Comparative Politics

2. 1.) POLITICAL CULTURE
a.) The Civic Culture
b.) Political Trust and Social Capital
c.) Generations and Postmaterial Values
d.) Civilizations and Religions
e.) Elite Political Culture
f.) Political Culture in Authoritarian States

3. 1 C l i c k h e r e t o a d d t h e t e x t
2 C l i c k h e r e t o a d d t h e t e x t
3 C l i c k h e r e t o a d d t h e t e x t

4. ●The term "civic culture" refers
to the political culture and
attitudes of citizens within a
society. It was a concept
developed by political
scientists Gabriel Almond and
Sidney Verba in the 1960s.
●The concept of civic culture
has been used to analyze and
understand the political
behavior and attitudes of
citizens in different
countries. Researchers have
explored how variations in
civic culture can influence
the functioning and stability
of democratic systems.

7. ●Generations and postmaterial values
are closely linked. Postmaterialism is a
set of values that emphasize self-
expression, autonomy, and quality of
life over material possessions and
economic security. It is often
associated with younger generations,
who have grown up in a time of relative
prosperity and stability..

8. ●Today, religion continues to
play an important role in many
civilizations around the world. It
can be a source of both good and
evil, but it is ultimately up to
individuals and societies to
decide how religion will be used.

9. Civilizations and religions have been intertwined throughout history.
Religions have often played a major role in shaping the culture, values,
and laws of civilizations. Conversely, civilizations have also influenced
the development and spread of religions.
Here are some examples of the relationship
between civilizations and religions:
1.) Ancient Greece: The ancient Greeks were polytheistic, meaning that
they believed in multiple gods and goddesses. Each god or goddess was
associated with a particular domain, such as Zeus, the god of thunder and
lightning, or Athena, the goddess of wisdom and war. Greek religion was
closely tied to their civic life, and it played a major role in their festivals,
games, and other public events.

10. 2.) Islamic world: Islam emerged in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th
century CE, and it quickly spread to other parts of the world. Islam had
a profound impact on the development of Islamic civilization, including
its art, architecture, literature, and science. Islamic law also played a
major role in shaping the political and social systems of Islamic
societies.
3.) India: India is a religiously diverse country, with Hinduism,
Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism being the
major religions. Religion plays an important role in Indian culture
and society, and it is often closely tied to politics.
4.) China: China is a officially atheist country, but religion
still plays an important role in the lives of many Chinese
people. Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism are the major
religions in China, and there is also a growing Christian
population

11. The relationship between civilizations and religions is
complex and multifaceted. Religion can play a positive role in
society by providing people with a sense of meaning and
purpose, promoting moral values, and building community.
However, religion can also be used to justify violence,
oppression, and discrimination. It is important to be aware of
the complex relationship between civilizations and religions
in order to promote understanding and tolerance.

12. ●Elite political culture is the set
of politically relevant beliefs,
values, and habits of the most
highly involved and influential
participants in a political system.
It is the shared understanding of
how politics works and what is
appropriate behavior for political
elites.
●The study of elite political
culture is important because it
can help us to understand how
political systems work and how
they can be changed. By
understanding the values and
beliefs of elites, we can better
understand the challenges and
opportunities facing a country's
political system.

14. Political culture in authoritarian states is
characterized by several key features:
1.) Lack of Political Pluralism
2.) Limited Political Participation
3.) Top-down Decision Making
4.) Censorship and Propaganda
5.) Fear Repression
6.) Limited Civil Liberties
7.) Personality Cults
8.) Weak Rule of Law
9.) Limited Political Education

15. 2.) Political Communication
a.) Media Development
b.) Media Structures
c.) Media Impact

17. Media development is the process of improving the media
landscape in a society. This can involve a variety of activities,
such as:
●Promoting freedom of expression and media pluralism
●Developing community media
●Building capacity for media professionals
●Supporting sustainable media businesses
●Ensuring transparency of media ownership

18. ·
●Media development is important for a number of reasons.
First, it helps to ensure that citizens have access to
accurate and unbiased information. This is essential for
making informed decisions about their lives and their
communities. Second, media development helps to
promote accountability and transparency in government. A
free and independent media is able to hold governments
accountable for their actions and to expose corruption and
wrongdoing. Third, media development helps to promote
social cohesion and understanding. By providing a
platform for different voices to be heard, the media can
help to build bridges between different groups in society.

