A Democratic Government

A Democratic Government
"The strongest democracies flourish from frequent and lively debate, but they endure when people
of every background and belief find a way to set aside smaller differences in service of a greater
purpose" (Obama, 2009). Fellow survivors, I ask you to imagine a year from now and envisage the
society you want to be a part of.
It has been three weeks since the disaster. Fear and confusion are rampant within the fragments of
our society, productivity is at an all time low and our community lacks structure. We now must
decide on a political system to lead us and give our society hope and direction. A deliberative
democracy will provide us with the greatest opportunity for a successful future.
Before we can wholeheartedly submit to a democratic government, it is important for us to first
recognise and consider the central complications, which have arisen from this crisis. Our first
priority is to help all those who are traumatised and so are unable to think rationally. Without
intervention, the otherwise inevitable repercussions, which follow from a traumatic incident, will no
doubt lead to cases of suicide, self–harm and substance abuse. The forthcoming shortage of vital
resources within our community centre, and the wasting of such resources by those who are acting
irrationally, is another issue of equal importance with which we are going to need to provide
guidance if we can hope to live within a sustainable society.
At the moment we are divided, alienated and wasting
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Argumentative Essay On Political Polarization
With increasing political polarization sweeping over America, we now are seeing a decrease in
effective political discussion. Solutions to America's problems are no longer up for debate, but an
intense political atmosphere has boxed people into their respective parties, who refuse to
acknowledge the other parties view. This phenomenon isolates and silences many in the middle who
are America's moderate voters.With this being said, how should the voice of the people be properly
represented, and not silenced? Specifically, how should members of Congress navigate political
polarization, and successfully represent all of their constituents?
In response to this question some members of congress have decided that they cannot please
everyone and therefore have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, members of Congress are obligated to protect, fight for, and most importantly listen to
every one of their constituents viewpoints.This is the only way a member of Congress can truly be
effective.
In the months following President Donalds Trumps victory and the Republican party's historical
domination on Election Day 2016, America experienced a dramatic increase in political
engagement. In today's political atmosphere of extremes, the election clearly showed the heightened
divide in American politics.
The American people expressed their anger in the form of protesting all around the country.
Eventually, this political engagement resulted in the call for town halls because Americans wanted
to voice their opinion to their representatives. While their opinions may of been loud, angry, and
unpleasant their voices still deserved to be heard. Ultimately, some members of Congress did not
properly represent their constituents. This failure was achieved by not holding town halls,
inaccessible town halls, and failure of

Democracy In America Summary
Democracy in America
In the section titled, "Of the Political Effects of Administrative Decentralization in the United
States," in Volume I in the book Democracy in America by Alexis De Tocqueville. Tocqueville
distinguishes two types of centralization, governmental and administrative. The first refers to the
power to formulate general laws, national in scope, and to direct foreign affairs. The second consists
of power to direct local or regional affairs. Tocqueville believes that administrative centralization
diminishes the spirit of citizenship in daily affairs, so that subjects look to the government to attend
to his community's needs:
There are nations of Europe where an inhabitant considers himself a kind of colonist, indifferent to
the destiny of the place that he inhabits. The greatest changes come about in his country without his
concurrence; he does not even know precisely what has taken place; he suspects; he has heard the
event recounted by chance. Even more, the fortune of his village, the policing of his street, the fate
of his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both men share the same notion of politics as a way for citizens to work together, as opposed to
being a notion of how to rule or be ruled. Tocqueville and Aristotle have a similar view on
democracy and how the government should include the citizens. In their opinions the citizens should
step forward and be aggressive in making daily political decisions for themselves. As Aristotle
characterizes citizenship in Book III of The Politics, "He who has the power to take part in the
deliberative or judicial administration of any state is said by us to be a citizens of that state; and,
speaking generally, a state is a body of citizens sufficing for the purposes of life." (Politics III).
Aristotle is saying that a citizen is not simply an individual who is subjected to the law but rather a
person who is an active participant in

Unity Is Strength For Enhancing Educational And Economic...
UNITY IS STRENGTH Fahammy foundation | Moving as a unit CONSTITUTION OF
FAHAMMY FOUNDATION 2 Moving as a unit 2 UNITY IS STRENGTH 2 THE
CONSTITUTION: 1. Name of the Foundation FATMA, ATHMAN, HASSAN, ADAM, MAHMUD,
MBARAKA&YUSSUF FOUNDATION (FAHAMMY) 2. Vision Create an enabling environment
for enhancing educational and social– economic growth for members. 3. Mission To turn reasonable
ideas and opinions among members into reality, through combined workforce and resource
allocation. 4. Objectives The objectives for which the foundation is established are: (a) To uplift the
educational and economic status among

