Slide 11 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Partisanship
2. California Republican Party
3. Democratic Party Of California
4. Major Party Power Distribution
5. How The Masses Perceive The Party
6. Blast From The Past: Wilson Versus Brown
7. Bush In 30 Seconds
8. Campaign Rhetoric
9. Yes On Proposition 8 Campaign
10. No On Proposition 8 Campaign
Slide 1 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Defining Political Science
2. Theory Defined
3. Rational Choice
4. Elitism & Pluralism
5. Spheres of Influence
6. Transitional Effects
7. Manipulation
8. Interdependency Theory
9. Power Theory
10. Transparency
Slide 4 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Condition Of America’s Masses
2. Attitudes Of America’s Masses
3. Intolerance Toward Unpopular Groups
4. Elite – Mass Communication
5. Political Functions Of Mass Media
Slide 5 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. America’s Democratic Republic
2. Partisanship & Political Profiling
3. Party Competition
4. America’s Two Party System
5. Power Of The Vote
6. Power Of Money In The Political System
7. Elections As Symbolic
8. Candidate Image
9. Political Campaign Rhetoric
10. Interest Groups Protecting Elite Values
11. Lobbyists And The Power They Possess
12. Political Action Committees (PACs)
13. Invisible Hand: Capitalism & Democracy
14. Elite To Mass Communication
15. Messages & Manipulation
16. Elitism Take On Communication
17. Pluralism Take On Communication
Slide 2 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1.The Irony Of Democracy
2. Elites and Masses
3. Democracy and the Survival of Democracy
4. Elitism Being The Most Realistic
5. Elite Theory Supporting Upward Mobility
6. Defining The Elite Consensus
7. Elitism And Public Policy
8. Mass Behavior And Mass Threats
9. Pluralism In A Democracy
10. Elitism Versus Pluralism
Slide 7 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Bureaucratic Power
2. Iron Triangles
3. Presidential Control Of The Bureaucracy
4. Congress And Its Members
5. Congress Versus The Executive Branch
6. Supreme Court
7. Legitimacy Factor In Law Making
8. Federal Court Structure
9. Elite Propaganda & Cinemocracy
10. Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”
Slide 11 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Partisanship
2. California Republican Party
3. Democratic Party Of California
4. Major Party Power Distribution
5. How The Masses Perceive The Party
6. Blast From The Past: Wilson Versus Brown
7. Bush In 30 Seconds
8. Campaign Rhetoric
9. Yes On Proposition 8 Campaign
10. No On Proposition 8 Campaign
Slide 1 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Defining Political Science
2. Theory Defined
3. Rational Choice
4. Elitism & Pluralism
5. Spheres of Influence
6. Transitional Effects
7. Manipulation
8. Interdependency Theory
9. Power Theory
10. Transparency
Slide 4 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Condition Of America’s Masses
2. Attitudes Of America’s Masses
3. Intolerance Toward Unpopular Groups
4. Elite – Mass Communication
5. Political Functions Of Mass Media
Slide 5 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. America’s Democratic Republic
2. Partisanship & Political Profiling
3. Party Competition
4. America’s Two Party System
5. Power Of The Vote
6. Power Of Money In The Political System
7. Elections As Symbolic
8. Candidate Image
9. Political Campaign Rhetoric
10. Interest Groups Protecting Elite Values
11. Lobbyists And The Power They Possess
12. Political Action Committees (PACs)
13. Invisible Hand: Capitalism & Democracy
14. Elite To Mass Communication
15. Messages & Manipulation
16. Elitism Take On Communication
17. Pluralism Take On Communication
Slide 2 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1.The Irony Of Democracy
2. Elites and Masses
3. Democracy and the Survival of Democracy
4. Elitism Being The Most Realistic
5. Elite Theory Supporting Upward Mobility
6. Defining The Elite Consensus
7. Elitism And Public Policy
8. Mass Behavior And Mass Threats
9. Pluralism In A Democracy
10. Elitism Versus Pluralism
Slide 7 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Bureaucratic Power
2. Iron Triangles
3. Presidential Control Of The Bureaucracy
4. Congress And Its Members
5. Congress Versus The Executive Branch
6. Supreme Court
7. Legitimacy Factor In Law Making
8. Federal Court Structure
9. Elite Propaganda & Cinemocracy
10. Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”
Slide 9 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Difference Between The US & California Constitution
2. Primary & General Elections
3. Party Qualification & Disqualification
4. Closed Primaries
5. Open Primaries
6. California’s Modified Closed Primary
7. Cross-filing System
8. Presidential Primaries
9. Recall Elections
10. Partisanship
11. Political Parties In California
12. Interest Group Conflict
13. Ways Elites Counter Mass Protest
14. Masses Acquiring More Power
15. Progressive Issue Campaigns
16. Modern Technology Amplifying Voices
