The document discusses several topics related to politics and society, including:
1) The role of political systems is to meet a society's needs for protection, resolve group differences, and maintain internal order and pursuit of societal goals. Legitimate power comes from leaders that are generally approved by the people, while coercion is considered illegitimate.
2) Democracies allow citizens a strong voice through voting, while autocratic and totalitarian governments concentrate power in single individuals or ruling cliques.
3) The Philippine political system exhibits democratic principles but is influenced by nepotism, graft, corruption and political dynasties due to strong family ties and loyalties. Corruption diverts funds from important services
The SlideShare introduces the concept Political system, giving the futures of African political systems and different types of African political system.
1. Communism
2. Socialism
3. Liberalism
4. Conservatism
5. Fascism
6. Feminism
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
The SlideShare introduces the concept Political system, giving the futures of African political systems and different types of African political system.
1. Communism
2. Socialism
3. Liberalism
4. Conservatism
5. Fascism
6. Feminism
** Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of the respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Political socialization, what is political socialization what are the important and function of political socialization. Sociology, Polity and society, Presentation of Political Socialization.
The economy is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such as currency (in industrialized societies) or other goods or services (in nonindustrialized societies). The customs surrounding exchange and distribution of good and services shape societies in fundamental ways.
Political Science is a social science concerned chiefly with the description and analysis of political and especially governmental institutions and processes.
Political socialization, what is political socialization what are the important and function of political socialization. Sociology, Polity and society, Presentation of Political Socialization.
The economy is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such as currency (in industrialized societies) or other goods or services (in nonindustrialized societies). The customs surrounding exchange and distribution of good and services shape societies in fundamental ways.
Political Science is a social science concerned chiefly with the description and analysis of political and especially governmental institutions and processes.
PERSONALITIES.Political and Party system A political system refers to the sec...MaisaVillafuerte
Political and Party system
A political system refers to the section of the society which deals with matters and issues related to distribution of resources and conflict resolution. The system comprises of institutions, organizations, rules, principles, and behaviours related to conflict resolution, ie court system, executive, parliament, behaviours like voting.
a political system in which citizens govern themselves either directly or indirectly. The term democracy comes from Greek and means “rule of the people.” In Lincoln’s stirring words from the Gettysburg Address, democracy is “government of the people, by the people, for the people.” In direct (or pure) democracies, people make their own decisions about the policies and distribution of resources that affect them directly.
While is old of this Chapter in textbook, I have restructured to capture the meaning of political culture and format of politics, ideology, power, legitimacy.
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Introduction to Comparative Politics.pdfRommel Regala
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Chapter 10
National Politics: Culture, Constitutions, Citizens
Guiding Question:
Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Key QuestionsHow in the absence of unanimity as a regular condition in politics, do political actors achieve their values?How do they cooperate for common ends? Work out accommodation among competing interests? Handle conflicts when accommodation fails?Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Political actors must cooperate because if they do not, civilized politics and effective government are impossible.Political actors must accommodate competing interests because if they do not, priorities cannot be established and decision cannot be made. Political actors must handle conflicts prudently or the community ay e torn apart by strife too difficult to moderate.
Accommodation involves both governmental and non-governmental actors.Since government is one major instrument to help citizens achieve their goals, citizens must make sure that government does what they want it to do.Because government is powerful, citizens must make sure that it does not abuse its power; it must remain subject to the citizens’ control. We define successful cooperation in terms of maximizing willing cooperation, humane accommodation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts and also in terms of the ability to maximize security, liberty, justice, and welfare.
Patterns for Cooperation, Accommodation, and Conflict Resolution in PoliticsSuccessful patterns for furthering cooperation, advancing accommodation, and handling conflicts require the following: Agreement on constitutional fundamentals; need some level of consensus to carry out business and without some level of trust, orderly procedures for discussion and decision would be impossible;
Meaningful interest articulation is the expression of political actors’ needs, interests, and desires; accomplished through things like voting, public forums, joining an interest group, working a political party, etc.; facilitates cooperation and accommodation in responsive political systems. Meaningful interest aggregation involves the process by which political actors build support for certain proposals and not for others; a mechanism for prioritizing; political leaders and parties play a key role in building support for priorities.
Legitimizing public policy choices by using agreed-upon principles and mechanisms of public obligation; why do people go along with a majority decision? Fulfillment of government objectives; secures basic rights (security, liberty, justice, and welfare), raises revenue, and ensures necessary services and benefitsRegular and effective controls on government through constitutional mechanisms.
Political CultureC ...
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2. -Political system is the
institution that meets the
society’s needs for protection
from external enemies,
resolution of group
differences, and the definition
and internal order, pursuit of
societal goals.
3. -Political system of a country
should be design to give people a
strong voice in determining what
their government should do.
Voting for political leaders is an
important way to express their
will. Young people have the
greatest stake in political
elections.
4. -The central concern of
political institution on policy
is power. The ability to
control other people’s
behavior and carry out
one’s will despite
resistance.