Democracy And Its Effect On Democracy
Democracy in its most basic form is a type of governing system ruled by the citizens of a particular
society. The first form of democracy can be found in ancient Greece, and the modern form of
Democracy was established in part by the French revolution because it brought back the idea of rule
by the people. Although, for most of history democracy was not viewed in a positive light.
According to Mintz, Close, and Croci many people feared democracy because they thought the
masses would not act with reason and would try to take away power from the elite classes (2015). It
was not until relatively recently in history that democracy became the leading form of governing
around the world. This essay will focus on the different manifestations of democracy and how they
function. The core of democracy is that the people in a society should have a say in governing and
decision making; however in order to be considered a democracy a country must follow other
democratic principles. This essay will argue that in many cases practical application of democracy
does not always allow the people to have their view adequately translated into government and
policy, due to the limitations of their political system. The only real power people have is electing a
select few to their positions in government, or voting on decisions and policy decided by those
officials. This does not allow for everyone and their views represented in government. This essay
will also argue that some democratic systems

Review Article: Divided Societies and Deliberative Democracy
Among comparative scholars there is a continuing debate about which kinds of institutions would
work best for stabilizing peace in ethnical divided societies. In general, they agree on the necessity
of democratic institutions. The question is whether these institutions should be built on the principle
of inclusion or moderation (O'Flynn 2007: 731). O'Flynn is reviewing the work of Arend Lijphart
and Donald Horowitz, the two main characters of this debate. While Lijphart focuses on inclusion
with his consociational democracy (ibid.: 734), Horowitz's incentives–based approach deals with
moderation (ibid.: 736). The author enters the discussion by pointing out that inclusion and
moderation are co–requirements for the fundamental issue of ... Show more content on
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Similar to the reasoning of Dryzek (2005: 224) communication must be reflective in order to allow
people to change their opinion. However, in post–conflict societies deep differences, ethnic
cleavages, and hatred prevail. Even for Western democratic societies the assumption of broad
reciprocity seems to be a normative desire rather than empirical evidence. Second, complete
inclusion in terms of publicity is illusive. Nowadays, most societies are too big to allow each citizen
to discuss all issues and policies, and arrive at a compromise. On the one hand, there is not enough
time for everyone to participate, and, on the other hand, nothing would ever get done. Also, people
must be interested in what is going on. It appears questionable to what extent it is possible to
motivate the public discourse. The interest in the happening has to come from the society itself. In
addition, this interest probably varies from one individual to another and from topic to topic.
Therefore, taking the entire diversity of public views and opinions into account is not functional.
Third, there is no electoral system that translates the voters' preferences exactly into electoral results.
Besides the sheer feasibility problem, there is the option of manipulating the electoral system in
favor of a certain ethnic group, gerrymandering, or the usage of suffrage restrictions (Dryzek 2005:
226). Thus, the

Federalists Vs. Anti Federalists
In early 1788, Federalists and Anti–Federalists held fierce debates over how the state of Rhode
Island would vote on Constitutional ratification. Two models of democracy were contested: the
Anti–Federalists argued in favor of mass participation in the form of a state referendum, and the
Federalists argued in favor of elite representation in the form of a state convention. On the whole,
while the state referendum model used in the debates in Rhode Island allows for greater
participation and an opportunity for equal representation, it also leaves policy decisions vulnerable
to public ignorance. At the same time, the state convention model provides an inherently
undemocratic solution to the problems presented by mass participation by allowing ... Show more
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Federalists in Rhode Island argued against these Anti–Federalist notions of democracy by basing
their opposition around the idea that the general public could not be trusted to make policy
decisions. Mankind, James Madison argues in The Federalist No. 10, is too susceptible to
factionism. Once divided into factions, men were "inflamed... with mutual animosity" that rendered
them "much more disposed to vex and oppress each other." Instances like Shay's Rebellion, in which
overtaxed farmers violently rose up against the government, validated arguments presented by those
like Madison and Joseph Schumpeter, who held negative views of the general masses. Both rejected
the beliefs of the Anti–Federalists on the basis that the public was easily swayed by "unfriendly
passions" and "primitive impulses".
This Federalist arguments on the limitations of mass participation also has its merits in a modern
context, where voters are often indifferent, uninformed, and easily manipulated in an increasingly
technological world. What Fishkin defines as "rational ignorance," in which citizens are not
motivated to go out of their way to learn and form rational opinions on policies, supports Madison's
fears. One aspect of rational ignorance illustrates the tendency of voters to vote only on policy
issues relevant to them. For instance, farmers under a mass participatory system may vote only on
issues related to agriculture, while remaining ignorant on other issues

