Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that causes fever, runny nose, cough, and a red rash. It spreads easily through the air. Complications can include pneumonia and encephalitis. While there is no specific treatment, vaccination has decreased measles deaths by 75% globally since 2000. Polio is a viral infection that can cause muscle weakness and paralysis. It spreads through contaminated food or water. Vaccination has prevented polio in most countries, though it still occurs in some developing nations. Tetanus is a bacterial infection causing painful muscle spasms. It enters through wounds and is prevented through vaccination.

1. IMMUNIZABLE DISEASES

2. MEASLES
• is a highly contagious infection caused by the measles virus.
• Initial signs and symptoms typically include:
• fever, often greater than 40 °C (104.0 °F),
• cough,
• runny nose, and inflamed eyes
• Two or three days after the start of symptoms, small white spots may
form inside the mouth, known as Koplik's spots.
• A red, flat rash which usually starts on the face and then spreads to the
rest of the body typically begins three to five days after the start of
symptoms.
• Symptoms usually develop 10–12 days after exposure to an infected
person and last 7–10 days

3. MEASLES
• Complications occur in about 30% and may include diarrhea, blindness,
inflammation of the brain, and pneumonia
• Measles is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and
sneezes of those infected.
• It may also be spread through contact with saliva or nasal secretions.
• People are infectious to others from four days before to four days after the
start of the rash.
• People usually do not get the disease more than once.
• Testing for the virus in suspected cases is important for public health
efforts.
• The measles vaccine is effective at preventing the disease.
• Vaccination has resulted in a 75% decrease in deaths from measles between
2000 and 2013 with about 85% of children globally being currently
vaccinated.
• No specific treatment is available.

4. MEASLES
• Supportive care may improve outcomes This may include giving oral
rehydration solution (slightly sweet and salty fluids), healthy food, and
medications to control the fever.Antibiotics may be used if a
secondary bacterial infection such as pneumonia occurs. Vitamin A
supplementation is also recommended in the developing world.
• Measles affects about 20 million people a year, primarily in the
developing areas of Africa and Asia.
• It causes the most vaccine-preventable deaths of any disease
• Most of those who are infected and who die are less than five years
old.
• The risk of death among those infected is usually 0.2%,but may be up
to 10% in those who have malnutrition

5. POLIO
• Poliomyelitis, often called polio or infantile paralysis
• is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus.
• In about 0.5% of cases there is muscle weakness resulting in an
inability to move
• This can occur over a few hours to few days
• The weakness most often involves the legs but may less commonly
involve the muscles of the head, neck and diaphragm.
• Many but not all people fully recover.
• In those with muscle weakness about 2% to 5% of children and 15%
to 30% of adults die.

6. polio
• Another 25% of people have minor symptoms such as:
• fever
• a sore throat
• up to 5% have headache,
• neck stiffness and
• pains in the arms and legs.
• These people are usually back to normal within one or two weeks.
• In up to 70% of infections there are no symptoms.
• Years after recovery post-polio syndrome may occur, with a slow
development of muscle weakness similar to that which the person had
during the initial infection.

7. polio
• Poliovirus is usually spread from person to person through infected
fecal matter entering the mouth.
• It may also be spread by food or water containing human feces and
less commonly from infected saliva.
• Those who are infected may spread the disease for up to six weeks
even if no symptoms are present.
• The disease may be diagnosed by finding the virus in the feces or
detecting antibodies against it in the blood.

8. POLIO
• The disease is preventable with the polio vaccine;
• however, a number of doses are required for it to be effective.
• The United States Center for Disease Control recommends polio
vaccination boosters for travelers and those who live in countries
where the disease is occurring
• Once infected there is no specific treatment.
• In 2015 polio affected less than 100 people down from 350,000 cases
in 1988.[5][2] In 2014 the disease was only spreading between people
in Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Pakistan

9. polio
• Poliomyelitis has existed for thousands of years, with depictions of
the disease in ancient art.
• The disease was first recognized as a distinct condition by Michael
Underwood in 178
• the virus that causes it was first identified in 1908 by Karl Landsteiner
• The first polio vaccine was developed in the 1950s by Jonas Salk.
• It is hoped that vaccination efforts and early detection of cases will
result in global eradication of the disease by 2018.[10]

10. Tuberculosis (TB
• Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease
• caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
• generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body.
• Most infections do not have symptoms, known as latent tuberculosis.
• About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease which, if left
untreated, kills about half of those infected.
• The classic symptoms of active TB are:
• a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum,
• fever,
• night sweats,
• and weight loss.
• Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.

