This document provides information about organelles found in plant and animal cells. It explains that organelles are tiny structures within cells that perform life functions. Some key organelles discussed include the nucleus, which controls cell functions; mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell; chloroplasts, which perform photosynthesis in plant cells; the cell membrane, which regulates what enters and exits the cell; and the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus, which work together to synthesize, modify and transport proteins and lipids. The document emphasizes that organelles work cooperatively to carry out the functions necessary to sustain life.

1. ORGANELLES
PLANT & ANIMAL CELLS

2. PRINCIPLES OF CELL THEORY
*CELLS ARE THE SMALLEST LIVING UNITS OF AN ORGANISM.
*ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS.
*CELLS CARRY OUT ALL FUNCTIONS NEEDED TO SUPPORT LIFE.
*CELLS ONLY COME FROM OTHER CELLS
There are 2 types of cells:
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
*First cells to evolve
*No Nucleus
*Hereditary info in cytoplasm
Example: Bacteria
*Evolved from Prokaryotes
*Have a Nucleus
*Hereditary info in Nucleus
Example: Plants and Animals
WE WILL BE STUDYING
2 TYPES OF
EUKARYOTIC CELLS-
PLANT AND ANIMAL

4. A cell has all of the
characteristics of life
*it can reproduce
*it can grow
*it can respond to its’
environment
*it can exchanges gases
*it can eliminate waste
*It requires water
*it can obtain and use energy
A cell is the smallest living unit of an
organism and all organisms are
made of cells. An adult human is
composed of anywhere between
35-100 trillion individual cells. There
are 200 or so different types of
specialized cells that work together
to keep a human alive.

5. TISSUE:
A GROUP OF SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT WORK
TOGETHER TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC FUNCTION

6. TISSUE:
A GROUP OF SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT WORK
TOGETHER TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC FUNCTION

8. THE ORGANELLES
AND NOW…THE MOMENT WE'VE ALL BEEN WAITING FOR
Organelles:
the tiny structures or “little organs” that perform the
life functions within each and every cell.

9. Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Rough E. R.
Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Cytosol
Cytoskeleton
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Large Central
Vacuole

10. CELL
WALL
found only in
plant cells.
Function: It provides provides the plant cell with strength, structure
and protection.
Characteristics: It is a thick, rigid layer made out of cellulose and it
surrounds the plant cell.

11. LARGE
CENTRAL
VACUOLE
found only in
plant cells.
Function: It stores water, waste and nutrients
and helps maintain the shape of plant cells.
Characteristics: It is a large open space, often
located in the center of plant cells.
*Some animal cells contain vacuoles but they are
very small
LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE

12. CHLOROPLAST
Function: It uses solar energy to
make food (a simple sugar called
Glucose) for the plant, through a
process called photosynthesis.
Characteristics: This oval
shaped organelle contains a green
pigment called chlorophyl which
is used to capture sunlight energy.
found only in
plant cells.

13. MITOCHONDRIA
found in
both plant
and animal
cells.
Function: The mitochondria is the site of Cellular Respiration: a chemical process that breaks
down glucose (a simple sugar) molecules to produce useable energy in the form of ATP.
Characteristics: The mitochondria is known as “the powerhouse” of the cell and it is shaped like a
jelly bean. It has inner foldings called Cristae which increases the internal surface area.
*Mitochondria have their own DNA. Mitochondrial DNA is circular, just like in bacteria. There
is overwhelming evidence supporting the theory that mitochondria originated from
ancient prokaryotes which formed a symbiotic relationship with larger cells.

14. CELL MEMBRANE
-ALSO CALLED THE “PLASMA” MEMBRANE
Function: It monitors and controls movement of
materials in and out of the cell. It also provides
protection, support, and plays an important role in
maintaining HOMEOSTASIS.
Characteristics: Surrounds all cells. In a plant cell it lies
beneath the CELL WALL. In animal cells it acts as the
outer boundary.
*The structure of the cell membrane is provided by a
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER- a double-walled membrane is
made of LIPIDS.
*This membrane is SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE: It will allow only
certain molecules to pass through it by means of ACTIVE or PASSIVE
TRANSPORT.
ACTIVE TRANSPORT: this type of transport requires cell
energy
PASSIVE TRANSPORT: this type of transport does not
require cell energy and involves molecules moving from
an area of high concentration to low concentration across a
membrane. examples: simple diffusion and osmosis.
found in both plant
and animal cells.