Paul Nieuwenburg Learning To Deliberate Analysis
In "Learning to Deliberate: Aristotle on Truthfulness and Public Deliberation", Paul Nieuwenburg
discusses Aristotle's concepts of what guides morality and how the public plays a role in this "moral
education" (464). Nieuwenburg focuses mainly on the partnership of shame and sincerity while
discussing what happens when a matter becomes public and why that publicity matters. Throughout
his article Nieuwenburg bounces from the mentality of both being the person publicly shamed and
being those who shame that person. He does so by using both his own theories and Artistotle to
explain why it is important for a democracy to continually be in a state of deliberation that is public
and widespread.
To understand why it is of importance for deliberation to be public Nieuwenburg uses ... Show more
Shame is the brace of morality and described by Aristotle are a "semivirtue" because of the role it
plays in the eventual moral education of the previously mentioned "learner" (456). Aristotle argues
the role of not only our own shame in our own moral learning but also how others shame impacts us.
He advises not defending those with bad character as to not be seen as a reflection of said bad
character while also stating that this defensiveness of bad traits offends the good character of the
community (457). In a sense by doing away with the bad as opposed to trying to understand the
perspective of what is "bad" the greater good is better met. But if our fear of shame is wired to be
dictated by public opinion of it then it could be said shame would not exist without public
deliberation which is be perceived as the purpose of Nieuwenburg's article. But if our fear our
shame keeps us from speaking against a social concept sincerity is bound to become less and less
genuine. This loss of sincerity would also be met with shame until the speaker reaches a balance of
being sincere about values the public all agree

The Constitution Of The Nation State
Background and context
Through the use of quantitative analysis, this paper analyses to what extent individuals'
identification with the constitution of the nation–state, referred to as constitutional patriotism, can
provide a basis for a common European 'demos'. The theoretical framework draws upon the German
philosopher Jürgen Habermas and his concept of moral reason, communicative rationality, and
deliberative democracy.
We aim to build up the necessary theoretical framework needed to understand how Habermas
envisions a future European Union by comparing his views on democracy with the ones from the
classic liberal and communitarian traditions of democracy. The main hypothesis under investigation
is the claim that constitutional patriotism can provide the basis for a European demos.
Habermas argues that an EU with increased political skills, among other things can be the solution
to ensure efficient welfare services, and, ultimately, to promote international peace (Habermas 2006:
43) (Habermas 2012: 20) (Habermas, 1998: 317) (Habermas 2005a : 210) (Habermas 2005b: 261).
However, there is considerable disagreement about whether there is a cure for this absence of a
demos. From a communitarian point of view, there is no cure, whereas Habermas articulates that a
common European demos can and must exist. According to Habermas the future of EU demands an
increased in dialogue between EU citizens from different member states. However, for this dialogue
to take place, it

Self Reflection Essay
Over the past semester, I have had the opportunity to be a part of this Citizen and Self class.
Throughout my time in the class, I have had the pleasure of having my world–scope expanded and
my definition of a citizen challenged. A major part of this class involved group work researching a
topic/issue and then using the research to write a paper and lead a class discussion on the topic/issue
and potential solutions for it. Additionally, we each had the task of placing ourselves in the shoes of
a stakeholder for our topic and prepare a paper discussing their potential opinions and how the issue
may affect them. Furthermore, outside of my deliberation, I was able to attend two additional
deliberations. "Hindsight is always 20/20," as a former teacher of mine would always say, now that I
have made it through all these projects I can reflect on their successes, failures, and my own
personal growth. Going back to the beginning of the project, if I were to redo the project, I would
approach the research project almost entirely different. When the group I was part of began our
research, it became obvious fairly quickly that we were going to have a difficult time finding
relevant information for our project about WKU's mutual agreement to cut ties with Russell
Athletics and sign with Nike as their exclusive on–field sponsor being that the switch was still fairly
new. In order to focus our research, we ended up creating speculations about the transition which we
then sought to

Democratic Peace
Paper: Intro. Many different explanations have been brought forth to explain why democracies do
not fight one another . Among academics, the most prominent theories can be divided among three
schools of thought: liberal institutionalist, realist, and liberal constructivist. Beyond academia,
often–simplified interpretations of these theories have guided many Great Powers' foreign policy
decisions. This paper will first seek to outline what most academics agree to be the empirical
correlations between democracies and war. This paper will then outline and examine the competing
theories behind the Democratic Peace. This paper will argue that although some of the realist
critiques are plausible and should not be entirely dismissed, the liberal constructivist theories offer
the most accurate explanation of why the Democratic Peace exists. This paper will finish by
examining the foreign policy implications of this thesis, with reference to recent and potentially
future military engagements undertaken by today's democratic Great Powers. Despite originally
being theorized by name Kant at a time in which there ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These liberal theories can be further divided into what I will refer to as the liberal institutionalist
theories and the liberal constructionist theories. The liberal institutionalist arguments focus on
democratic institutions and the checks and balances they provide, while liberal constructionist
arguments focus on the cultural norms associated with democratic nations–namely

