undertaken to reduce emissions
and adapt to climate change, including the ambitious target of setting up 175 Gw of solar and wind power capacity by
2022 and an enhanced energy-efficiency mission across industrial sectors. It also promises to increase the share of
renewable energy in the energy mix, though it doesn’t explicitly mention 300-350 Gw of solar and wind power capacity
will be required to achieve non-fossil fuel power capacity of 40per cent. the government will launch, including
introduction of new, more efficient and cleaner technologies in thermal power generation, reduction of emissions from the
transportation sector, promotion of energy efficiency in industry, transportation, buildings and appliances, and reduction
of emissions from waste.
7. ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Vol. 3, Issue 3, pp: (35-41), Month: July - September 2016, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 41
Paper Publications
4. CONCLUSION
As we all know climate is an important element for the survival of human and other species.Now climate change is a
global problem. Today we are moving rapidly to a swift and appalling deterioration of our environmental assets. There is
still world enough and time, but the decades immediately ahead are crucial. During these next crucial decades we must be
open to large changes in our own lives and be prepared to make sacrifices because of our commitments to Earth, future
generations, and to justice.Developed and developing countries come together to tackle this problem.
REFERENCES
[1] https://climatechangesandpoverty.wordpress.com
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org
[3] http://www.c2es.org
[4] http://www.business-standard.com
[5] http://listovative.com
[6] http://www.worldbank.org
[7] http://www.greenpeace.org
[8] https://www.edf.org