19. Political communication media structure refers to
the way in which political information is
produced, distributed, and consumed. It includes
the different types of media that are used for
political communication, as well as the
relationships between the media, politicians, and
the public.
Example:
Traditional media: This includes
newspapers, magazines, television,
and radio. These media have long
been the primary sources of political
news and information for the public.
New media: This includes social
media platforms such as Twitter,
Facebook, and YouTube, as well as
online news websites and blogs. New
media has become increasingly
important for political communication
in recent years, as it allows
politicians to communicate directly
with the public

20. Media Impact
The media has a significant impact on political
communication. It can influence public opinion, shape
political agendas, and even determine the outcome of
elections.
Impact on public opinion
The media plays a major role in shaping public opinion about
political issues. The way that the media covers an issue can
influence how people think about it. For example, if the media
focuses on the negative aspects of an issue, it is more likely
that people will have a negative view of that issue.

21. Impact on political agendas
The media can also
influence the political
agenda. The issues that the
media covers are the
issues that politicians are
more likely to talk about.
For example, if the media
focuses on a particular
issue, politicians are more
likely to campaign on that
issue.
Impact on elections
The media can even determine the
outcome of elections. The way that
the media covers a candidate can
influence how people vote. For
example, if the media focuses on
the negative aspects of a
candidate, it is more likely that
people will vote against that
candidate.

22. ●It is important to be aware the positive and the
negative impacts of the media. We should consume
media critically and be mindful of the messages that
are being conveyed to us.
●The media is a powerful tool that can
be used for good or for bad. It is
important to be aware of its impact on
our lives and to consume it critically.

23. 3.) Political Participation
a.) Participation in Liberal Democracies
b.) Women and Political Participation
c.) Social Movements
d.) Public Opinion
e.) Participation in Authoritarian States

24. ●Participation in
liberal democracies
is essential for their proper
functioning. When citizens
participate in the political
process, they hold their
elected representatives
accountable, ensure that their
voices are heard, and help to
shape the policies that affect
their lives.
"There are many different ways
to participate in a liberal
democracy. Some of the most
common forms of participation
include:"
1.) Voting
2.) Contacting Elected Officials
3.) Attending Public Meetings
and Hearings
4.) Volunteering
5.) Protesting

25. Participation in liberal democracies is important for a
number of reasons. First, it helps to ensure that the government is
accountable to the people. When citizens participate in the political
process, they can hold their elected representatives accountable for
their promises and for their actions.
Second, participation helps to ensure that all voices are heard. In a
liberal democracy, everyone has the right to participate in the political
process, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or socioeconomic
status. Third, participation helps to shape the policies that affect
people's lives. When citizens participate in the political process, they
can help to ensure that the government is responsive to their needs and
concerns.

26. Women and Political Participation
The increased participation of women in politics
is important for a number of reasons. First, it
helps to ensure that women's voices are heard
and that their interests are represented in the
political process. Second, it can help to promote
gender equality and social justice. Third, it can
help to improve the quality of democracy and
governance.

27. There are a number of things that can be done to
promote women's political participation. These include:
1.)Removing
legal barriers:
Governments
should remove
any legal
barriers that
prevent women
from
participating in
politics.
2.)Combatting
discrimination and
violence:
Governments and
civil society
organizations should
work to combat
discrimination and
violence against
women in the political
arena.
4.)Discrimination and violence:
Women often face
discrimination and violence in
the political arena, which can
discourage them from
participating.

28. Social Movements
A social movement is a loosely organized effort by a large group of people to
achieve a particular goal, typically a social or political one. This may be to carry
out a social change, or to resist or undo one. It is a type of group action and
may involve individuals, organizations, or both.
Social movements have been described as "organizational structures and
strategies that may empower oppressed populations to mount effective
challenges and resist the more powerful and advantaged elites". They
represent a method of social change from the bottom within nations.