Political Exclusion : A Universal Norm
political exclusion was promulgated as a universal norm in the period after the Second World War.
Thus, gradually the barriers to participation by all sectors of society reduced effortfully (xxx, xxx).
The Western democratic states are far from functioning as fully representative polities since there is
still lingering practices of disproportionate under–representation of women, racial and ethnic
minorities in the elected bodies. This is not result from formally enacted impediments to
representation. So, uncovering and dealing with the factors that contribute to this unfairness is what
motivates current efforts at improve democratic representation. Thus, exploring whether the liberal
democracy suitable for the promotion of peace and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, the wholesale application this liberal democracy in such situations can produce irrational
outcomes. This mainly because it lacks the citizenry potentials to transform the individually
perceived preferences into collective preferences through public discussions. On top, the campaign
and advertising employed to influence the polling exercise favours the economically and
numerically dominant groups (Iris Marion Young, 1997).
In this way, liberal democracy cannot meet the diverse needs of those who seek to self–determine
(Gerry J. Simpson86). There are doubts that the group self–determination can be satisfied by the
majoritarian model, even in the presence of minority rights (Simpson 88). The purpose of the right
to self–determination is to protect the collective human and democratic rights of unrepresented
peoples (Simpson, 87). Liberal democracy is insufficient to protect the democratic rights of
minorities (xx, x90).
The advocates of the criticisms of liberal democracy suggest its replacement with a more egalitarian
version called deliberative democracy. Deliberative democracy contrast with interest–based
democracy in several ways. Deliberative democracy encourages the meeting of people to decide
public ends and policies through rational discussion. It impels free

Blong's Argument Analysis
The Context. Blong believes citizens in public life in the United States and elsewhere have become
less political observers and social critics in the public discourse. Her examination in this era,
considers an increase in disillusioning the institutional value of government and politics. Institutions
form the network of public life. They are moving in unfavorable directions. Blong questions why
democratic ideals have been declining and ignores the discussions at the center of public
deliberation.
Blong has evaluated politics and government in the past twenty–five years, relying on Ryfe's
opinion that citizens in public work and government are consciously engaging in public deliberation.
Authenticating Blong's findings, three separate approaches' ... Show more content on
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She offers a potent stimulus for readers' reflection rather than imply that her argument is full proven
or that her claims will necessarily apply to the readers' situation. (1) Interpretation considers the
political and communication models, but recent literature review points to growing interest, not
death. (2) The article alludes to the work of practitioners like Mansbridge, et. Al., but research is
based on outdated content of twenty–five years ago. As a result, readers are in a difficulty to view
new theories available in literature reviews. Also, difficult to recognize that deliberative
conversation is a growing interest among professional researchers. (3) Interpretation also is specific
to the West, even though inference that communication is a universal theme. The results of
interpretation from the West to other countries differ. Public Debate does not necessarily mean
'informing public policy.' For example, "the power of culture may not always be obvious in our own
context (and) Arab deliberation, and its local instantiation in institutions like the qat chew, demand
careful interpretation....for critical self–assertion of citizens" (Sazz, & Dryzek, 2013, pp.18, 21)
Consequentially, public deliberation does not necessarily always lead to 'informed public policy.' (4)
All the communication models presented, exclude an understanding. They do not address about
body language, nonverbal communication, and prematurely finishes most deliberation is reasoned
argument. Considering human nature, gaps are clearly visible. (5) Facilitators may be influential
sources, but argument fails to point out that all facilitators are not all equipped to offer benefits.
Many facilitators do not have enough training to ensure ease of conversation and structure.
Facilitators have been culpable for misalignment, and being defensive. Also, facilitators may abuse
power and be over–reactive in

Stephen Tierney On The Brexit Referendum
In order to properly understand the analysis of Stephen Tierney on the brexit Referendum and how
democratic it was, one must first fully understand the concept of democracy. In other words, what is
democracy? Is democracy a fallacy?
Democracy may be a word familiar to most, but it is a concept still misunderstood and misused in a
time when totalitarian regimes and military dictatorships alike have attempted to claim popular
support by pinning democratic labels upon themselves. Yet the power of the democratic idea has
also evoked some of history's most profound and moving expressions of human will and intellect:
from Pericles in ancient Athens to Vaclav Havel in the modern Czech Republic, from Thomas
Jefferson's Declaration of Independence ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In other to be utterly democratic certain questions have to be asked as such as, were the democratic
credentials of the referendum undermined by the restriction of the franchise? Based on the European
Union Referendum Act 2015 certain members are allowed to vote such as UK nationals and Irish
and Commonwealth citizens satisfying residence requirements. There were obviously certain
counters and political objections to this. It can also be notable that the Court of Appeal rejected a
challenge on EU and human rights law grounds, in the words of Stephen Tierney "a more
convincing concern rests upon a vision of the UK as a multinational union in which the consent of
each of the constituent territories should be required for such a significant change" this however is
not the concern of majority the opposing critics of the legitimacy and how democratic was the exit
from the European