11. TB
• Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active
TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze.
• People with latent TB do not spread the disease.
• Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in
those who smoke.
• Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic
examination and culture of body fluids. Diagnosis of latent TB relies
on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests.

12. TB
• Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection
and treatment of cases,
• vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine.
• Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts
of people with active TB.
• Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period
of time.
• Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem with increasing rates of
multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB).

13. TB
• One-third of the world's population is thought to be infected with TB.
• New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year.
• In 2014, there were 9.6 million cases of active TB which resulted in
1.5 million deaths.
• More than 95% of deaths occurred in developing countries. The
number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000.
• About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test
positive while 5–10% of people in the United States population tests
positive by the tuberculin test.
• Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times

14. TETANUS
• Tetanus, also known as lockjaw,
• is an infection characterized by muscle spasms.
• the spasms begin in the jaw and then progress to the rest of the
body.
• These spasms usually last a few minutes each time and occur
frequently for three to four weeks.
• Spasms may be so severe that bone fractures may occur
• Other symptoms may include fever, sweating, headache, trouble
swallowing, high blood pressure, and a fast heart rate.
• Onset of symptoms is typically three to twenty-one days following
infection. It may take months to recover. About 10% of those infected
die

15. TETENUS
• Tetanus is caused by an infection with the bacterium Clostridium
tetani, which is commonly found in soil, dust and manure.
• The bacteria generally enter through a break in the skin such as a cut
or puncture wound by a contaminated object.
• They produce toxins that interfere with muscle contractions, resulting
in the typical symptoms.
• Diagnosis is based on the presenting signs and symptoms.
• The disease does not spread between people.

16. TETANUS
• Infection can be prevented by proper immunization with the tetanus
vaccine.
• In those who have a significant wound and less than three doses of
the vaccine both immunization and tetanus immune globulin are
recommended.
• In those who are infected tetanus immune globulin or, if it is not
available, intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used. The wound
should be cleaned and any dead tissue should be removed.
• Muscle relaxants may be used to control spasms.
• Mechanical ventilation may be required if a person's breathing is
affected.

17. TETANUS
• Tetanus occurs in all parts of the world but is most frequent in hot
and wet climates where the soil contains a lot of organic matter.
• In 2013 it caused about 59,000 deaths – down from 356,000 in
1990.[5] Description of the disease by Hippocrates exists from at least
as far back as the 5th century BC.
• The cause of the disease was determined in 1884 by Antonio Carle
and Giorgio Rattone at the University of Turin, with a vaccine being
developed in 1924.[1]

18. Diphtheria
• Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium
diphtheriae.
• Signs and symptoms may vary from mild to severe
• They usually start two to five days after exposure
• Symptoms often come on fairly gradually beginning with a sore
throat and fever.
• In severe cases a grey or white patch develops in the throat. This can
block the airway and create a barking cough as in croup.
• The neck may swell in part due to large lymph nodes.
• A form of diphtheria that involves the skin, eyes, or genitals also exists

19. Diphtheria
• Complications may include:
• myocarditis, Myocarditis may result in an abnormal heart rate
• inflammation of nerves,
• kidney problems,
• bleeding problems due to low blood platelets.
• inflammation of the nerves may result in paralysis.
• The symptoms are due to a toxin produced by the bacteria
• Diphtheria is usually spread between people by direct contact or through the air.
• It may also be spread by contaminated objects.
• Some people carry the bacteria without having symptoms, but can still spread the
disease to others.

20. Diphtheria
• There are three main types of C. diphtheriae causing different severities of
disease
• Diagnosis can often be made based on the appearance of the throat with
confirmation by culture.
• Previous infection may not prevent against future infection.[2]
• A vaccine, known as diphtheria toxoid, is effective for prevention and
available in a number of formulations.
• Three or four doses, given along with tetanus toxoid and acellular pertussis
vaccine, are recommended during childhood.
• Further doses are recommended every ten years.
• Protection can be verified by measuring the antitoxin level in the blood.