29. Here's the examples of social movements:
One example of a social movement in the Philippines is the Philippine
People Power Revolution, which took place in 1986. This movement
was led by a coalition of civil society groups, religious leaders, and
military officers who opposed the authoritarian regime of President
Ferdinand Marcos. The revolution began with a series of nonviolent
protests and demonstrations, and culminated in a four-day standoff
between Marcos loyalists and the people of the Philippines. In the
end, Marcos was forced to flee the country, and Corazon Aquino was
installed as the new president.

30. Public Opinion
Public opinion is the collective opinion on a
specific topic or voting intention relevant to society.
It is the people's views on matters affecting them.
Public opinion is not always monolithic, and
there can be a wide range of views on any given
issue. However, public opinion can be a
powerful force in shaping public policy and
government decision-making.

31. Public opinion is important for a number of
reasons. First, it can help to ensure that
government policies are responsive to the
needs and concerns of the people. Second,
public opinion can help to hold government
officials accountable. And third, public opinion
can help to promote civic engagement and
participation in the democratic process.

32. Participation in Authoritarian
States
Participation in authoritarian states is different from
participation in democratic states. In authoritarian states, the
government restricts the ways in which citizens can
participate in political life.
This can include restricting freedom of speech, assembly, and
association; limiting opposition parties; and manipulating
elections.

33. Some of the most common forms of political participation
in authoritarian states include:
Voting: Voting is one of the most common forms of political
participation in authoritarian states. However, voting in authoritarian
states is often not free or fair. Authoritarian governments often rig
elections or suppress voter turnout.
Protesting: Protesting is another common form of political
participation in authoritarian states. Protests can be used to raise
awareness of issues and to pressure the government to change its
policies. However, protesting in authoritarian states can be
dangerous, and protesters may be arrested or even killed.

34. Joining organizations: Joining organizations can be another way to participate
in politics in authoritarian states. Organizations can provide a platform for
people to express their views and to work together to achieve common goals.
However, organizations in authoritarian states are often tightly controlled by the
government or by the ruling party.
Contacting government officials: Contacting government officials is
another way to participate in politics in authoritarian states. People can
contact government officials to express their views and to ask for help with
problems. However, government officials in authoritarian states are often
not responsive to the demands of their citizens.
Countries example:
Iran
Russia
China

35. 4.) Interest Groups
a.) Classifying Interest Groups
b.) Pluralism Iron Triangle and Issue Network
c.) Channels of Influence
d.) Ingredients of Influence
e.) Interest Groups in Authoritarian States

36. An interest group is an organized group whose members share a
common interest and work together to influence public policy. Interest
groups can be found in all types of societies, but they are particularly
influential in democratic systems.
Interest groups can play a positive role in democratic societies. They can
help to ensure that all voices are heard in the political process. They can
also provide valuable expertise and information to policymakers.
However, interest groups can also have a negative impact on democracy
if they become too powerful or if they try to influence policy in ways that
are not in the public interest.

37. Interest groups can be classified into various
categories based on their goals, activities, and
membership. Here are some common classifications:
Classifying Interest Groups
1.) Public Interest Groups: These groups advocate for issues that benefit
the broader public, such as environmental protection or civil rights.
Example:
Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates (PAHRA),
National Council of Churches in the Philippines (NCCP),
Association of Concerned Filipino Citizens (ACFC),

38. 2.) Community Organizations: These operate at the local
level and address issues specific to a particular
community or region.
Example:
The Philippine Red Cross is a non-profit organization
that provides humanitarian aid to people in need in
the Philippines. The Philippine Red Cross responds
to natural disasters, provides medical care, and
promotes disaster preparedness.

39. Pluralism, Iron Triangles and Issue Networks
Pluralism is a theory of political participation that holds that power is dispersed among a variety of
competing groups and interests. Pluralists argue that this dispersion of power prevents any one group from
dominating the political process and ensures that the interests of all groups are at least partially
represented.
Example: Civil society organizations: There are a number of civil society organizations in the Philippines,
such as the Philippine Human Rights Information Center (PHILRIGHTS) and the Ateneo Human Rights
Center. These organizations advocate for human rights and social justice.
Iron triangles are a type of policy subsystem in which interest groups, congressional
committees, and bureaucratic agencies work together to influence public policy.
Example:
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), the Senate Committee on Public Works, and
the construction industry. The DPWH is responsible for awarding contracts for public
infrastructure projects, but it is also heavily influenced by the construction industry lobby. This
is because the construction industry is a major source of revenue for the DPWH and for many of
the senators on the Senate Committee on Public Works.

