Miss Jia struggled with classroom management, which led to discipline issues and a negative relationship with students. Poor classroom management minimizes learning opportunities and cognitive development. Research shows effective classroom management increases engagement, decreases disruptions, and improves achievement. Miss Jia can improve by creating positive learning environment through authoritative style, cooperation, clear rules and procedures, and applying Kounin's theory of vigilance and engaging activities.

1. Classroom management issueWhy did the class ignore Miss Jia’s presence?

2. Our hypothesis..Miss Jia did not employ proper classroom management skills, leading to discipline issues and negative relationship with the students, and this in turn affects the students opportunity to learn, and consequently their cognitive development.

3. A classroom is multidimensional in that many events occur over time, many purposes are served, and many people with different styles and desires participate. The sheer quantity of elements, in other words, is large. In addition, many events in a classroom occur simultaneously. While phrasing a question, a teacher must monitor different levels of involvement in work, search for an appropriate student to answer, anticipate interruptions, and judge whether particular students are violating classroom rules. Similarly, selecting a student to answer a question has potential consequences for that student's achievement and attitudes, the learning of other students, the direction and momentum of the discussion, and the student's perceptions of the teacher. The simultaneous occurrence of multiple elements shortens the time frame and confers an immediacy to the flow of classroom experience. Decisions must be made rapidly with little time for reflection. At the same time, these qualities of classroom life together with a high frequency of interruptions make the course of events at a given moment unpredictable. (Doyle, 1979, p. 44)

4. The crowded, complex, and potentially chaotic classroomAs highlighted by Walter Doyle (1986, 2006), Classroom are multidimensionalActivities occur simultaneouslyThings happen quickly (immediacy)Events are often unpredictableThis is little privacyClassroom have histories

5. Classrooms have little privacyStudents make judgement about how the teacher manages discipline issue (Piaget’s Cognitive constructivism). In Scene 2 (John was accused of cheating), the students may perceive Miss Jia as being unreasonable and distrustful.In Scene 3, they may conclude that Miss Jia is biased i.e. practise favouritism towards Annie.

6. Classrooms have historyStudents remember how the teacher handled a discipline issue, which affects their behaviour in the future. (Memory)In Scene 3, John learned that Miss Jia is “very blur”, and hence she would not take any disciplinary action against late-coming. Consequently, John is always late.

7. Classroom management and LearningWe hypothesized that poor classroom management minimizes students’ learning opportunities and hence their cognitive development.

8. Classroom management and LearningKunter et al. (2007) studied on the relationship between effective classroom management and subject-related interest.The findings,students’ personal experiences of rule clarity and teacher monitoringhave a slightly positive effect on the development of math-related interest in secondary mathematics classrooms.Implication: Higher interest results in active and in-depth learning behaviour.

9. Classroom management and LearningEffective classroom management has been shown to increase student engagement, decrease disruptive behaviours, and enhance use of instructional time, all of which results in improved student achievement. (Wang et al., 1993)

10. Cognitive processing skills and on-task behaviourWillis D. Copeland (1987) studied the relationship between the teachers’ classroom management skill (their cognitive abilities of vigilance and multi-task) and students’ on-task behaviour.He found that these cognitive skills are ” important factor in determining success in creating..high on-task behaviour. “However, not the exclusive factors (there are other factors contributing to it as well)

11. Cognitive processing skills and on-task behaviourVigilance and multiple-attention are important classroom management skills to increase on-task behaviour.High on-task behaviour allows more opportunity for cognitive development, and hence improve students’ cognitive-based test results.

12. How can Miss Jia improve on her classroom management skills?Solution: Creating a positive environment for learning

13. Creating a positive environment for learningGeneral strategiesAuthoritarian classroom management stylePermissive classroom management styleAuthoritative classroom management style

14. Creating a positive environment for learning2. Getting students to cooperateDevelop a positive relationship with the studentsGet students to share and assume responsibilitiesReward appropriate behaviour (Operant conditioning –positive reinforcement)

15. Creating a positive environment for learning3. Creating, teaching, and maintaining rules and proceduresSetting reasonable rules, provide understanding rationales for them, and enforce them consistentlyKounin’s management style

16. Kounin’s theory on classroom managementWith-it-ness: Awareness of what is happening, and handle it before it escalates. Overlapping: Multi-taskingContinuity and smoothness in lessonEngage students in a variety of challenging activities(Vygotsky’s theory of Zones of Proximal Development)

17. Kounin’s theory on classroom managementCognitive psychologists termed the information processing skills of “withitness” and “overlapping” as vigilance and multiple attention.

18. ConclusionOur hypothesis that “Miss Jia did not employ proper classroom management skills, leading to discipline issues and negative relationship with the students, and this in turn affects the students opportunity to learn, and consequently their cognitive development” has been widely studied and supported.

19. ConclusionMiss Jia can improve on this by creating a positive learning environment through Adopting authoritative classroom management styleGetting students to cooperateSetting rules and proceduresAnd applying Kounin’s classroom management theory.