This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to citizenship, society, and the state. It defines ethnic identity and national identity, and differentiates between them. Citizenship is defined as an individual's relationship to the state, which can lead to patriotism. Nationalism is differentiated from patriotism. Social cleavages like class, ethnicity, and religion are explained as divisions that impact policymaking. Social movements are defined as organized efforts to create or resist change, while civil society refers to voluntary organizations that allow people to define their own interests outside of the state. The document also briefly discusses global civil society and cosmopolitanism.

1. CITIZENS,
SOCIETY
AND THE STATE
Prepared by:
Mr. Antonio T. Delgado

2. FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. Differentiate ethnic identity from national identity.
2. Define citizenship.
3. Differentiate nationalism from patriotism.
4. Define social cleavage.
5. Identify politically-relevant social cleavages.
6. Differentiate social movement from civil society.

3. Ethnic Identity
Ethnic identity, or ethnicity, is a set of institutions
that bind people together through a common
culture.
The components of ethnicity vary from nation to
nation but may include language, religion,
geographic location, customs, and history, among
other factors.

8. Ethnic Identity
Ethnicity is socially constructed: it is how a culture
describes itself and how outsiders describe that
culture.

9. National Identity
National identity is a set of institutions that bind
people with common political aspirations. National
identity often, but not always, develops from ethnic
identity.
National identity can lead to nationalism—pride in
one’s people and the belief that they have their
own political sovereignty separate from others’.

10. Ethnic and National Conflict
Ethnic conflicts are struggles between ethnic
groups to achieve political or economic goals at
each other’s expense.
National conflicts are struggles between groups
over sovereignty.

16. Why do these conflicts arise?
Societal explanations emphasize ethnic heterogeneity
and the degree of integration or polarization.
Economic explanations concentrate on the struggle for
resources between groups and the general level of
poverty across a country.
Political explanations examine the capacity or autonomy
of the state or the form of the regime.

17. Citizenship
Citizenship is an individual's or a group’s
relationship to the state.
States are obligated to provide certain rights to
their citizens, and citizenship may require certain
obligations from these citizens, such as paying
taxes or serving in the armed forces.

18. Citizenship
Citizenship may lead to patriotism—pride in one’s
state.
States that are weak or illegitimate often struggle
to imbue their citizens with patriotism.

19. Citizenship
One important measure of connections between
citizens and their government is political efficacy,
or a citizen’s capacity to understand and
influence political events.

22. Citizenship
Categories in comparing citizen/state relationships:
Attitudes and beliefs of citizens
Political socialization
Types of political participation

23. Citizenship
Categories in comparing citizen/state relationships:
Voting behavior
Factors that influence political beliefs and
behaviors
Levels of transparency

27. Social Cleavages
Social cleavages are divisions – theoretically out of
the realm of politics – that interact with the
political system and have a tremendous impact on
policymaking.

28. Social Cleavages
Politically-relevant social cleavages:
Social class
Ethnic cleavages
Religious cleavages
Regional cleavages

29. Social Cleavages
Other relevant social cleavages:
Gender
Occupation
Age

30. Social Cleavages
Coinciding cleavages – occurs when every dispute
aligns the same groups against each other
Cross-cutting cleavages – divide society into many
potential groups that may conflict on one issue but
cooperate on another.

31. Social Movements
Social movements are organized collective
activities that aim to bring about or resist
fundamental change in an existing group or
society.
Social movements mobilize actors and
organizations seeking to alter power deficits or
challenge authority.

32. Social Movements
Social movements combine three major elements:
1. sustained campaigns of claim-making;
2. an array of public performances; and
3. repeated public displays of worthiness, unity,
numbers and commitment (WUNC).

33. Social Movements
Case studies have shown that social movements
can act as the first steps towards developing a
sense of self-identity and citizenship, which does
not necessarily emerge initially through
engagement with the state.

34. Civil Society
Civil society refers to voluntary organizations
outside of the state that help people define and
advance their own interests.
Civil society checks the power of the state and
helps to prevent the tyranny of the majority.

35. Civil Society
Civil society refers to voluntary organizations
outside of the state that help people define and
advance their own interests.
Civil society checks the power of the state and
helps to prevent the tyranny of the majority.

39. “Global Civil Society”
Global civil society refers to the vast assemblage of
groups operating across borders and beyond the
reach of governments.
Human rights and environmental groups provide
international pressures that have a significant
effect on government-citizen relations.

41. Global Cosmopolitanism?
Global cosmopolitanism – a universal political order
that draws its identity and values from everywhere

42. ASSIGNMENT
Read TOPIC FIVE: POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS,
pages 51 – 73.

45. REFERENCES
1. Bhonagiri, A. (2016). Social movements: Topic guide.
Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham.
2. Khan, S., Combaz, E. & McAslan Fraser, E. (2015).
Social exclusion: topic guide. Revised edition.
Birmingham, UK: GSDRC, University of Birmingham.
3. O’Neil P. (2010). Essentials of Comparative Politics. 3rd
Edition, New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
4. Wood E. (2015). AP Comparative Government and
Politics: An Essential Coursebook. 7th Edition. New
York: WoodYard Publications.