17. How The Masses Perceive The Parties
Slide 10 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Interest Groups In The Golden State
- Aerospace
- Environmental and “Green” Companies
- Media – Music, Film, Television
- Agriculture
- Healthcare
- Computer Technology
- Transportation
2. Campaign Examples
3. Commercialization & Propaganda
Slide 3 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. America’s Elite Membership
2. Policy Changes and Innovations in America
3. Political Conflict
4. Stability & Instability
5. Power Of Exporting Corporate Elites
6. Corporate and Economic Power
7. Globalization
8. How Elites Exercise Power
9. John Locke’s “Second Treatise Of Government”
10. Capitalism & Democracy Are Similar
Slideshow prepared for a series of lectures on Democratic Theory and American Political Culture for PS 101 American Government (Fall 2007) at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
Slide 9 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Difference Between The US & California Constitution
2. Primary & General Elections
3. Party Qualification & Disqualification
4. Closed Primaries
5. Open Primaries
6. California’s Modified Closed Primary
7. Cross-filing System
8. Presidential Primaries
9. Recall Elections
10. Partisanship
11. Political Parties In California
12. Interest Group Conflict
13. Ways Elites Counter Mass Protest
14. Masses Acquiring More Power
15. Progressive Issue Campaigns
16. Modern Technology Amplifying Voices
17. How The Masses Perceive The Parties
Slide 10 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. Interest Groups In The Golden State
- Aerospace
- Environmental and “Green” Companies
- Media – Music, Film, Television
- Agriculture
- Healthcare
- Computer Technology
- Transportation
2. Campaign Examples
3. Commercialization & Propaganda
Slide 3 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. America’s Elite Membership
2. Policy Changes and Innovations in America
3. Political Conflict
4. Stability & Instability
5. Power Of Exporting Corporate Elites
6. Corporate and Economic Power
7. Globalization
8. How Elites Exercise Power
9. John Locke’s “Second Treatise Of Government”
10. Capitalism & Democracy Are Similar
Slideshow prepared for a series of lectures on Democratic Theory and American Political Culture for PS 101 American Government (Fall 2007) at the University of Kentucky. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Lecturer.
PERSONALITIES.Political and Party system A political system refers to the sec...MaisaVillafuerte
Political and Party system
A political system refers to the section of the society which deals with matters and issues related to distribution of resources and conflict resolution. The system comprises of institutions, organizations, rules, principles, and behaviours related to conflict resolution, ie court system, executive, parliament, behaviours like voting.
a political system in which citizens govern themselves either directly or indirectly. The term democracy comes from Greek and means “rule of the people.” In Lincoln’s stirring words from the Gettysburg Address, democracy is “government of the people, by the people, for the people.” In direct (or pure) democracies, people make their own decisions about the policies and distribution of resources that affect them directly.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
2. • America’s Democratic Republic
• Partisanship & Political Profiling
• Party Competition
• America’s Two Party System
• Power Of The Vote
• Power Of Money In The Political System
• Elections As Symbolic
• Candidate Image
• Political Campaign Rhetoric
• Interest Groups Protecting Elite Values
• Lobbyists And The Power They Possess
• Political Action Committees (PACs)
COURSE LECTURE TOPICS (1)
3. • Invisible Hand: Capitalism & Democracy
• Elite To Mass Communication
• Messages & Manipulation
• Elitism Take On Communication
• Pluralism Take On Communication
LECTURE HIGHLIGHTS (2)
4. AMERICA’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC – 1
A successful democracy is based on the consent of the governed
along with widespread support. Democratic governments allow its
citizens the right to speak freely and elect its leaders. A formal
democracy is a political system that possesses four factors: (1)
regular and fair elections; (2) universal suffrage; (3) accountability of
government policies to elected representatives; and (4) guaranteeing
right to free expression, association and reasonable protections
against capricious government action. Elites would agree that power
and power sharing influence all democracies. Pluralists would argue
that the subordinate classes unite as evidenced in associations,
unions, and parties. This gives them power although all do not
necessarily possess property, high social status, or command over
cultural hegemony. Elites show favor towards formal democracies, for
they do not see subordinates as posing much of a threat, as their
organizational power base is weak.