40. Issue networks are similar to iron triangles, but they are more
informal and can include a wider range of actors, such as think
tanks, academics, and the media. Issue networks are typically
formed around specific policy issues, and they can be either
temporary or permanent.
The relationship between pluralism, iron triangles, and issue networks is
complex. On the one hand, pluralism can facilitate the formation of iron triangles
and issue networks. When power is dispersed among a variety of groups, it is
easier for those groups to form alliances and work together to influence policy.
example of an issue network in the Philippines is the network of
organizations and individuals that are working to address human
rights. This network includes government agencies, such as the
Commission on Human Rights (CHR),
as well as NGOs, such as the Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International.
These organizations and individuals work together to investigate human rights
abuses, to advocate for human rights reform, and to provide assistance to victims of
human rights violations.

41. Channels of Influence
Channels of influence are the ways in which people or organizations
attempt to persuade others to think, feel, or behave in a certain way.
They can be formal or informal, and they can be used to achieve a
wide range of goals, from selling products to changing public policy.
Examples:

42. 2.) Emotion: This is the use of appeals to the heart to
influence others. For example, a charity may use
emotional appeals to convince people to donate money, or
a political campaign may use emotional appeals to
convince people to vote for a particular candidate.
3.) Social norms: These are the unwritten rules and
expectations of a society. For example, a company may
use social norms to encourage its employees to recycle,
or a government may use social norms to discourage
people from smoking.

43. Ingredients of Influence
The ingredients of influence in interest groups are the
factors that enable interest groups to achieve their goals.
These ingredients include resources, organization,
strategy, and public support.
The ingredients of influence in interest groups
are essential for any interest group that wants to
be effective in influencing public policy. By
having the resources, organization, strategy,
and public support, interest groups can increase
their chances of success in achieving their
goals.

44. Interest Groups in Authoritarian States
An interest group in an authoritarian state is a group of people who share a common interest and
organize to try to influence the government to adopt policies that benefit them. However, in authoritarian
states, interest groups are often severely restricted or banned altogether.
In authoritarian states, interest groups typically operate under strict government control and
oversight. These groups often have limited autonomy compared to those in democratic systems.
Here are some examples of interest groups in authoritarian
states:
*Business groups: Business groups are often the most powerful interest
groups in authoritarian states. This is because authoritarian governments
rely on businesses for economic growth and tax revenue. Business
groups can use their influence to lobby the government for favorable
policies, such as tax breaks and subsidies.

45. *Military: The military is another powerful interest group in authoritarian
states. This is because authoritarian governments need the military to
maintain their power. The military can use its influence to lobby the
government for increased defense spending and for other benefits
*Religious groups: Religious groups can also be powerful interest groups in
authoritarian states. This is because authoritarian governments often rely on
religious leaders to support their legitimacy and to control the population.
Religious groups can use their influence to lobby the government for favorable
policies, such as tax breaks and exemptions from government regulations.

46. 5. Political Parties
a.) Party Origins
b.) Party Organization
c.) Party Members
d.) Selecting Candidates and Leaders
e.) Party Finances
f.) Social Cleavages
g.) Party System
h.) Parties in Authoritarian States

47. A political party is a group of people who share similar
political beliefs and goals. They work together to
achieve these goals by electing candidates to public
office, influencing public policy, and mobilizing voters.

48. Party Origins
The origins of political parties can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome,
where there were groups of people who shared similar political views and worked
together to achieve their goals. These groups were often based on social class,
economic interests, or regional rivalries.

