Climate is defined as the average atmospheric conditions of an area over time, while weather describes single events. Climate is composed of variable factors like temperature, humidity, wind, and rainfall. The world is divided into climatic zones with advantages and disadvantages. Climate influences disease by affecting growth of pathogens - dry climates favor rodents and insects carrying plague and malaria, while heat and moisture favor bacteria. Atmospheric pressure also affects health; low pressure at high altitudes can cause sickness, while high pressure encountered by divers risks decompression sickness if not controlled slowly.
Deep sea diving and physiological response to high barometric pressure Ranadhi Das
Sea water is approximately 800 times more dense than air. Therefore, it exerts much greater pressure on the body of a diver.
The weight exerted by the atmosphere on an area of 1m2, is approximately 10,000kg at sea level. This value of pressure (10,000 kg m-2) is thus referred to as 1 atmospheric absolute (1 ATA), or 1 atmospheric pressure.
For every 10m(~32feet) below the surface a person dives, he is subjected to an additional pressure of 1ATA. Therefore, at 30m, a diver will experience a pressure of 4 ATA (1 ATA exerted by the atmosphere, & 3 ATA exerted by the 30m of water above him).
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.3 WEATHER PROCESS...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.3 Weather Processes and Phenomena, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
Contents:
Drug Presentation On Lactulose, Naming of the drug, Classification of the drug, Mechanism of action Indications, Precautions, Contraindications, Side effects, Interactions, Use in pregnancy, Use in Brest feeding, Routes of Administration, Preparations Available,Storage Requirements,Schedule, Dosage and Counseling
Deep sea diving and physiological response to high barometric pressure Ranadhi Das
Sea water is approximately 800 times more dense than air. Therefore, it exerts much greater pressure on the body of a diver.
The weight exerted by the atmosphere on an area of 1m2, is approximately 10,000kg at sea level. This value of pressure (10,000 kg m-2) is thus referred to as 1 atmospheric absolute (1 ATA), or 1 atmospheric pressure.
For every 10m(~32feet) below the surface a person dives, he is subjected to an additional pressure of 1ATA. Therefore, at 30m, a diver will experience a pressure of 4 ATA (1 ATA exerted by the atmosphere, & 3 ATA exerted by the 30m of water above him).
CAMBRIDGE AS GEOGRAPHY REVISION: ATMOSPHERE AND WEATHER - 2.3 WEATHER PROCESS...George Dumitrache
A comprehensive presentation of subchapter 2.3 Weather Processes and Phenomena, from the second chapter of Physical Geography, AS Cambridge, Atmosphere and Weather.
Contents:
Drug Presentation On Lactulose, Naming of the drug, Classification of the drug, Mechanism of action Indications, Precautions, Contraindications, Side effects, Interactions, Use in pregnancy, Use in Brest feeding, Routes of Administration, Preparations Available,Storage Requirements,Schedule, Dosage and Counseling
Meteorology:
The word meteorology is from the Ancient Greek and
meaning "the study of things high in the air."
Luke Howard has been called “the father of meteorology” because of his comprehensive
recordings of weather in the London area from 1801 to 1841 and his writings, which
transformed the science of meteorology.
Meatrology and its types by Muhammad Arslan Yasin, Sukhera Illustratorz
Climate is a long term Pattern of weather in a particular area
Weather can change from hour to hour, day to day, month to month
A regions weather pattern usually tracked for at least 30 years are considered it’s climate
Different part of world have different climate
DEFINITION
It is a meteorological condition including temperature, rain/precipitation and wind that characteristically prevail in a particular region.
TYPE
Today climate scientists split earth in to approximately five main type of climate-
1.Tropical climate
2.Dry climate
3.temperate climate
4.continetal climate
5.polar climate
ELEMENTS
Climate consists of following elements:-
1. Atmospheric pressure. 6.cloud and weather
2. Temperature
3. Humidity
4. Rain/Precipitation
5.wind
CLIMATE CHANGE
• It refers to any distinct change in measures of climate lasting for a long period of time, including major changes in temperature, rainfall, snow, or wind patterns lasting for decades or longer. Climate change may result from:
• Natural factors
such as changes in the Sun’s energy or slow changes in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun; natural processes within the climate system (e.g., changes in ocean circulation)
• Human activities
That change the atmosphere’s make-up (e.g, burning fossil fuels) and the land surface (e.g., cutting down forests, planting trees, building developments in cities and suburbs, etc.).