5. AMERICA’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC – 2
The United States hosts a republican form of democracy. True
democracies can only be realized when every citizen participates in all
decisions concerning public policy. Pluralism stresses the need for
citizens to hold leaders accountable through elections. Masses elect
leaders who make decisions for their citizens. America’s two-party
system is more stable than a multiparty system that requires coalitions
to achieve a majority. Countries with two-party systems enjoy the
stability that it affords. Multi-party countries like Italy, France, and even
single-party systems functioning in some emerging countries have
suffered instability from time to time. Pluralists would argue that
America’s two parties agree on most issues that face the nation with
their primary disagreements relating to the means more than ends. The
ends are those policies that serve the interests of economic and political
elites. Stability is a result of the two-party system and the way elites and
the parties narrow the issues, which then progress to the public stage.
6. PARTISANSHIP – 1
Social factors that include race, religion and occupation influence
partisanship. Partisanship is a better predictor of vote choice than
social factors. Party identification does not automatically determine
how one is to vote. People may keep their party registration the same
for the rest of their life. What is susceptible to change is voting
behavior. Changes in attitudes toward public policy and political
candidates is open gain, thus affording greater significance to
understanding whether religious orthodoxy will have a long-term
effect on voter behavior and whether it will ever affect partisanship.
Party identification is a “psychological commitment or attachment to a
political party that normally predisposes us to evaluate their party and
its candidates in a favorable light.” Party identifications help to
encourage citizens to vote for those candidates or support those
issues that their self-identified party supports.
7. PARTISANSHIP – 2
Identifying key variables also assists researchers in determining
the influence primary groups have on a potential voter. These
groups are those “face – to –face” groups with which one
associates. Identifiers are shared interests or goals that are not
determined by personal contact. Social classes are broad
groupings based on positions held in society. These social classes
can also include the amount of money one earns or job that one
holds.
8. PARTISANSHIP (3)
Let us not discuss political profiling. Variables can help determine
partisanship like the religion, social status and place of residence
of the individual. For example, Catholics tend to be Democrats
and Protestants tend to be Republicans. Those individuals having
a low social status tended to associate with the Democrats and
those holding high social status tended to be Republican. They
have also inferred that rural citizens tend to be more closely
associated with the Republican Party and those residing in the
urban areas tended to lean towards the Democratic Party. A
conglomeration of variables or even a particular characteristic can
assist us in determining individual behavior. Though this is true, it
is the degree of partisanship one holds that remains the best
predictor for determining how one's vote.
9. SYSTEM IN DECAY
Party Competition Reflects Elite Competition
1. There is partisan agreement on democratic values, freedom
and property, and major policy directions.
2. There is partisan agreement on presenting unclear ideological
choices to attract voters.
3. There is mass attachment to both parties because they get
votes from all social groups.
4. There is ideological detachment to both parties because they
draw disproportionate support from certain groups.
5. Parties are Oligarchies (elite organizations) dominated by
small groups of activists.
6. Party identification is still stable, but dealignment is ever
present.
10. HEALTH OF TWO-PARTY SYSTEM
Presidential primaries contribute to the demise of party
organizations.
1.Voter dealignment from the parties helps Independents and third
parties.
• Ross Perot’s candidacy helped increase voter turnout and
made Bill Clinton win a plurality of the popular vote.
• Theodore Lowi supports a three-party system to excite
politics and inspire a revival of issue debates in the
American party system.
11. ELECTIONS, MONEY AND MYTHS
Voting is the most popular political activity.
1. Pluralist theory assumes voters influence public policy.
2. Elitist theory assumes that uninformed voters cannot influence
public policy.
3. Rational choice theory assumes that voters who identify with
groups seek benefits when they vote.
4. There are economic and foreign policy bases for supporting a
political candidate.