5. LEGITIMATE POWER
Is power exercised by
leaders that is generally
approved or accepted as
appropriate by members
of a group or a society.
6. COERCION
• Is a power based on the threat or
use of force, and is therefore
considered illegitimate by the
people who are forced to act
against their will.
• Illegitimate use of power such as
obstruction of justice or demanding
bribe from someone seeking
personal favors is regarded as
7. • Power can be used illegitimately
by people who are not officials, for
example, gangsters extort
“protection money” from store
owners, and robbers, steal from
banks.
• When most citizens believe that a
leader’s authority is legitimate, the
exercise of power will be
legitimate.
8. STATESTATE
• group or groups of people,
permanently occupying a definite
territory
• State is composed of numerous
societies united by a common
sense of right and mutual
participation of its members.
(Cicero, an eminent Roman orator
and writer.)
9. • State as a union of families and
villages having for its end a
perfect and self-sufficing life.
(Aristotle)
• “a relatively large group of people
inhabiting a more or less definite
area of land, possessing
sovereignty, and living under
government that is generally
obeyed at home and recognized
10. • State is the dominant political
institution in modern societies.
(Lehman, 1988)
• State is the sole source of
legitimate physical force. (Weber,
1918-1946)
• It is the only institution that can
impose taxes, declare war and
imprison the violators.
11. VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS OF ANVARIETY OF FUNCTIONS OF AN
STATESTATE
• the enactment of law
(legislative order)
• the protection of personal
safety and public order
(police)
• the protection of violated
rights (Administration of
12. • the protection of violated rights
(Administration of Justice)
• the cultivation of hygienic,
educational, social welfare, and
other cultural interest (Various
branches of Administration)
• the armed protection against
outside attack (military
administration)
13. FOUR ELEMENTS OF STATEFOUR ELEMENTS OF STATE
•people
•territory
•government
•sovereignty
14. GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
• Exists in all human groups and
societies.
• Organization through which the state
expresses and enforces its will.
• Exists for the benefit of the governed.
It is important for the protection of the
inhabitants, the administration of
justice and the promotion of the
physical, economic, social and
cultural well-being of the people.
15. • Preservation of the state from internal
and external danger is one of the
primary functions of the government.
• Needless to say, without an
organized structure form of
government, a feeling of fear and
insecurity, and political anxiety will
prevail and therefore, progress and
development will not be realized.
16. THREE MAJOR FORMS OFTHREE MAJOR FORMS OF
GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT
• autocracy
• totalitarian
• democracy
17. AUTOCRACYAUTOCRACY
• Ultimate power is held by a single
person.
• An autocrat may gain position
through heredity (an absolute
monarch) or by the rule of force
(dictator). Among the most
recognizable autocratic ruler in
the world today is Mummar
Gaddafi (Libya)
18. • Autocrats rely on their ability to
control the military and police
systems of their countries and to
maintain the unquestioning loyalty of
large number of their subjects.
• Criticism of the government and the
autocrat is usually prohibited.
• The government censors the media
and sometimes uses terror to strife
public dissent.
19. TOTALITARIANTOTALITARIAN
• Form of government involving
state control and regulation of
major institution in the society.
• Form of government involving
state control and regulation of
major institution in the society.
20. • State is represented by a small
ruling clique of physical force and
terror to maintain social order.
• Exerts over a nation and makes
little distinction between public
and private concern.
• Seeks to control family life as well
as economic and political
institutions.
22. • A single political power.
Totalitarian government led by a
dictator or by ruling clique. The
one political party is the only legal
party in the state.
23. • Control of the Economy.
Totalitarian states exercise control
over all portion of the economy.
The state may set goals for
economic production, established
prices and supplies for goods and
dissolve private ownership of
either industry or farm.
24. • Control of Media. Totalitarian
states control television, radio,
newspaper, magazines. They
deny a public forum to dissenting
opinions so that no party position
is communicated to the people.
• Control of Weapons. Totalitarian
states monopolize the use of
weapon denying the individual
right to own arms.
25. • Ideology. Totalitarian states use
an elaborate ideology to explain
every aspect of social life. Social;
goals and values are described in
– simple terms and distortions are
often made about the state
enemies.
26. • Terror. Totalitarian states rely on
terror to maintain social control,
secret police, torture and
punishment without trial are
common.
(Nazi Germany is a major
example of totalitarian rule.)
27. DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY
• Derived from the Greek roots
demos, which means people and
kratia, which means rule.
Democracy then is rule by people.
• Form of government in which there
are periodic opportunities for the
people being governed to retain or
replace governing officials
28. • A country is democratic when a
large part of the population is able
to “influence major decisions by
choosing among contenders” for
political office.
• Periodic Elections Position
President, senators,
representative, governors, mayors
and other elected officials.
29. THE PHILIPPINE POLITICALTHE PHILIPPINE POLITICAL
SYSTEMSYSTEM
• Political behavior is the
participation of individuals in
politics why and how they
vote, what political opinions
they hold, why they belong to
political parties and support
political movements.