Habermas’ Between Facts and Norms: Legitimizing Power? Essay
Habermas' Between Facts and Norms: Legitimizing Power?
ABSTRACT: To overcome the gap between norms and facts, Habermas appeals to the medium of
law which gives legitimacy to the political order and provides it with its binding force. Legitimate
law–making itself is generated through a procedure of public opinion and will–formation that
produces communicative power. Communicative power, in turn, influences the process of social
institutionalization. I will argue that the revised notion of power as a positive influence that is
produced in communicative space runs contrary to Habermas' original concept of power in his
theory of communicative action where power is understood as a coercive force that has to be
avoided in order for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As such, I believe that the introduction of communicative power and its close tie to "legitimate law"
and political system greatly reduces our critical ability in respect to political systems as exercised in
liberal–democratic states. In addition, I will argue that this revision alludes to a redrawing of the
boundaries between the life–world and the system in favour of the latter, and consequently indicates
a shift to the right in Habermas' latest work.
The treatment of the role and meaning of the concept of "power" within the theory of Jurgen
Habermas, as it was elaborated in the two volumes of The Theory of Communicative action and
later in Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action,(1) has undergone some significant
changes in his latest work: Between Facts and Norms.(2) In this new book he introduces the term
Communicative power which has to be seen in the context of his ambitious project of theorizing
deliberative democracy, or, in his words "government by law". (BFN, p.132) According to the
advocates of deliberative democracy, citizens' participation in the democratic process has a rational
character. Deliberative democracy explains the process of opinion and will–formation as a public
discursive activity where citizens are engaged in argumentation that is aimed at promoting the more
generalizable interests by the force of a better argument. View in this light,

Direct Democracy In The UK
Direct democracy is a structure of government that all citizens vote on policy proposals directly, and
the result is uncovered by the amount of votes. For example, Cooter and Gilbert (2010, pp. 687–
730) said in their latest research, "Citizens in many states use direct democracy to make laws on
everything from soda bottles and horse meat to affirmative action and same–sex marriage". There
are many benefits to this structure; firstly, a responsive government is formed to the general wish of
the public, meaning they can gain results quickly by voting. Secondly, in the words of Mautner
(2000, pp.19) "Direct democracy satisfy human dignity and minimise conflicts, eliminate wars and
save human lives. It can also cause promote human rights and minimize ... Show more content on
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This only works if there is a real competition for freedom of expression, leadership and if voters
believe there is a significant choice. Dr Alman Leroy's research says that, "Representative
democracy, according to its underlying and supporting political theory, is far superior to direct
democracy." This is often portrayed as the only democracy possible in mass societies. An example
of this is the United States, where they elect members of Congress and a President. All of the
officials listen to the population and act on what they think is best for the nation. The US, today, is
one of the most stable democracies in the world. Other examples of this are the UK and Germany,
who instead have a parliamentary system where the Prime Minister, instead of its own executive
branch, is part of the legislative branch. Every five years in the UK, citizens have the opportunity to
vote for who they wish to represent them. Once elected, MPs then gather at the House of Commons
to converse over matters and decide on what would become British law. This proves that
representative democracies are much more practical for larger nations than direct democracy. Due to
representative democracy being the most commonly used structure out of the three types, it proves
that it is the most preferred in contemporary

Essay on Prerequistes of Deliberative Democracy
Deliberative Democracy strives to bring people together, and discuss their problems in order to
create a better form of governmental policy. However, some are skeptical of deliberative
democracies ability to get individuals to communicate with one another in modern pluralistic
societies like the US. When discussing important political matters, people have the tendency to not
pay attention to the arguments of others, as they are only fixated on their own arguments. It is basic
human nature for people to act in this way, which is the reason deliberative democrats have outlined
certain prerequisites that must be followed, in order for deliberation to take place. Without these
certain rules and regulations in the deliberation, it will simply ... Show more content on
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Democratic deliberation is not about which people are right and wrong, but rather getting people to
gather together and discuss the issues that matter the most. It is during this active discussion
amongst people that they start to learn about each other. Most of the time, it is a lack of knowledge
that separate people from one another. Once, they start to understand each other, they can actively
engage in creating policies that will benefit their society. In this deliberation, everyone has a voice
and all opinions are held as equal, which give the policies created legitimacy, as everyone plays an
active role. Without these ideals, respect would be lost and these deliberations would be diminished
to shouting matches, which would benefit nobody. Skeptical of deliberative democracy, Rosenberg
believes people do not think the way deliberative democrats assume. As explained, in an active
deliberation people must practice reciprocity, publicity, and accountability, but Rosenberg believes
actual deliberations are likely to stray from these standards. Although it is ambitious for deliberative
democracy to ask for impartiality of one's own opinion, this simply is not true from a psychological
standpoint. Rosenberg explains people judge each other, favor their own judgment, and devalue
views that contradict their own. Using developmental

