i present this lovely topic at Notional Guard Hospital in Al-Ahsa in the Orthopedic department.
hope you enjoy
Fahad Al Hulaibi
Orthopedic Resident
NGH-A
i present this lovely topic at Notional Guard Hospital in Al-Ahsa in the Orthopedic department.
hope you enjoy
Fahad Al Hulaibi
Orthopedic Resident
NGH-A
Hoffa's Fracture: Diagnosis, management & New Classification System by BAGARI...Vaibhav Bagaria
Hoffa's Fracture - coronal split fracture of distal femur, its diagnosis, management strategy, a new classification and tips and tricks of management. First described Hoffa, a new classification system by Bagaria et al helps plan the surgery for these tricky fracture. The most crucial step is not to miss these fractures in ER.
Hoffa's Fracture: Diagnosis, management & New Classification System by BAGARI...Vaibhav Bagaria
Hoffa's Fracture - coronal split fracture of distal femur, its diagnosis, management strategy, a new classification and tips and tricks of management. First described Hoffa, a new classification system by Bagaria et al helps plan the surgery for these tricky fracture. The most crucial step is not to miss these fractures in ER.
The upper limb consists of various joints that enable movement and provide flexibility. These joints can be classified into different types based on their structure and function.
Understanding the anatomy and function of these joints is crucial for assessing and managing conditions related to the upper limb, as well as for rehabilitation and therapeutic interventions. Joint injuries, arthritis, and other disorders may affect the functionality of these joints, and appropriate medical care may be necessary for optimal outcomes.
paediatric injuries around the elbow
supracondylar elbow injuries
pulled elbow in paediatric age r
radiological signs around elbow in supracondylar fracture humerus
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. CLAVICE
:Is an S-shape long, curved ,tubular bone , lies
horizontally a cross the root of neck .
It articulate with sternum medially to form
sternoclavicular joint.
Also articulate with acromion process of
scapula at acromioclavicular joint and
acromioclavicular ligament .
the muscles inserting on clavicle are :
sternocleidomastoid, And subclavius muscles
.
8. Mechanism of
injury :
Direct traumatic impact or fall on the
shoulder
87%
.07% .
06%
.
Direct impact to
clavicle Fall on
outstretched hand
From fall on the side
.
Vigorous muscle contraction , seizures
[rare] . Pathological
fracture [rare] .
11. Allman classification : according
to site of fracture :
group 1: Fracture mostly
occur in the middle
one third of clavicle 80% .
group 2: The fractures of outer
third is 15% . Fractures
involving the acromioclavicular joint 28%
.
12. Why does the fracture occur in
middle third more ?
It is the thinnest part of the bone .
It is the junction of the tow main curves
of shaft . Site of entrance of nutrient
artery .
13.
14. common pattern of
fractures
of clavicle
are :
1 - Green stick
fracture :
Common at the junction
between middle and
outer third .
Common in children .
17. 4 - With greater
displacement
:
Thereis over lapping and
shortening . •
18. Clinical
presentatio
n :
pain and tenderness at site of injury .
Obvious deformity and
swelling sometimes occur .
Patient come support his injured limb
with other hand and head tilted
toward injured
side . Local
bruising .
19. vascular compilication are rare , but we
must look for it by : check pulse , gently
palpate root of neck
.
Outer third # are easily
missed for
acromioclavicular joint .
20. Diagnosi
s
:
- Clinical picture
examination .
investigation :
x-ray[AP view ] :
# is usually in middle third, outer
fragment below the inner .
#of outer third may be missed .
CT scan : useful for non union
21.
22. Treatmen
t
:
The aim is to provide support for the
weight of the arm .
Fracture of clavicle unite with or without
treatment . Healing occurs usually in 3-6
weeks .
It may be :
conservative or surgical .
24. Rehabilitati
on :The patient should be instructed
regarding hand wrist and elbow
exercises during immobilization .
And regarding shoulder exercises once
fracture healed .
25.
26.
27.
28. Surgical
treatment :Rarely indicated ,
except in :
- lateral one third
fracture .
- presence of neurovascular
injury .
- non union cases .
Internal fixation plate .
29.
30.
31. Complicati
on:late :
Malunion .
Ununion : treated by internal fixation and bone
grafting . Neurovascular injury [rare] . .
Stiffness of shoulder in
elderly . Ulnar
neuropathy .
Refracture .
Early : [subclavian or carotid artery injury
35. Scapul
a :Is a flat triangular bone that lies on the posterior
thorax wall between 2-7 rib.
It envelope by :
supraspinatus
muscle
infraspinatus
muscle
subscapularis
muscle
Attached to clavicle at acromioclavicular joint
,secured by acromioclavicular ligament .
36.
37.
38.
39. Fracture of
scapula :Fractures of scapula are uncommon
because of scapula location and
surrounding muscles whitch protect it .
Fractures of
scapula -
are result of high
energy
trauma with high
40. Associated life threatening injuries with
scapula # : pneumothorax
pulmonary
contusion
arterial injury
abdominal injury
head injury
splenic or liver
laceration brachial
plexus injury
41. Fractures of scapula are
classified according to
location :
body
fracture
neck
fracture
50 % .
5-30
% .glenoid fracture 10
% . Coracoid
fracture 8 % .
Acromion fracture 7
% .
42. Mechanism of
injury :
# of body : from sever direct trauma
- fall from height with direct landing on posterior
aspect of trunk .
- motor vehicle crush .
# of neck : direct blow to shoulder
- fall on shoulder .
- fall on outstretched hand .
# of glenoid : direct blow to lateral aspect of shoulder .
or impaction of humeral head in to glenoid
fossa .
43. # of coracoid process :
direct blow or shoulder
dislocation .
# of acromion :
direct down ward blow to
shoulder .
44. Clinical
picture :Sight > swelling
deformi
ty
ecchymo
sis
erosio
n .
Touch >
pain
tenderne
ss
crepitatio
n .
Pain exacerbated by
movment .
45. Clinical
picture :Brusing over scapula or chest
area . - Pain in
movement . -
Swelling around back of
shoulder . -
Tenderness at site of # .
-
Arm is held immobile .
46. Diagnosi
s :After initial assessment , according to
advanced trauma life support [ATLS]
principles , radiograghic evaluation is
indicated as soon as possible as patient stable
.
X – ray :
Anteroposterior view lateral axillary view .
C T scan :is useful in glenoid or body
47.
48.
49.
50. Treatme
nt :
Reduction is usually unnecessary .
Patient wears a sling for comfort and
from start movement.
Check repeatedly for dislocation of the
shoulder .
51. # of body by :
conservatively by analgesics and
simple sling to rest shoulder for
2-3 weeks .
# of acromion process :
Un displaced :
sling for 3-4 weeks for rest
shoulder. displaced :
52. # of coracoid :
conservatively in major , using a
sling for 2-3 weeks.
Vigorous exercises should be prohibited
for 2 m . If there is marked displacement
> open reduction .
# of neck and glenoid :
- sling for 2-3 weeks
- if there is displacement > shoulder spica after
reduction .
-open reduction > indicated if there is isolated
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58. Complicatio
n :Malunion non union >
rare Glenohumeral
arthritis .
Limitation in range of
motion . After surgery :
local
dyscomfort
infection
nerve injuries
post traumatic
59. Notes
:Scapular fracture should alert the
surgeon to presence of other
injuries .
Sever chest injury should also raise
suspicion of possible scapular injury
.