21. Diphtheria
• Treatment is with the antibiotic erythromycin or penicillin G. These
antibiotics may also be used for prevention in those who have been
exposed to the infection.
• A surgical procedure known as a tracheostomy is sometimes needed
to open the airway in severe cases.
• It currently occurs most often in Sub-Saharan Africa, India, and
Indonesia.
• In areas where it is still common, children are most affected.
• Death occurs in between 5% and 10% of those affected.
• The disease was first described in the 5th century BC by Hippocrates.
The bacterium was discovered in 1882 by Edwin Klebs.

22. Whooping cough
• also known as Pertussis
• is a highly contagious bacterial disease.
• Initially, symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny
nose, fever, and mild cough.
• This is then followed by weeks of severe coughing fits.
• Following a fit of coughing, a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the
person breathes in.
• The coughing may last for 10 or more weeks, hence the phrase "100-day cough“
• A person may cough so hard that they vomit, break ribs, or become very tired
from the effort.
• Children less than one year old may have little or no cough and instead have
periods where they do not breathe
• The time between infection and the onset of symptoms is usually seven to ten
days.
• Disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated, but symptoms are
typically milder.

23. Whooping cough
• Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis.
• It is an airborne disease which spreads easily through the coughs and
sneezes of an infected person.
• People are infectious to others from the start of symptoms until about
three weeks into the coughing fits.
• Those treated with antibiotics are no longer infectious after five days.
• Diagnosis is by collecting a sample from the back of the nose and throat.
• This sample can then be tested by either culture or by polymerase chain
reaction
• Prevention is mainly by vaccination with the pertussis vaccine.
• Initial immunization is recommended between six and eight weeks of age,
with four doses to be given in the first two years of life

24. Whooping cough
• The vaccine becomes less effective over time, with additional doses
often recommended for older children and adults.
• Antibiotics may be used to prevent the disease in those who have
been exposed and are at risk of severe disease.
• In those with the disease, antibiotics are useful if started within three
weeks of the initial symptoms, but otherwise have little effect in most
people.
• In children less than one year old and among those who are
pregnant, they are recommended within six weeks of symptom onset.
• Antibiotics used include erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin,
or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
• Many children less than a year of age require hospitalization

25. Whooping cough
• An estimated 16 million people worldwide are infected per year.
• Most cases occur in the developing world, and people of all ages may
be affected
• Nearly 0.5% of infected children less than a year of age die.
• Outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16th century.
• The bacterium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906.
• The pertussis vaccine became available in the 1940s.[5]

26. Hepatitis
• Hepatitis is a disease of the liver characterized by the presence of inflammatory
cells in the tissue of the organ.
• Hepatitis may occur without symptoms, but can lead to: jaundice (a yellow
discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and conjunctiva of the eyes), poor
appetite, fatigue.
• Depending on the cause, hepatitis can manifest either as an acute or as a chronic
disease.
• Acute hepatitis can be self-limiting (resolving on its own), can progress to chronic
hepatitis, or can cause acute liver failure in rare instances.[
• Chronic hepatitis may have no symptoms, or may progress over time to fibrosis
(scarring of the liver) and cirrhosis (chronic liver failure).
• Cirrhosis of the liver increases the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (a
form of liver cancer).
• Worldwide, viral hepatitis is the most common cause, followed closely by
alcoholic liver disease and non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD
• Other less common causes of hepatitis include autoimmune diseases, ingestion
of toxic substances, certain medications (such as paracetamol), some industrial
organic solvents, and plants.

27. hepatitis
• Hepatitis A
• The CDC recommends the hepatitis A vaccine for all children
beginning at age one, as well as for those who have not been
previously immunized and are at high risk for contracting the disease.
• For children 12 months of age or older, the vaccination is given as a
shot into the muscle in two doses 6–18 months apart and should be
started before the age 24 months.
• The dosing is slightly different for adults depending on the type of the
vaccine. If the vaccine is for hepatitis A only, two doses are given 6–
18 months apart depending on the manufacturer.
• If the vaccine is combined hepatitis A and hepatitis B, up to 4 doses
may be required

28. hepatitis
• Hepatitis B
• The CDC recommends the routine vaccination of all children under the age
of 19 with the hepatitis B vaccine
• They also recommend it for those who desire it or are at high risk.
• Routine vaccination for hepatitis B starts with the first dose administered
as a shot into the muscle before the newborn is discharged from the
hospital.
• An additional two doses should be administered before the child is 18
months.
• For babies born to a mother with hepatitis B surface antigen positivity, the
first dose is unique – in addition to the vaccine, the hepatitis immune
globulin should also be administered, both within 12 hours of birth.
• These newborns should also be regularly tested for infection for at least
the first year of life
• There is also a combination formulation that includes both hepatitis A and
B vaccines

