The document discusses recent conventions on climate change, including COP25 in Madrid in 2019 and the upcoming COP26 in Glasgow in 2021. COP25 aimed to increase commitments to limit global warming to 1.5°C as outlined in the Paris Agreement, but results were disappointing. The conference achieved some progress on technology and support for developing countries, but more ambitious action is needed. COP26 was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and is an important opportunity for countries to submit strengthened climate plans.

1. Recent convention on climate
change

2. CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is the long-term alteration
of temperature and typical weather patterns
in a place that are especially caused by
human activities.
Cause of climate change is the human expansion
of the "greenhouse effect“, caused by burning of
fossil fuels, that produces CO2, Methane,
Nitrous oxide, Chlorofluorocarbons , etc.

3. Effects
Difficulty in adaptation in changing environment
Temperatures will continue to rise
More droughts and Heat Waves
Arctic likely to become ice-free
Sea Level will rise 1-8 feet after 80 years
Frost-free season will lengthen that disturb the
ecosystem and agriculture
Artic ocean and aquatic habitat

4. Some terms and agreements
• The UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is a global
cooperation agreement between 197 parties which was launched in 1992 at the
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).
• A conference of the parties also called COP is the governing body of
an international convention.
• CMP - Conference of the Parties Serving as the Meeting of Parties to the Kyoto
Protocol
• CMA - Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris
Agreement

5. Agreements
• Kyoto Protocol
It is an international treaty that commits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions,
based on the scientific consensus that (part one) global warming is occurring and
(part two) it is extremely likely that human-made CO2 emissions have caused it.
• Paris agreement
It is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by
196 Parties at COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4
November 2016.

6. Recent Convention on Climate Change-
December 2019
• The 2019 United Nations Climate Change Conference, also known as COP25, is the
25th United Nations Climate Change conference.
• It was held in Madrid, Spain from 2 to 13 December 2019 under the presidency of the
Chilean government.
• The conference included:
The 25th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
The 15th meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP15),
The second meeting of the parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA2).

7. Objectives
The Paris Agreement's:
• Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C ,to limit the
temperature increase to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would
significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.
• Increasing the ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, low greenhouse gas
emissions development, in a way that does not threaten food production.
The Kyoto Protocol:
• To reduce the onset of global warming by reducing greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere to "a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference (human
activities ) with the climate system“.
• Minimizing Impacts on Developing Countries by establishing an adaptation fund for climate
change.

8. Achievements
• The European Union reached an agreement about The European Green Deal that
should lower its emissions to zero by 2050.
• Also, many commitments were made by countries, cities, businesses and
international coalitions.
• For example, the Climate Ambitious Coalition contains now "73 countries committed
to net zero emissions by 2050
• COP 25 took place under challenging circumstances, but achieved positive results on
technology, oceans, agriculture, gender and capacity-building.
• But more work is needed to ensure that developing countries receive support for
actions, and to operationalize market mechanisms of the Paris Agreement.

9. Contd…
• Parties are expected to submit highly ambitious nationally determined contributions
to keep global temperature increase below 2.0°C or 1.5°C and help the world build
back better.
• In 2020, the priority is to ensure continuity of the global climate effort amidst
COVID-19.
• The June conference as well as COP 26 will be postponed and work will continue to
assist Parties in submitting their nationally determined contributions and to support
to work streams, constituted bodies and work programmed in an all-virtual
environment.

10. Results obtained from convention
• Greenland's ice sheet melting seven times faster than in 1990s.
• Oxygen in the oceans is decreasing.
• A quarter of the world’s population are at risk of water supply problems as mountain
glaciers, snow-packs and alpine lakes are run down by global heating and rising
demand.
The results of the conference were disappointing at a time when climate action and
concrete measures are considered urgent.

11. UN Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC
COP 26)
• The 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 26) to the
UNFCCC was originally scheduled to take place from 9-19
November 2020, in Glasgow, UK.
• On 28 May 2020, the COP Bureau decided that it would take place
from 1-12 November 2021, in Glasgow, UK.
• The change in dates had been anticipated following a decision, on
1 April 2020, to postpone the event due to the COVID-19
pandemic. At that time, the COP Bureau announced that: “In light
of the ongoing, worldwide effects of COVID-19, holding an
ambitious, inclusive COP26 in November 2020 is no longer
possible.

12. Contd..
• The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, also
known as COP26, is the 26th United Nations Climate Change
conference. It is scheduled to be held in the city of Glasgow from
1 to 12 November 2021 under the presidency of the United
Kingdom.

13. Reference
• 2019 United Nation Climate Change Conference