This document discusses key concepts of democracy including government intervention, democratic participation, and the six fundamental elements of modern democracy. It outlines two types of democracy - direct democracy which involves citizens directly voting on issues, and indirect democracy/representative democracy where citizens elect representatives. The four dimensions of democracy are also examined: the people, equality, common good, and representation. Political corruption is discussed as a challenge, with failure to meet basic needs, undermine association, and lack of citizen participation cited as common complaints in many societies.
Chapter 10
National Politics: Culture, Constitutions, Citizens
Guiding Question:
Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Key QuestionsHow in the absence of unanimity as a regular condition in politics, do political actors achieve their values?How do they cooperate for common ends? Work out accommodation among competing interests? Handle conflicts when accommodation fails?Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Political actors must cooperate because if they do not, civilized politics and effective government are impossible.Political actors must accommodate competing interests because if they do not, priorities cannot be established and decision cannot be made. Political actors must handle conflicts prudently or the community ay e torn apart by strife too difficult to moderate.
Accommodation involves both governmental and non-governmental actors.Since government is one major instrument to help citizens achieve their goals, citizens must make sure that government does what they want it to do.Because government is powerful, citizens must make sure that it does not abuse its power; it must remain subject to the citizens’ control. We define successful cooperation in terms of maximizing willing cooperation, humane accommodation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts and also in terms of the ability to maximize security, liberty, justice, and welfare.
Patterns for Cooperation, Accommodation, and Conflict Resolution in PoliticsSuccessful patterns for furthering cooperation, advancing accommodation, and handling conflicts require the following: Agreement on constitutional fundamentals; need some level of consensus to carry out business and without some level of trust, orderly procedures for discussion and decision would be impossible;
Meaningful interest articulation is the expression of political actors’ needs, interests, and desires; accomplished through things like voting, public forums, joining an interest group, working a political party, etc.; facilitates cooperation and accommodation in responsive political systems. Meaningful interest aggregation involves the process by which political actors build support for certain proposals and not for others; a mechanism for prioritizing; political leaders and parties play a key role in building support for priorities.
Legitimizing public policy choices by using agreed-upon principles and mechanisms of public obligation; why do people go along with a majority decision? Fulfillment of government objectives; secures basic rights (security, liberty, justice, and welfare), raises revenue, and ensures necessary services and benefitsRegular and effective controls on government through constitutional mechanisms.
Political CultureC ...
Group rights, group cultural identity and democracyFlora Kadriu
Abstract. The aim of this paper is to delve into the topic of human rights, consequently showing that the fight for recognising the cultural identity develops through the system of human rights. Specifically speaking, the latter is achieved through civil and political rights, individual rights, and the first-generation rights. Individual’s collective practices for cultural self-identification develop exactly through the civil rights, namely, the right of self-determination. The collective identity and practices also influence and determine the political system. Therefore, in this paper I direct the focus towards the democratic form of the political system of segmented or pluralistic multicultural societies and countries. The implication of this paper is that the consociational democracy (or consensual according to some authors), as a democratic and political system in multi-cultural societies, and cultural diversity in politics are tightly intertwined with the source of their rights, i.e. the human rights system. Keywords: human rights, civil and political rights, individual and collective identity, consociational democracy.
Chapter 10
National Politics: Culture, Constitutions, Citizens
Guiding Question:
Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Key QuestionsHow in the absence of unanimity as a regular condition in politics, do political actors achieve their values?How do they cooperate for common ends? Work out accommodation among competing interests? Handle conflicts when accommodation fails?Given that politics is a struggle for purpose and power, which political patterns further cooperation, advance accommodation, and handle conflicts in domestic politics?
Political actors must cooperate because if they do not, civilized politics and effective government are impossible.Political actors must accommodate competing interests because if they do not, priorities cannot be established and decision cannot be made. Political actors must handle conflicts prudently or the community ay e torn apart by strife too difficult to moderate.
Accommodation involves both governmental and non-governmental actors.Since government is one major instrument to help citizens achieve their goals, citizens must make sure that government does what they want it to do.Because government is powerful, citizens must make sure that it does not abuse its power; it must remain subject to the citizens’ control. We define successful cooperation in terms of maximizing willing cooperation, humane accommodation, and peaceful resolution of conflicts and also in terms of the ability to maximize security, liberty, justice, and welfare.