15. CYTOPLASM(2 PARTS)
1.) CYTOSOL (GEL-LIKE LIQUID)
2.) CYTOSKELETON (SOLID STRUCTURES)
CYTOSOL CYTOSKELETON
CYTOPLASM (Cytosol + Cytoskeleton
Cytosol
Function: It supports and protects all
organelles and allows for movement within the
cell.
Characteristics: Cytosol is a clear, thick, jelly-like
material that is surrounded by the cell membrane and
fills the cell. It is made mostly of water and all other
organelles are suspended within it.
Cytoskeleton
Function: Structures that act as the inner
framework for the cell. It supports the cell and
provides it with shape.
found in both plant
and animal cells.

16. NUCLEUS
found in both plant
and animal cells.
Function: It controls all cell functions and
activities.
Characteristics: Large, oval shaped, normally
located near the center of the cell.
The center of the Nucleus is called the NUCLEOLUS
and this is where RIBOSOMES are created.
**The nucleus contains CHROMATIN-thin fibers of
DNA which carry all genetic information. This
DNA provides the “blueprints” or “instructions”
that the nucleus uses to carry out all cell activities.

17. RIBOSOMES
found in both plant and animal cells.
Function: To produce
PROTEINS !
Characteristics: Tiny
structures- the smallest organelle.
Produced by the Nucleolus
Some of the
RIBOSOMES
DO NOT attach
to the ER,
rather, they stay
in the
CYTOSOL.
RIBOSOMES
These so-called
“free”
RIBOSOMES
produce
PROTEINS that
will be used
inside the cell
to make
ENZYMES, etc.
Many RIBOSOMES
attach directly to the
Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
(this is what makes it
“rough”)
These so-called
“bound” RIBOSOMES
produce PROTEINS
that are exported
outside of the cell to
be used by other
parts of the organism

18. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
found in both
plant
and animal
cells.
Function: A.) It receives RIBOSOMES from the NUCLEOLUS
B.) It houses these RIBOSOMES while they make PROTEINS.
C.) It then begins to modify these PROTEINS.
D.) It transports these PROTEINS to the GOLGI APPARATUS.
Characteristics: It’s a network or flattened tubes that connect to the NUCLEUS

19. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
found in both
plant
and animal
cells.
Function: A.) produces LIPIDS, B.) removes toxins C.) helps with metabolism
Characteristics: It is “smooth” because it does not have RIBOSOMES attached to its surface. It often
looks like coral.

20. GOLGI APPARATUS -ALSO CALLED GOLGI BODIES
found in
both plant
and animal
cells.
Function: A.) Receives PROTEINS from the ROUGH ER and LIPIDS from the SMOOTH ER.
B.) Modifies and Processes PROTEINS and LIPIDS.
C.) Packages these materials into a TRANSPORT VESICLE
D.) Exports (via a transport vesicle) materials throughout the cell and outside of the
cell to other parts of the organism
Characteristics: It looks like a flattened stack of membranes (some say it looks like a stack of pancakes).
It is always located near the “exit” of the ROUGH ER

21. LYSOSOMES
Function: It is responsible for the removal and recycling of waste.
Characteristics: They are small organelles that float throughout the CYTOSOL. Lysosomes contain
PROTEINS called ENZYMES that break down old or unneeded parts of the cell and substances that
have been brought into the cell from the outside.
*The digestive enzymes within the Lysosome are created by the GOLGI APPARATUS.
found in both plant and animal cells.

22. 1. The NUCLEOLUS produces RIBOSOMES.
Organelles working together to synthesize, modify, package
and deliver PROTEINS and LIPIDS
2. The ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
receives these RIBOSOMES.
3. The RIBOSOMES synthesize (creates) PROTEINS
within the ROUGH ER.
4. A Transport Vesicle buds off from the ER with these
PROTEINS inside.
1. The SMOOTH ER synthesizes (creates) LIPIDS.
2. A Transport Vesicle buds of from SMOOTH ER with these LIPIDS inside
Proteins
LIPIDS (fats)
3. Transport Vesicle fuses with GOLGI APPARATUS, dumping contents inside
5. Transport Vesicle fuses with GOLGI APPARATUS,
dumping contents inside
Refer to #’s 3, 4 and 5 in the white text box in upper left
Refer to #’s 3, 4 and 5 in the white text box
in upper left
Nucleolus
Nucleus