29. hepatitis
• There are currently no vaccines available in the United States for
hepatitis C or E.
• Behavioral changes
• Hepatitis A
• Because hepatitis A is transmitted primarily through the oral-fecal
route, the mainstay of prevention aside from vaccination is good
hygiene, access to clean water and proper handling of sewage.[65]
• Hepatitis B and C
• As hepatitis B and C are transmitted through blood and multiple
bodily fluids, prevention is aimed at screening blood prior to
transfusion, abstaining from the use of injection drugs, safe needle
and sharps practices in healthcare settings, and safe sex practices.

30. Hepatitis
• Hepatitis D
• The hepatitis D virus requires that a person first be infected with hepatitis
B virus, so prevention efforts should focus on limiting the spread of
hepatitis B. In people who have chronic hepatitis B infection and are at risk
for superinfection with the hepatitis D virus, the preventive strategies are
the same as for hepatitis B.
• Hepatitis E
• Hepatitis E is spread primarily through the oral-fecal route but may also be
spread by blood and from mother to fetus. The mainstay of hepatitis E
prevention is similar to that for hepatitis A (namely, good hygiene and
clean water practices).
• Alcoholic hepatitis
• As excessive alcohol consumption can lead to hepatitis and cirrhosis, the
following are maximal recommendations for alcohol consumption:
• Women – ≤ 3 drinks on any given day and ≤ 7drinks per week
• Men – ≤ 4 drinks on any given day and ≤ 14 drinks per week

31. hepatitis
• Routine immunization of HCWs against infection with HBV is an
effective way to protect them. HBV is the most infectious blood-
borne virus.
• HB vaccine is effective, relatively inexpensive, and widely available.
• All HCWs should be immunized.
• Pre-vaccination serological testing is not necessary. Use a 0-, 1-, and
6-months schedule of three injections.
• If possible, measure antibody levels between two to six months after
the last dose.
• Do not administer boosters routinely—protection is life long.

32. hepatitis
people at high risk for hepatitis C infection
• Intravenous drug users (past or current)
• Intranasal illicit drug users
• HIV-positive
• Men who have sex with men
• Incarcerated, or who have been in the past
• On long-term hemodialysis, or who have been in the past
• Recipients of tattoos in an "unregulated setting"
• Recipients of blood products or organs
• Born to HCV-positive mothers
• Pregnant, and engaging in high-risk behaviors
• Workers in a healthcare setting who have had a needlestick injury
• Blood and/or organ donors.
• Sex workers

33. Pneumonia
• Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung
• affecting primarily the microscopic air sacs known as alveoli.
• Typical signs and symptoms include:
• a varying severity and combination of productive or dry cough, chest
pain, fever, and trouble breathing, depending on the underlying
cause.
• Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and
less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and
conditions such as autoimmune diseases.

34. pneumonia
Risk factors include:
other lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis, COPD, and asthma,
diabetes, heart failure, a history of smoking, a poor ability to cough
such as following a stroke, or a weak immune system.
Diagnosis is often based on the symptoms and physical examination.
Chest X-ray, blood tests, and culture of the sputum may help confirm
the diagnosis.
The disease may be classified by where it was acquired with
community, hospital, or health care associated pneumonia.

35. pneumonia
• Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available.
• Other methods of prevention include handwashing and not smoking.
• Treatment depends on the underlying cause.
• Pneumonia believed to be due to bacteria is treated with antibiotics.
• If the pneumonia is severe, the affected person is generally
hospitalized. Oxygen therapy may be used if oxygen levels are low.
• In developing countries, and among the very old, the very young, and
the chronically ill, pneumonia remains a leading cause of death.

36. Rotavirus
• Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe vomiting and diarrhoea
among infants and young children.
• It is a genus of double-stranded RNA viruses in the family Reoviridae.
• Nearly every child in the world has been infected with rotavirus at least
once by the age of five.
• Immunity develops with each infection, so subsequent infections are less
severe; adults are rarely affected.
• There are eight species of this virus, referred to as A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H.
• Rotavirus A, the most common species, causes more than 90% of rotavirus
infections in humans.