The Democracy : New Developments
2.3 Deliberative democracy: new developments As research done within the area of deliberative
democracy, and deliberation in general, is still ongoing, this study relies on a newer approach to
deliberative democracy mainly inspired by Dryzek (2010). According to Dryzek (2010), "a system
can be said to possess deliberative capacity to the degree it has structures to accommodate
deliberation that is authentic, inclusive and consequential"[emphasis in original] (Dryzek, 2010, p.
10). More specifically, this means: Authentic: Deliberation should encourage reflection upon
preferences. The deliberation should furthermore be characterised by communication that everyone
can accept. (Dryzek, 2000, p. 68) Inclusive: Everyone should be able to ... Show more content on
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(Fraser, 1990, p. 64) There are two main points to derive from Frasers (along with other feminist
theorists) criticism. First, social and cultural differences within societies have an impact on the
possibility to engage in deliberation in the public sphere. Second, these differences result in not only
inequality but also marginalisation. It is indeed difficult, especially when investigating empirical
evidence, to argue for a public sphere, which is cleansed from any form of power relations and
marginalisation (REFERENCE) – a so–called 'neutral ground'. However, I will argue that the
requirement of inclusiveness becomes less important if the end–goal of the deliberative process is
not consensus–making, but rather to obtain meta–consensus. 2.4 Meta–consensus as the outcome of
a deliberative process Although the more specific conceptualisation of meta–consensus is to be
found in the work of Niemeyer and Dryzek (2007), the idea behind it has been around for a long
time. According to Niemeyer and Dryzek (2007), deliberation "requires that individuals transcend
private concerns and that they engage with competing views, taking them into account as a part of
their evaluations" (Niemeyer and Dryzek, 2007, p. 500). This view upon deliberation is highly
pluralistic and remains as the main requirement for an authentic deliberative process to happen.
However, this has been formulated earlier by, for example, Hannah

Public Interest Group Analysis
It is certain that the United States is not a direct democracy, in the sense of a county in which laws
and other government decisions are made predominantly by majority vote. Some lawmaking is done
this way, on the state and local level, however it is only a tiny fraction of all lawmaking. The United
States is, however a representative democracy (Volokh, 2015). In a representative government
constituents choose representatives not only to think more carefully than they about ends and means
but also to negotiate more perceptively and fight more skillfully than constituents have either the
time or the inclination to do (Mansbridge, 2003).
A direct democracy places all power in the hands of the individual. When political decisions are to
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interest groups are being more numerous, activist, and diverse than in the past and are increasingly
using carefully targeted campaigns to 'get what they want' from companies they wish to influence
(Julian, Ofori–Dankwa, & Justis, 2008). Influence of interest groups is substantial, as evidenced by
the successes of the Rainforest Action Network in altering the lending practices of J.P. Morgan, and
of the American Family Association and Focus on the Family in altering advertising practices and
political activity at Proctor & Gamble (Julian, Ofori–Dankwa, & Justis, 2008). Interest group
actions have been directed at corporations themselves with a view toward changing their activities
through embarrassment or other means, and without the long and expensive process of battling
well–funded corporate lobbying

The Culture Of Control, Crime And Social Order Essay
The Culture of Control, Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society, David Garland (2001) is
certainly one worth the read. Garland, one of the leading criminologists, begins the book with a
fantastic insight on 'history of the present' of penological developments in the US, compares it with
Britain in late 1970's. He picks out indicative theories by Foucault and several examples to support
his arguments. He portrays an intricate argument about the rise of crime control and punitiveness.
Garland continues throughout to link new developments in both countries to identify each countries
crime control stratergy and the effect of their strategies. He ends it with further theories and opinions
on crime control and social order. Garlands purpose of writing the book is to give a deep analysis
and an absorbing read of crime control in USA and UK to his readers. The purpose of the following
review is to give the readers a brief understanding of some issues by Garland on crime and social
order in contemporary society.
From the 19th century to the 20th, crime control state agencies have become instilled with 'penal
welfarism' and rehabilitation. However since then they've been dominated by risk management,
incapacitation and retribution. In clarifying this change Garland; the formal organisations of crime
control have a tendency to be responsive. Garland states "too often our attention focuses on the
state's institutions and neglects the informal social practices upon which state