49. Political party organizations are structured
entities within political parties that play
essential roles in the party's functioning,
election campaigns, and overall political
activities.
Political Party Organizations

50. * Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats (Lakas-CMD)
* Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (PDP-
Laban)
* Nacionalista Party (NP)
* Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC)
* Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP)
Here are some examples of
political party organizations in the
Philippines:

51. Party Members
Political party members are individuals who have chosen to join a
political party. They may do this for a variety of reasons, such as to
support the party's platform, to volunteer their time and skills, or to have
a say in the party's decision-making process.
Here are some of the benefits of being a political party
member:
*Have a voice in the party's decision-making process.
Political party members have the opportunity to vote
on party policies and candidates, and to run for office
themselves.

52. *Get involved in the political process. Political party members
can volunteer their time and skills to help the party win elections.
This may involve canvassing for votes, registering voters, or
working on election day.
Support the party's platform. Political party members can
help to promote the party's platform and policies to the
public. This may involve attending rallies, writing letters to
the editor, or talking to friends and family about your
political views.
Network with other people who share your political views.
Political party membership is a great way to meet other people
who are interested in the same political issues as you.

53. Selecting Candidates and
Leaders
Political parties use a variety of methods to select their
candidates and leaders. Some of the most common
methods include:
a.) Caucuses
b.) Conventions
c.) Primaries
d.) Appointment

54. Here are some of the factors that
political parties consider when
selecting candidates and leaders:
a.) Electability
b.) Qualifications
c.) Ideology
d.) Diversity

55. Party Finances
Party finances are the resources that political
parties use to fund their activities.
These resources can come from a variety of sources,
including:
a.) Membership Dues
b.)Individual Donations
c.) Corporate Donations
d.) Public Funding

56. Political parties use their finances to fund
a variety of activities, including:
a.) Campaigning
b.) Party Building
c.) Lobbying
Here are some of the challenges that political
parties face in managing their finances:
a.) Fundraising
b.) Transparency
c.) Compliance

57. Social Cleavages
Political party social cleavages are the social divisions that
exist within a society that are reflected in the political
parties that exist in that society.
3
These cleavages can be based on a variety of
factors, including:
a.) Class
b.)Religion
c.) Ethnicity
d.) Race
e.) Region
f.) Ideology

58. Party System
Party systems are an important part of democracy. They
provide a way for citizens to choose their leaders and to
hold them accountable. Party systems also help to
ensure that the government is responsive to the needs of
the people.
A political party system is a system in which political
parties compete for power in a government. It is a way
to organize political conflict and to provide citizens with
a choice of who should govern them.

59. ■One-party system: In a one-party system, only one political party is
allowed to exist and contest elections. This type of system is often found in
authoritarian regimes.
■Two-party system: In a two-party system, two political parties dominate the political
landscape and have a realistic chance of winning elections. This type of system is
found in some democracies, such as the United States and the United Kingdom.
There are three main types of party systems:
■Multi-party system: In a multi-party system, there are more than two political parties
that have a realistic chance of winning elections. This type of system is found in many
democracies, such as India and Germany.

60. Parties in Authoritarian State
Another type of party in authoritarian states is the single party. Single-party states are
those in which only one party is allowed to exist. This type of regime is often associated
with totalitarian states, such as the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin and North Korea
under the Kim family.
Political parties in authoritarian states can play a variety of roles,
depending on the specific regime and its political culture. In some
cases, the ruling party may be the only legal political party, and
elections may be rigged or non-competitive. In other cases, there
may be multiple parties, but the ruling party may have a dominant
position and suppress the opposition.

61. Here are some examples of parties in authoritarian
states:
*The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
*The United Russia party
*The Democratic Party of Korea (DPRK)

62. Group 2 Members:
Ronejei Alindahaw
Rialyn Batlag
Aquila Bernardo
Regien Sagrado
Erica Pacatang

63. Activities:
1) What is the importance of culture in political growth and process ?
2) In your own perception, will you consider having an authoritarian
states?
3) Give an example of positive impact of the media in our political
system. Explain
4) Give an example of negative impact of the media in our political
system. Explain
5) Do you agree that a man and a woman are equal in political
participation? Elaborate your answer
6) What have you learned about political participation?
7) What is the vital role of an interest group?
8) What are the connections of pluralism, iron triangle,and issue network
in politics?
9) What is the relevance of political party in our Political Culture?
10) Give two examples of political party and explain its advocacies.