5. Candidate image is important for media-oriented voters.
6. Low presidential election turnout shows voters are not
efficacious.
12. MONEY SUSTAINS POLITICS
Money sustains politics and elections.
1. PACs are pipelines for interest groups’ campaign contributions.
2. Campaign Finance Reform might empower organized interests
even more.
Elections are symbols of democratic policy choices.
1. Elections symbolize the masses’ relationship with their
government.
2. Elections are limited in holding government elites accountable.
3. The Electoral College offers elite control over mass decision
making.
4. Bush v. Gore was the Supreme Court’s winning vote for
President.
13. AL GORE CONCEDES ELECTION
Following one of the greatest battles
in our election system, Al Gore
concedes to George W. Bush on
December 13, 2000. Al Gore became
the third presidential candidate to
receive the largest share of the
popular vote while losing the electoral
vote. Grover Cleveland in 1888,
Samuel Tilden in 1876 and Andrew
Jackson in 1824 also lost the
presidency. Both Cleveland and
Jackson went on to win the
presidency four years after their
electoral defeats. This is Al Gore’s
concession speech.
15. POLITICAL ACTION COMMITTEES
Political Action Committees (PACs) are
established organizations that serve to
advocate policy recommendations for
various interest groups. Private companies,
corporations, unions, and other various
Public Interest Groups (PIGs) and Single
Interest Groups (SIGs). PACs are primarily
utilized to influence public policymakers
through campaign donations, offering
legitimate information regarding their
various interests and even coordinating
issue based campaigns directed to a
constituency. Enjoy this campaign example
created by People For The Ethical
Treatment Of Animals (PETA).
17. VARIABLES
We have examined how
our system allows interest
groups to openly compete
for market share. What
motivates these groups to
act in the manner that they
do? What about our own
individual behavior? This is
the result of variables.
Enjoy the video
demonstration.
19. RELIGION
Religion is one sphere of great
interest as it definitely
influences public policy. This
video examines the link
between the Christian
Coalition, Friends Of Israel and
the Israeli Government. Enjoy
this special report from
“Nightline”. It originally aired on
November 26, 2002.
21. 911 – RALLY AROUND THE FLAG
911 introduced the world to
“Asymmetrical Warfare” -
Using the resources of a
nation state to attack its
institutions. This is a
compilation of clips during
September 11, 2001. What
caused the nation to come
together? How were we able
to acquire international
support? Did we overspend
the goodwill bestowed by our
international peers?
23. CANDIDATE IMAGE
Candidate image has become
more important with the advent
of television. Its influence over
elections has become even
greater as partisanship identity
declines. This video is the
famous debate between John
Kennedy and Richard Nixon.
Radio listeners claimed Nixon
won, while television viewers
favored Kennedy.
25. CANDIDATE IMAGE
Candidate image depicts
situations in which voters decide
whether to support a candidate
depending on the image they
portray and whether they are
appealing or unappealing. This
image can be a combination of a
candidate’s physical appearance,
intelligence, schooling, family
background, or speech. Enjoy
the example video.
27. POLITICAL CAMPAIGN RHETORIC
In 1952, Adlai
Stevenson responded to
Eisenhower’s ads with
some pretty creative
ones of his own, such as
this musical tribute to his
political skills.
Eisenhower, the all-
American hero from the
heartland! Another
classic from the 1952
campaign.
Another memorable ad
from the 1988 race, in
which Bush Sr. alleges
that Michael Dukakis
would be inept at leading
the military
28. POLITICAL CAMPAIGN RHETORIC
John F. Kennedy relied
on President Dwight
Eisenhower, to do the
talking for him. Asked to
name one original idea
proposed by his vice
president, Eisenhower
was at a loss for words
Who can forget this ad, in
which Michael Dukakis
played upon the public’s
lack of confidence in
Bush’s running mate Dan
Quayle?
George Bush Sr. used this
well-known ad to depict
Dukakis as soft on crime.
Bush asserted that when
Dukakis was governor of
Massachusetts, convicted
criminal Willie Horton was
paroled and went on to
commit more crimes.
29. POLITICAL CAMPAIGN RHETORIC
Bemoans the federal
debt, high taxes, and US
involvement in an
international war……...
Does this sound familiar?
Republican mantra’s
proud history.