1. CLIMATE
DEFINITION:
“The sum total of all the meteorological conditions
in reaction to animal and plant life”
In other words Climate is the average condition
of the atmosphere
• WHEATHER : denotes a single event in a series
of conditions, which make up the climate
2. Climate is composed of
VARIABLE FACTORS:
1. Freshness of air
2. Freedom from dust and smoke
3. Movement of the air
4. Rain fall
5. Humidity
6. Sunlight
7. Cloudiness
8. Fog
9. Temperature
10. Barometric Pressure
11. Wind velocity
3. Climatic Zones
The world has been divided into different
climatic zones
Each zone has its advantage and disadvantages
but the people of that zone get acclimatized to
overcome the difficulties
Factors Favouring development of insects:
1. High temperature
2. Humidity
3. Rainfall
4. Climate and Disease
Dry Deserts favour the growth of :
1. Rodents e.g. Rats
2. Flea
3. Ticks
Responsible for diseases like Plague and Tick
fever etc.
• Cold climates………Typhus
• Heat & moisture favours growth of insects
leading to
Sand Fly fever, Malaria, Filariasis, Dengue fever
5. Contnd……
MALNUTRITION: specially Vit. B.
deficiency in Tropics
SEASONS & DISEASES :
• Pollination in spring….Hay Fever, Asthma
• Malaria………………..Rainy season
• Cerebro-spinal fever…..Winter( due to
close contact)
6. Effects of Climate on Health
TEMPERATURE :
1. Direct heat leads to……..Sun stroke
2. Indirect heat my lead to…
Syncope
Anxiety
Liver disorders
Bowl disorders
Changes in Metabolism
7. Contnd……
HOT & MOIST CLIMATE Leads to……
• Debilitating & enervating effects
• Mental strain
• Humidity & moisture…..the sense of freshness
depends upon air movement
• Moist Climates are less healthy than dry ones
• Heat & moisture leads to growth of micro-
organisms responsible for diseases like,
(a). Cholera (b). Plague (c). Pulmonary T.B.
• Dry air leads to Eruptive lesions
8. Atmospheric Pressure
THE HIGHEST ALTITUDE :
at which man can live and work is between 17000
to 18000 ft.
Un-acclimatized man can survive only for a few
minutes at 25000 ft.
But there is a record of living for 19 days at this
height by the members of expeditions
300 ft. under water man can work only for a small
period
9. Contnd……
All air crafts maintain the cabin pressure to
sea level
At sea level : 760 mm. / Hg. or 15 lbs. / sq.
Inch
At higher altitude it falls
Under water rise of 760 mm. / Hg. For each
33 ft.
10. Effects on Human Body
Body tissues
Composed chiefly of water
Non compressible
Transmission of pressure to internal tissue is
tolerable
• If there is a pressure difference such as the cavities
containing air e.g. middle ear
During ascent ----------------------------Barotrauma
During descent-------in mine workers, Congestion,
Oedema & hemorrhage in lungs
11. Effects of Low Pressure
An ascent of 1800 ft…..Pressure falls by 1 lbs. /
sq. inch
An ascent of 300 ft…….Temp. falls by 1 F
MOUNTAIN SICKNESS OR AVIATORS
SICKNESS :
The condition is due to low pressure, low Oxygen
concentration
Sudden exposure to 13000 ft….Mountain sickness
12. Contnd……
There could be two types of presentations:
A. Acute mountain sickness :
Fatigue
Irritability
Headache
Insomnia
Bleeding nose
Ringing ears
vomiting
13. Contnd……
B. High altitude Pulmonary oedema :
Symptoms appear at the third day
Cough
C / S Breathing
Coma leading to death
But if the changes are slow the body adapts even
at 15,000-20,000 ft.
Compensatory Polycythemia is there due to
raised Hb.%
14. Effects of High Pressure
Isfaced by (workers):
Divers
Compressed air shafts
Mines
Caissons
Under water construction
15. Contnd…..
CAISSONS DISEASE :
In the Caissons the pressure is rarely 30-35 lbs.
The divers go as low as 20 Fathoms where the
pressure is 53 lbs.
Due to the high pressure, the blood present in the
lungs get saturated with air
During decompression the blood gives up
Nitrogen to the alveolar air
Oxygen is retained in the tissues & Nitrogen is
liberated causing bubbles………Air Emboli
16. Contnd……
When the pressure is > 3 atmospheres :
Working should not be > 1 hour
Sudden decompression (Bends & Screws)
Workers or divers should come up slowly
(Haldane’s Method of gradual decompression) to
avoid “Air Embolism”
Symptoms of exposure to high pressure:
Euphoria, Sensation of heat, Deep & fast
respiration, Bradycardia, Disturbance of hearing,
Hemorrhages-----of mouth, lungs and tympanic
cavity