30. Political Behavior of FilipinosPolitical Behavior of Filipinos
• There is evidence that people do
not expose themselves to both
sides of the propaganda. If one
belongs to LAKAS ( a party) he
is more likely listen to LKAS
speeches read LAKAS literature
and associate with friends and
party.
31. • Economic interest is a strong
determinant of party
identification. Other factors such
as nationalism, religion and
morality play a minor role. A
network of kinship and “utang na
loob” relationship affects the
voting patterns.
32. • More men that women vote
because more women believe
that politics is a man’s affair.
Many older people than younger
participate in politics.
• Voting for the same party,
without examining the issues
involved and the capacity of the
candidates seem to be the
preponderant pattern.
33. • Educational and occupational
factors affect voting behavior.
Candidates identify themselves
with masses during campaigns.
“Erap para sa Mahirap”.
• Upper and middle classes
exhibit more rational political
involvement than lower class.
34. • The family exerts strong
influence on the voting behavior
of the individual. Persons vote
for the same party and
candidates as their parents or
grandparents.
35. Since Philippine politics is
democratic in nature, the powers
exercised by the officials come
from the people and the officials
are responsible to the people.
Elected officials are expected to
exercise their power of their
respective offices to serve people
they represent.
36. The existence of Nepotism and the
practice of Graft and Corruption
became the background of
Filipino because of strong
influence of the family.
Kinship ties and loyalties are
important in exerting pressures on
government officials to consider
family or private interest above
public welfare.
37. • Most government legislator
comes from the elite or upper
class and growing middle class
too. There is a tendency towards
marriages between families with
economic power and with political
influence resulting in the
perpetuation of political dynasties.
38. Elected leaders usually serve that
interest group which has enough
power in the community.
Parties or candidates usually
acquire campaign funds, editorial
support, the assumption that is
elected; they would serve the
wishes and objectives of those
who have extended their
assistance.
39. THE PROBLEM OF CORRUPTION INTHE PROBLEM OF CORRUPTION IN
THE PHILIPPINESTHE PHILIPPINES
• Corruption diverts money from the
poor and acts as the major barrier to
economic development in poor
nations.
• It has been estimated that corruption
causes a yearly loss of P2 billion
funds: scholarships, hospitals,
irrigation systems, roads and
bridges.
40. WHAT IS CORRUPTION?WHAT IS CORRUPTION?
• The common idea is that a
government official or
employees is “corrupted” when
he or she accepts “grease
money” or a gift from a private
person in consideration for a
decision or actions that would
promote the interest of the
bribe giver.
41. THREE ACTIVITIES OFTHREE ACTIVITIES OF
CORRUPTIONCORRUPTION
• Bribery: The giving of money or
gift to promote the interest of the
bribe giver.
• Extortion: When the official or
employee demands a bribe, gift or
favor to carry out public duty.
42. • Nepotism: The
appointment of unqualified
relatives, friends and
associates to government
positions regardless of the
effect of their appointment
on the public welfare.
44. • The weakness of religion and
ethical teachings.
• lack of education
• absence of stiff sensitive
measure
• the structure of government
• The state and society –
corruption in the bureaucracy
affects the state of the entire
society.
45. ECONOMIC INSTUTIONSECONOMIC INSTUTIONS
• Concerned with the
production, distribution and
consumption of goods and
services to satisfy the basic
needs of man. Basically, their
primary purpose is to provide
people with material benefits
and comforts.
46. • Interested in resources that are
scarce in relation to human
wants. Various resources are
combined to produce economic
goods, which in turn to satisfy
human wants.
• Concerned with human behavior,
with the choices ones make and
the consequence of these choices
for himself and other people.
47. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIESINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
• Defined as a society that relies
chiefly on mechanization for the
production of its economic goods
and services”.
• Industrial revolution proceeded,
societies relied on new inventions
and technology and facilitated
agricultural and industrial
production and on new sources of
energy.
48. CAPITALISMCAPITALISM
• Factors of production are land,
labor and capital.
• Economic system in which the
means of production are
largely in private hands and
the main incentive for
economic activity is the
accumulation of profits.
51. • - Domination of an industry allows
the firms o effectively control a
commodity so that I can dictate
pricing, standards of quality and
availability.
• - Buyers have little choice but
to yield to the firm’s decision,
there is no other place to
purchase the product or service
clearly.
52. SOCIALISMSOCIALISM
• has its roots in he writings of
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles
a European radicals disturbed
b he exploitation of the working
class.
• In their view of Capitalism, it
pays workers less than the
value of goods produced.
53. • Socialist economic system
represents an attempt to
eliminate such economic
exploitation.
• Under socialism, the means of
production and distribution of
goods and services in a
society are collectively rather
than privately owned.
54. • The fundamental objective of this
economic system is to meet
peoples needs rather than to
maximize profits.
• The reject Laissez-faire. Instead
they believe that basic economic
decisions should be made b the
government, which acts as the
representative of the people.
Government ownership of all
major industries.