37. rotavirus
• The virus is transmitted by the faecal-oral route.
• It infects and damages the cells that line the small intestine and
causes gastroenteritis (which is often called "stomach flu" despite
having no relation to influenza).
• Although rotavirus was discovered in 1973 by Ruth Bishop and her
colleagues by electron micrograph images and accounts for up to 50%
of hospitalisations for severe diarrhoea in infants and children, its
importance has been underestimated within the public health
community, particularly in developing countries.

38. rotavirus
• In addition to its impact on human health, rotavirus also infects animals,
and is a pathogen of livestock.
• Rotavirus is usually an easily managed disease of childhood, but worldwide
children under five years of age still die from rotavirus infection each
yearmost of whom live in developing countries, and almost two million
more become severely ill.
• Public health campaigns to combat rotavirus focus on providing oral
rehydration therapy for infected children and vaccination to prevent the
disease.
• The incidence and severity of rotavirus infections has declined significantly
in countries that have added rotavirus vaccine to their routine childhood
immunisation policies.

39. Influenza
• Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by
an influenza virus
• Symptoms can be mild to severe.
• The most common symptoms include: a high fever, runny nose, sore
throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, and feeling tired.
• These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and
most last less than a week.
• The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks.
• In children, there may be nausea and vomiting, but these are not common
in adults.
• Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary
bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health
problems such as asthma or heart failure.

40. Influenza
• Three types of influenza viruses affect people, called Type A, Type B,
and Type C.
• Usually, the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes.
• This is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances.[
• It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus
and then touching the mouth or eyes.
• A person may be infectious to others both before and during the
time they are showing symptoms.
• The infection may be confirmed by testing the throat, sputum, or
nose for the virus.
•

41. influenza
• A number of rapid tests are available; however, people may still have
the infection if the results are negative.
• A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus's RNA is
more accurate.
• Frequent hand washing reduces the risk of infection because the virus
is inactivated by soap.
• Wearing a surgical mask is also useful.
• Yearly vaccinations against influenza are recommended by the World
Health Organization for those at high risk.
• The vaccine is usually effective against three or four types of
influenza.
• It is usually well tolerated.

42. influenza
• A vaccine made for one year may not be useful in the following year,
since the virus evolves rapidly.
• Antiviral drugs such as the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir,
among others, have been used to treat influenza.
• Influenza spreads around the world in a yearly outbreak,
• In the Northern and Southern parts of the world outbreaks occur
mainly in winter while in areas around the equator outbreaks may
occur at any time of the year.
• Death occurs mostly in the young, the old and those with other
health problems

43. influenza
• The World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of
influenza A/H1N1 to be a pandemic in June 2009.
• Influenza may also affect other animals, including pigs, horses and
birds.[11]

44. Yellow fever
• Yellow fever is an acute viral disease.
• In most cases, symptoms include fever, chills, loss of appetite,
nausea, muscle pains particularly in the back, and headaches.
• Symptoms typically improve within five days.
• In some people within a day of improving, the fever comes back,
abdominal pain occurs, and liver damage begins causing yellow skin.
• If this occurs, the risk of bleeding and kidney problems is also
increased.

45. Yellow fever
• The disease is caused by the yellow fever virus and is spread by the bite of
an infected female mosquito
• It infects only humans, other primates, and several species of mosquitoes.
• In cities, it is spread primarily by mosquitoes of the Aedes aegypti species.
• The virus is an RNA virus of the genus Flavivirus.
• The disease may be difficult to tell apart from other illnesses, especially in
the early stages.
• To confirm a suspected case, blood sample testing with polymerase chain
reaction is required.
• A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever exists and some countries
require vaccinations for travelers.

46. Yellow fever
• Other efforts to prevent infection include reducing the population of the
transmitting mosquito.
• In areas where yellow fever is common and vaccination is uncommon, early
diagnosis of cases and immunization of large parts of the population is
important to prevent outbreaks.
• Once infected, management is symptomatic with no specific measures
effective against the virus.
• The second and more severe phase results in death in up to half of people
without treatment.
• It is common in tropical areas of South America and Africa, but not in Asia
• The disease originated in Africa, from where it spread to South America
through the slave trade in the 17th century.
• In 1927 yellow fever virus became the first human virus to be isolated.