Deliberative Democracy In Canada
According to Joshua Cohen (1997), deliberative democracy is the framework of social and
institutional conditions that facilitate free discussion among equal citizens, by providing favorable
conditions for participations, association...(p. 412) Deliberative democracy a term that is just
recently coming to light of different communities and countries throughout the globe. Deliberative
democracy is many things, it allows for development of new ideas, while establishing long lasting
results. It is localism. Localism is how people from the surrounding area come together to discuss
and change the future of a certain part of their community. One example of this is in the video that
as played in class. The community in Canada saw that mental health was a serious issue between
themselves and other members. To combat this problem they formed a collective to help set a
foundation for the future, to provide support and an overall health plan. People from the community
came together at feasts, workshops, radio any way to receive the most input from the ... Show more
The long term result allows for an overall satisfaction. As we see now in America, the government is
or are not passing laws that directly affect us for the better as thought by a number of individuals. It
can not be expected that a senate, or house will able to accurately and effectively represent such a
large population of diversity that America holds or even a small population as some states have.
However, one misconception that can be a challenge is that deliberation of democracy is thought to
only by advantageous when applied within a small group. However, large scale deliberative
democracy can effectively be done. One example of this is in the UK, small groups of randomly
chosen citizens came together as in a jury to deliberate on an issue. While not every one's voice in
the UK was being heard. The people, the average citizen's role in government has begun to take

Are Political Parties Essential, or Detrimental, to...
Political Theory 1010
Paper 2
Are political parties essential, or detrimental, to democratic decisionmaking? In answering this
question, give careful consideration to the different ways political parties might assist or sabotage
desirable forms of democratic rule, evaluating in each case their implications for the question.
A political party is a group of people who share similar ideas regarding the way a country should be
governed and sought to obtain the majority of the seats in the political office to further the policies
they advocate. Democratic decision–making is a participative decision making style in which
citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democratic decision–making is
widely considered ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lastly, in modern democracies, political parties fail to fulfill their classical function as being
'peoples' representatives' and enforcing the advocated policies. They tend to become such large
organizations with tremendous amount of reach and power that they dominate the government and
become less and less accountable to the people. The parties gain the power to suppress civil cases
and manipulate their way into the parliament. Large parties are also able to turn elections in their
favor and spend massive amounts of money and society's scarce resources into election
campaigning, solely based on marketing and advertisement. Thus, political parties in modern
democracies are no longer instruments of public participation in the decision making process and
these reason offer enough justification Despite having some detrimental effects on democratic
decision–making, political parties are an indispensible and inevitable part of democracies. In the
contemporary world, it is hard to imagine a democracy without political parties. It also wont be
wrong to say that sometimes political theorists are especially critical of political parties and tend to
regard all the misgivings of democracy onto political parties. Goodin, in his essay 'The place of
parties' asserts with the help of his 'no party democracy' thought experiment that political parties are
crucial to a democracy in the way that they provide the

Disadvantages Of Empowered Deliberative Democracy
n their research, Fung and Wright (2001) review the reform efforts known as Empowered
Deliberative Democracy (abbreviated as EDD). They state that EDD actually promotes the idea of
radical democracy and deliberation, thus inviting the citizens to take real action, take part in politics,
and to enter into a meaningful dialogue with the government to make the decision–making process
as transparent and efficient as possible. Hence, when reflecting on the advantages of such approach
to practicing democracy, the researchers intend to indicate that the EDD model can be also helpful
in deepening democracy due to a number reasons (above all due to its ability to connect "action to
discussion" (Fung et al, 2001, p. 7).
Moreover, according to the experts, as one of the most progressive organizational reforms, EDD
ensures the better understanding of democratic practices and their importance (Fung et al, 2001, p.
7). From this, it follows that applying the principles of EDD is another measure which could help to
reinforce democracy in the context of the present–day world. Faguet, Fox, and Pöschl (2015) also
make an attempt to shed some light on the ways that could help to deepen democracy. By and large,
they argue that despite the long–standing criticism of the decentralization policies, it has a fair
chance of enhancing democratic positions by making the political regime more flexible (or "supple")
(Faguet et al., 2015, p. 61). When reviewing the strengths of such

Civil Disobedience And Deliberative Democracy
1 Introduction
Civil disobedience encompasses the refusal to obey governmental laws or orders. This concept that
is well known in the context of South African history. There are many examples present throughout
history, especially in the new constitutional era, such as fees must fall. In this essay I will consider
this concept of civil disobedience, especially in a South African context as well as considering a
quote by Jurgen Habermas in an article by William Smith titled Civil Disobedience and Deliberative
Democracy. Io will also look at philosophical theories such as liberalism and feminism in relation to
the above move mentioned extract.
2 What is civil disobedience?
According to John Rawls widely accepted definition of civil ... Show more content on
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Such acts of civil disobedience have become increasingly used by students at university campuses.
Fess must fall was a student led protest that caught on in October 2015 which was in protest of the
increase of fees of South African universities. The protests started at the University of
Witwatersrand and quickly spread to other universities. This resulted in millions in property damage
nationwide. Police were also sent in to deal with protesting students who didn't hesitate to use force
meaning many ending up injured. this was done with a group acting on behalf of the community to
stand up for what they believed they were entitled to.
Rhodes must fall was a protest that started at the University of Cape Town campus and was
originally about the removal of the statue of Cecil Rhodes, which was said to be a reminder of the
oppression suffered during the apartheid era. However, as the protest gained exposure it resulted in a
wider call by students for the decolonisation of education nationwide. Students made use of
occupation, civil disobedience and violence during the protests.
The "free the nipple" campaign is a global movement aimed at bringing equality, freedom and
empowerment to all, especially in areas of inequality of men and women. This argues that women
should be able to bare their nipples in public. A Durban woman was recently sparked controversy
for wearing an