Patterns for Cooperation, Accommodation, and Conflict Resolution in PoliticsSuccessful patterns for furthering cooperation, advancing accommodation, and handling conflicts require the following: Agreement on constitutional fundamentals; need some level of consensus to carry out business and without some level of trust, orderly procedures for discussion and decision would be impossible;
Meaningful interest articulation is the expression of political actors’ needs, interests, and desires; accomplished through things like voting, public forums, joining an interest group, working a political party, etc.; facilitates cooperation and accommodation in responsive political systems. Meaningful interest aggregation involves the process by which political actors build support for certain proposals and not for others; a mechanism for prioritizing; political leaders and parties play a key role in building support for priorities.
Legitimizing public policy choices by using agreed-upon principles and mechanisms of public obligation; why do people go along with a majority decision? Fulfillment of government objectives; secures basic rights (security, liberty, justice, and welfare), raises revenue, and ensures necessary services and benefitsRegular and effective controls on government through constitutional mechanisms.
Political CultureC ...
Group rights, group cultural identity and democracyFlora Kadriu
Abstract. The aim of this paper is to delve into the topic of human rights, consequently showing that the fight for recognising the cultural identity develops through the system of human rights. Specifically speaking, the latter is achieved through civil and political rights, individual rights, and the first-generation rights. Individual’s collective practices for cultural self-identification develop exactly through the civil rights, namely, the right of self-determination. The collective identity and practices also influence and determine the political system. Therefore, in this paper I direct the focus towards the democratic form of the political system of segmented or pluralistic multicultural societies and countries. The implication of this paper is that the consociational democracy (or consensual according to some authors), as a democratic and political system in multi-cultural societies, and cultural diversity in politics are tightly intertwined with the source of their rights, i.e. the human rights system. Keywords: human rights, civil and political rights, individual and collective identity, consociational democracy.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
RIGHTS OF VICTIM EDITED PRESENTATION(SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Victims of crime have a range of rights designed to ensure their protection, support, and participation in the justice system. These rights include the right to be treated with dignity and respect, the right to be informed about the progress of their case, and the right to be heard during legal proceedings. Victims are entitled to protection from intimidation and harm, access to support services such as counseling and medical care, and the right to restitution from the offender. Additionally, many jurisdictions provide victims with the right to participate in parole hearings and the right to privacy to protect their personal information from public disclosure. These rights aim to acknowledge the impact of crime on victims and to provide them with the necessary resources and involvement in the judicial process.
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
ASHWINI KUMAR UPADHYAY v/s Union of India.pptxshweeta209
transfer of the P.I.L filed by lawyer Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay in Delhi High Court to Supreme Court.
on the issue of UNIFORM MARRIAGE AGE of men and women.
Military Commissions details LtCol Thomas Jasper as Detailed Defense CounselThomas (Tom) Jasper
Military Commissions Trial Judiciary, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Notice of the Chief Defense Counsel's detailing of LtCol Thomas F. Jasper, Jr. USMC, as Detailed Defense Counsel for Abd Al Hadi Al-Iraqi on 6 August 2014 in the case of United States v. Hadi al Iraqi (10026)
DNA Testing in Civil and Criminal Matters.pptxpatrons legal
Get insights into DNA testing and its application in civil and criminal matters. Find out how it contributes to fair and accurate legal proceedings. For more information: https://www.patronslegal.com/criminal-litigation.html
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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2. Government intervention
• refers to the ways in which a government
regulates or interferes with the various
activities or decisions made by individuals
or organizations within its jurisdiction. The
effects of this can be positive or negative.
3. Democracy
-Greek word demos (the people) and kratein
(to rule)…to rule the people
-is one of the most important principles for a
better world. In its truest sense, a democracy
is a community in which all members have an
equal say in the running of that community.
Unfortunately in reality, democratic societies
have fallen short of this ideal.
4. Democratic Participation
- is the empowerment of people to
effectively involve themselves in creating
structures, designing policies and programs
that serves that interest of all. It requires
association with other people.
5. 6 fundamental Elements of Modern
Democracy
1. Rule of Law - ensures that the rights and
freedom of citizens are protected and no
one is above the law. All citizens stand as
equals in the eye of the law.
