This document discusses various organelles found in plant and animal cells including the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, and differences between plant and animal cells. The Golgi apparatus packages and transports proteins, lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, mitochondria generate energy, plastids aid photosynthesis in plants, and vacuoles provide storage. It also covers cell division and the process of mitosis and meiosis.
The fundamental unit of life is cell. It is briefly explained about it in this ppt , actually you can read this for school exams too. Thank you please leave a like
The fundamental unit of life is cell. It is briefly explained about it in this ppt , actually you can read this for school exams too. Thank you please leave a like
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Tissues'. For Class - 9th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
Life originated from inorganic matter but interaction of these inorganic matter lead to the formation of organic molecules which makes up the life sustaining entity called cell. In this chapter we will study about cell, how it is discovered, cell theory, parts of cell and their functions.
In this presentation, the presenter has described the basics of Cell Biology. The features of a cell, types of cells, functions, components of cells etc. This will be very handy for class 7-9th standard students.
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Tissues'. For Class - 9th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
Life originated from inorganic matter but interaction of these inorganic matter lead to the formation of organic molecules which makes up the life sustaining entity called cell. In this chapter we will study about cell, how it is discovered, cell theory, parts of cell and their functions.
In this presentation, the presenter has described the basics of Cell Biology. The features of a cell, types of cells, functions, components of cells etc. This will be very handy for class 7-9th standard students.
Cellular Organizations | Class 8 | ScienceVijay Meena
Cellular Organizations
This presentation covers everything you want to know about Cellular Organizations, especially class 8 science book Cellular Organizations chapter.
Cell Anatomy and physiology ( structure and function for NEET asparients, Biology, MBBS, BPT, Allied, nursing , medical and paramedical students. This is the easiest form of slide share to understand the context better.
Specially for Science students.
Understand cell completely with easy language. Easy language for students who are not good in English.
Students who are in high school just read it with conscious mind and grab the points which will help in understanding cell easily as well as it will help you to score good in tests/exams.
For students who are in universities colleges need to understand it completely by putting some efforts.
This Presentation covers the Decision-making process in three parts as
2.1Decision Making- Buying Motives, Buying Roles, Definition, Types of decisions
2.2Consumer Decision Making, Implications for a Marketer, Compensatory and Non-compensatory decision rules
2.3 Levels of Decision making- (i) Extensive problem solving (EPS) (ii) Limited problem solving (LPS) (iii) Routinized problem solving (RPS) or routinized response behavior.
Mechanism of Inhalation and exhalation, Respiration in other animals-cockroach, earthworm, frog, fish , whales and dolphins, respiration in plants, exchange of gases in plants
valencies, criss-cross method to find chemical formulae, formula unit mass, gram atomic mass, gram molecular mass, gram formula unit mass , mole concept, formulae
Atoms, molecules, Daltons symbols of the element, Modern symbols of elements, Atomic mass and the atomic mass unit, molecules of an element and molecules of compounds
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
1. LEARNING OBJECTIVES -- VIDEO 4
• GOLGI APPARATUS
• LYSOSOMES
• MITOCHONDIA
• PLASTIDS
• VACOULES
• CELL DIVISION
• ORGANELLES IN PLANT AND ANIMAL
CELL
2. GOLGI APPARATUS
• Golgi apparatus was first discovered by
Camillo Golgi .
• This is also called post office of cell.
• This consist of membrane bound sacs that are
arranged parallel to each other in stacks which
is called Cisterns
• . These are connected with membranes of ER
• FUNCTIONS:.
• Golgi apparatus pack and transport the
proteins across the cytoplasm.
• Its functions include storage , modification
and packaging .
• These also form lysosomes .
3. LYSOSOMES
• These are membrane bound .
• They are referred to as suicide bags of the cell as
they contain potent enzymes that can digest a cell.
• Lysosome also help in defense by attacking a
foreign object.
• These are made by rough ER .
• We can say it is type of waste disposal system in
cell .
• When the cell gets damaged , lysosomes may burst
and enzymes digest their own cell .
• These are also called Suicide Bags of cell .
4. MITOCHONDRIA
• These are powerhouse of cell .
• It has two membranes .
• The inner membrane is deeply folded and outer membrane is
porous .
• Mitochondria generate ATP(Adenosine tri phosphate) which is
a form of energy .
• The inner foldings of Mitochondria increase surface area for
ATP generation.
• Mitochondria has its own DNA and ribosomes and hence they
make their own proteins .
• FUNCTIONS:
.It is the main seat for cell respiration and oxidation of food.
5. PLASTIDS
• Plastid is present only in
plant cell . These are of
three types . Plastids also
have its own DNA and
ribosomes .
• FUNCTIONS:
• Chloroplast trap the solar
energy for photosynthesis.
• Chromoplasts give colour
to flowers .
• Leucoplasts store food in
the form of starch.
6. VACUOLES
• These are the storage sacs .
• There are large vacuoles in plant cell but in animal
cell they are very small sized .
• These in plant cell occupies 50-90% volume .
• These provide rigidity to cell .
• Vacuoles include amino acids , sugars and proteins in
it .
• This help cell to perform respiration , clearing the
waste or to make new proteins .
7. CELL INCLUSIONS
• Cell inclusions are non living
materials present in the
cytoplasm .
• The common ones are stored
food, secretions, excretions
etc.
8. CELL DIVISION
• Cells are formed to grow and replace old and dead
cells .
• Cell Division is process by which new cells are
formed .
• These are of two types Mitosis and Meiosis .
• In mitosis mother cell divides to form two identical
daughter cells . The daughter cell have same
number of chromosomes as mother cell . It helps in
growth .
• Cells of reproductive organs divide to form
gametes , which after fertilization give rise to
offspring . This is Meiosis .
• When meiosis happens four new cells are formed .
New cells are half the number of chromosomes
than of mother .
