Contents:
Drug Presentation On Lactulose, Naming of the drug, Classification of the drug, Mechanism of action Indications, Precautions, Contraindications, Side effects, Interactions, Use in pregnancy, Use in Brest feeding, Routes of Administration, Preparations Available,Storage Requirements,Schedule, Dosage and Counseling
Pharmacological Classification, Mechanism of Action, Clinical Uses, Administration Routes, Dosing for Adults and Pediatrics, Pharmacokinetics, Dose Adjustments, Patient Counseling, Adverse Effects, Drug Interactions, Contraindications, Personal Experience with Ondansetron, Future Clinical Uses of Ondansetron
Lactulose can not be assimilate in the small intestine, and only reach the large intestine can it be used by bifidobacteria and heighten the proliferative activity of it. Therefore lactulose is classified as low calorific sweetener and food additives. In addition to that, it used in medicine for the treatment of constipation and the venous system disease.
It is used as Indirect nutritional supplements, can being added to milk, drinks. Lactulose could help digestion and absorption of protein, lactose, and produce Vitamin B.
Pharmacological Classification, Mechanism of Action, Clinical Uses, Administration Routes, Dosing for Adults and Pediatrics, Pharmacokinetics, Dose Adjustments, Patient Counseling, Adverse Effects, Drug Interactions, Contraindications, Personal Experience with Ondansetron, Future Clinical Uses of Ondansetron
Lactulose can not be assimilate in the small intestine, and only reach the large intestine can it be used by bifidobacteria and heighten the proliferative activity of it. Therefore lactulose is classified as low calorific sweetener and food additives. In addition to that, it used in medicine for the treatment of constipation and the venous system disease.
It is used as Indirect nutritional supplements, can being added to milk, drinks. Lactulose could help digestion and absorption of protein, lactose, and produce Vitamin B.
daily drug addiction is increasing at a higher rate.. and simply we all need to stop this if we want ourselves to live longer and healthier and also if we want any other relative of our who is addicted towards this..we need to stop this...and we need to create awareness against taking drugs...drugs in medicines are ok because they are used in it in a proper amount but drugs directly...HELL! IT CAN SNATCH YOUR LIFE JUST AWAY FROM YOUR BODY !
Constipation in Infants & Children By Dr. Vivek Rege
Pediatric Surgeon & Pediatric Urologist, BhatiaHospital, Saifee Hospital, Fortis Hospitals, B J Wadia Hospital for Children
this topic is essentially for GNM students. it contains all the information related to preparation and giving laxatives to patient whether in hospital settings or at home along with the nurses role. this topic gives important information to students in concise way regarding how to prepare the laxatives for patient and what precautions are to be taken during giving and after laxatives.
o Information can be used by those who need updated and good quality knowledge about medicine.
o Healthcare providers, such as doctors, pharmacists or nurses and allied health care professionals to help them prescribe ,dispense and administer medicines safely.
o Patients or their care givers, Researchers and general public.
YouTube link: https://youtu.be/gjLi0cwzFz4
Presentation on pharmaceutical syrup........Mahade Hashan
It is a liquid dosage form existing in single phase which is made of concentrated aqueous preparations of 85% sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances in a homogenous mixture.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
1. Name: Ibrahim Saruvaan Faculty Of Health Sciences
Student ID: 39779 Maldives National University
2. • Use in pregnancy
• Use in Brest feeding
• Routes of Administration
• Preparations Available
• Storage Requirements
• Schedule
• Dosage and Counseling
Introduction
• Naming of the drug
• Classification of the drug
• Mechanism of action
• Indications
• Precautions
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Interactions
Lactulose is used in the treatment of chronic constipation in
patients of all ages as a long-term treatment.
Lactulose is a synthetic disaccharide in solution form for oral
administration.
3. Name Of The Drug
Generic Name
Lactulose
Brand Name (91 Brands on CIMS India)
Constulose®
Chemical Name
4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-D-fructofuranose
4. Classification or Group
• lactulose , Belongs to the class of osmotically acting laxatives. Used in
the treatment of constipation.
5. Explanation of Action
Lactulose is used in the treatment of chronic constipation
Lactulose is a disaccharide that is not absorbed in the intestine
It is not broken down by human enzymes, and thus stays in the
digestive bolus through most of its course
• causing retention of water through osmosis leading to
softer, easier to pass stool.
6. Osmosis a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass
through from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated
one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side.
Onset- 48 hr.
Metabolism – Lactulose Metabolize in Colons
Excretion- Faces, urine (as unchanged drug)
12. Use In Pregnancy
• Category B: Either animal-reproduction studies have not
demonstrated a foetal risk
• There are no controlled data in human pregnancy. Lactulose
should only be given during pregnancy when need has been
clearly established.
13. Use In Brest Feeding
• There are no data on the excretion of lactulose into
human milk. While the manufacturer recommends
cautious use during lactation
16. Storage Requirements
• Store at room temperature between (15-30 degrees C)
• Keep away from light and moisture
• Keep away from children
17. Schedule
• It is an OTC Medicine in Maldives
• It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines
18. Dosage and Counseling
Adult above 18 years 15 mL twice daily
Adjusted according
to response
Child under 1 year 2.5 mL twice daily,
Child 1–5 years 2.5–10 mL twice daily
Child 5–18 years 5–20 mL twice daily,
• May be taken with or without food. May be taken
with meals to reduce GI discomfort. Dilute with
water, milk, or fruit juice to improve taste.
20. Summary
• Lactulose is a osmotic laxative used for Consitipation
• Avalable Over the counter
• Water retention in Intestine increase due to its osmotic pressure
– Softening of fecal occurs
• It is available as oral solutions
• Category B in pregnancy
21. Reference
• British National Formulary. (2011). Royal Pharmaceutical Socity.
• India, C. (2015). lactulose. Retrieved 04 11, 2015, from Cims India:
http://www.cimsasia.com/India/drug/info/lactulose/?type=brief&mtype=generic