Images of a cute little girl
counting daisy petals give
way to those of a nuclear
blast countdown in this
commercial from Lyndon
Johnson.
Criticizes Nixon’s running
mate with just one sound
and one image: as the
name Spiro Agnew
appears on a TV screen,
we hear a man break into
gales of laughter.
30. CAMPAIGN RHETORIC
Official Campaign Rhetoric is
being challenged due to
advances in technology allowing
for cheap distribution via the
Internet. It has also become
cheaper to produce material due
to the ability to produce high
quality video at a greatly reduced
cost. Enjoy this example of
“Obama Girl”.
32. CAPITALISM & DEMOCRACY – 1
For freedom to rein it is required for the market place to determine the
fate of all products, services and ideas. No interference can burden this
process. Oversight is not necessarily detrimental as is the policy of the
United States to regulate various industries. The death kneel comes
when powerful spheres of influence serve to squash competition. John
Locke argues it best when he suggests that liberalism can never exist
without capitalism. This is the philosophy of Adam Smith’s “invisible
hand” where he explains how markets determine the fate of all
competing interests seeking society’s acceptance. We are today living in
a time of unprecedented technological innovation that is helping to
propel humanity further the ladder of evolution. This would not be
possible if vested interests were prevented from pursuing market
acceptance.
33. CAPITALISM & DEMOCRACY – 2
John Locke and Adam Smith would agree that there is no fundamental
difference between a marketed product, service or even political idea.
All interest groups competing in the marketplace are engaged in the
same pursuit: acceptance. Companies competing for market dollars
strive to offer the most cost efficient product or service that is also the
most innovative. This in turn encourages competing peers to further
maximize efficiency while also stretching the bounds of innovation in
order to offer the best value. Marketing ideas is in essence the same we
have witnessed with political campaigns striving for societal acceptance.
Political organizations seeking for example the election of a particular
individual to office must secure a majority of the market within a certain
region. Competing campaigns offer different ideas to the market that
seek to offer a better value. This constant battle allows all individuals to
decide for themselves what “product” “service” or even “idea” is best.
We all benefit from conflict.
34. CAPITALISM & DEMOCRACY – 3
Let us look at the example of telecommunications to understand the benefits of
conflict. Prior to 1996, there existed in Southern California like most other
regions in the United States, two cellular telephone companies. These were the
days of analog communications, or AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System).
Southern California was home to Airtouch and LA Cellular prior to 1996. Both
companies maintained prices that prevented the average consumer from fully
utilizing their services, or even purchasing them at all. Everything changed with
the signage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act by President Bill Clinton. The
bill allowed for more efficient use of spectrum, thereby allowing easier access
for companies to compete in wireless communications. Various competitors
entered to compete for market acceptance, requiring all companies to strive for
greater efficiency, while also providing even greater services. Consumers today
face a wide selection of companies who individually offer greater
communication services that go beyond voice services to encompass video
calling and broadband internet. The invisible hand eliminates those companies
that do not provide the greatest benefit for consumers.
35. CAPITALISM & DEMOCRACY – 4
The ultimate nightmare may be the elimination of debate. Many have
unwittingly called for this in the halls of government. It is not debate that
threatens society, but the lack of contesting ideas. Policies enacted to
prevent overly powerful monopolies help to maintain open competition.
To have one overly powerful sphere of interest prevent debate is
destructive to the system itself. Pluralism emphasizes both conflict and
compromise with interest groups engaged in a constant pursuit of power
that naturally results in established alliances to compete with peer
spheres that are doing the same, resulting in the formation of two major
spheres. Public policy would thereby stall until reaching a compromise
between these two majority powers. This in turn helps to protect the
majority of those residing in society. Every policy requires constant
improvement for humanity to arrive closer to perfection. Those that call
for the elimination of special interest groups or even the restriction of
political debate are ignorant for this process benefits society immensely.
36. COLA & WAGES
COLA (Cost Of Living Adjustments)
and wages are two major issues of
concern. National economy, as
national security are the two top
issues of debate every year. How do
national elites seek to manipulate
mass beliefs about why wages just
barely keep pace with daily
expenses? “Why Play Leapfrog” is a
Cold War-era cartoon aimed at
convincing workers that increased
productivity brings about greater
purchasing power.