2. Separation of Powers – check and balances.
Powers are distributed among the executive,
legislative and the judiciary
3. Basic rights and freedom – a. Human Rights
b. Civil Rights c. Political Rights
6. Basic rights and freedom:
a. Human Rights – a right that is believed to
belong justifiably to every person
Ex. Right to life, rights to be secured in one’s
person and right to live freely.
b. Civil Rights and (ex. Right to own a
property, rights to enjoy privileges accorded
to being a citizen of a country)
c. Political Rights – rights that protect
individual’s freedom from infringement by
government, social institution, and private
individual. (ex. Right to run for elective office,
right to suffrage)
7. Other right from rule of law…. Freedom of
speech, Freedom of worship, freedom of
association
8. 4. Suffrage – civil and political right. Every citizen,
within the recognized legal age, has the right to
participate in elections by casting a vote regardless
of sex, religion, political affiliation, educational
attainment and socio-economic status. They are
entitled to one vote.
5. Freedom of speech – ensures that the citizen are
able to voice out their agreement, disagreement,
affirmations, criticism, and proposal to their
government.
9. Libel – a crime broadly characterized by
maliciously publishing an article or write up
that may be detrimental to a person’s
character or may cause dishonor.
Oral Defamation – someone telling lies about
you
10. 6. Pluralism – people are entitled to diverse
beliefs and opinions, which may result in the
becoming part of different organizations with
varying thrust and advocacies.
ex. In government – administration vs.
opposition
11. Types of Democracy
1. Direct Democracy / Pure Democracy
- Citizens come together to decide on issues or
pass laws through a vote.
- considered as ideal democracy, every single
person is able to participate in the voting
process and it ensures that the will of the
people is really followed.
- Being practiced in the Cantons of Switzerland
- Philippines, practiced in provisions of the
constitution (initiative and referendum)
12. Advantage: each citizens has a voice in making
important decisions for the community
Disadvantage: difficulty to implement with
huge populations because of amount of time
needed to gather each citizens vote and
opinion on issues.
13. 2. Indirect Democracy / Representative
Democracy
- People elect leaders to act as their
representatives in the government.
- Citizens vote the members of the executive
and legislatives.
14. Advantage: relatively easier to decide on
issues, pass laws, and carry out their
implementations.
Disadvantage: very difficult to consider the will
of every citizens. They resort to intelligent
guesses to decide what they think their
constituent need.
15. 4 Dimensions of Democracy:
1. The People
2. Equality
3. Common Good
4. Representation
16. 1. The People
- A collective group of individuals with varying
political and religious beliefs who freely
decided to live together in a particular
geographical area and mutually consented to
form a democratic nation.
- Citizens of the nation wherein these citizen
are regarded as equals.
17. 2. Equality
-we are equal in the eyes of the law (morally
equal), not necessarily because we are
naturally equal in every respect, but because
we have to be placed in a status of equality so
that we may be governed fairly and receive
the equal protection of the law (legal
equality).
-people in democracy has an equal right to
rule and an equal right to vote.
18. 3. Common Good
– what is good for the people. Every action
should be done is for the well-being of the
people and not for their personal well-being
nor for the benefit of a particular majority.
19. 4. Representation
- The use of Representatives – the ones who
are authorized to take appropriate and
necessary actions within the government that
would be beneficial for the common good of
the people.
20. POLITICAL CORRUPTION
There is an increase disenchantment of the
state of society in our globalized world. In a
study about democratic participation in
different countries in the globe, 44 out of 47
countries that took part in the study asserted
that the conditions of a good society were not
met (Barry Knight: 2002)
21. Undemocratic practices breed social ills that
haunt societies in the planet. Dissatisfaction
of citizens with their governments includes:
a) failure to meet their basic needs that
create profound insecurities,
b) failure to protect them from the sweeping
winds of economic change where they lose
their customs and traditions, and
c) failure to involve its citizens in its policies
and programs.
22. Basic Needs
Failure to meet basic needs is a common
complaint among many societies in the world
today. There was a growing gulf between rich
and poor droving the former to extra-legal
activities such as theft and prostitution.
23. Association
Undemocratic practices undermine the
traditional bonds of family and kinship
threatened by the pressures of work,
urbanization and migration. The distancing of
government concerns from the lives of
ordinary people weakened customary forms
of accountability and led to a highly corrupt,
self-seeking, inefficient, and partisan state.
24. Participation
Citizens play their part by
(1) engaging in collective action to perform
voluntary work with others in order to
tackle problems and
(2) participating in political processes to play
an active role in relation to the state in
order to ensure that the state opened
itself up to the influence of citizens.