Political Decision Making Has Been Regarded As The...
CHAPTER 1: Literature Review
Introduction
Public participation in political decision–making has been regarded as the foundation stone of the
democratic process since the time of Aristotle and Plato's archaic Greece. It is thinking that has
transcended the ages: 18th–century political thinker Jeremy Bentham argued that government must
make their deliberations publicly known so ordinary people are "placed in a situation to form an
enlightened opinion and the course of the opinion is easily marked" while John Stuart Mill held that
public involvement in democratic institutions strengthened 'civic virtues' through education on
public matters, deepening politician's understanding of citizen's opinion and building trust with the
people (Ginsborg, 2008 p.60). A more recent position held by political theorist Francis Fukuyama
believes that in order for power between political actors to be balanced, democracy requires for
"personal interest [to be] corrected by the widest publicity" (2012 p.325). To do otherwise, as
contemporary political thinker Robert Dahl posits, will likely see unchecked governments "blunder,
sometimes disastrously" (2006 p.5).
Some academics challenge that there is a requirement for direct and deliberative democracy to be
re–installed as the dominant political process to enable more of the community to participate in
government decision–making in an unmediated way (Barry, 1981) involving not only debate
amongst the citizens themselves and politicians but

Political Theory: Pluralism, Corporatism and Public Choice
Topic 2: Political Theory: Pluralism, Corporatism and Public Choice
Pluralism is a political theory that related to the acknowledgement for diversification that exist in
society. Everyone has different views and appreciation for different value in life. Pluralism is a sign
of theoretical standpoint on state ad power as well as resources. It depends on how it will be
distributed in democratic state like United States of America (USA). Two famous name in
mentioned by Manley (1983) in his article are Robert A. Dahl and Charles E. Lindblom. Pluralism
in political system is open to multiple interests of different group in society. All (professional
associations, environmentalist, business and financial lobbies etc) are governing the United ... Show
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The arrival of Italian fascism provided an opportunity to implement the theories of the corporate
state. In 1919 Mussolini and his associates in Milan needed the support of the syndicalist wing of
the Nationalist Party in order to gain power. Their aim in adopting corporatism–which they viewed
as a useful form of social organization that could provide the vehicle for a broad–based and socially
harmonious class participation in economic production–was to strengthen Mussolini's claim to
nationalism at the expense of the left wing of the centrist parties and the right wing of the
syndicalists groups (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). However, new corporatism which is
democratic corporatism is appear differently to Mussolini's corporatism era. It appeals twofold.
First, corporatism treats interest groups as legitimate participants in public policy making, which
legitimates their having an official policy–making role. Government regards, industry and labour as
valuable partners, rather than hostile pressure groups. Second, culturally there is an elective affinity
between corporatism and deliberative
2
democracy. Corporatism encourages more deliberative activities such as discovery and
transformation of group preference through probing of volitions and joint problem–solving. Hunold
(2001) reported that democratic corporatism is use publicity, improve equality and inclusiveness.
Publicity demands administrative agencies release proposed rules for public discussion and

Interest-Based Model Of Democracy
1) What are the differences between:
Interest–based model of democracy;
i. Considers democracy primarily as a process of expressing one's preferences and demands, and
registering them in a vote (Young 1995, p. 60). Moreover, decisions are formed based on what will
serve the greatest number of people. Similarly, interest groups or individuals may align themselves
to the more popular decisions but ideally will serve their own interest. This approach results in
citizens never having to think of or understand another's values.
b. Deliberative democracy;
i. This approach involves the coming together of the public and discussing goals, ideas and actions.
This is believed to be a better approach for community goals as private interests are discounted. ...
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a. Kliger and Cosgrove (1999) explain the situation in western Australia is described in theory as
self–interest democracy by Young (1995) as discussed above. Kiliger and Cosgrove (1999 p. 56)
recommend moving towards a communicative democracy in which the is communication fostering
understanding of another's interests.
b. There is a need for more aboriginal interest groups as currently only one Aboriginal group must
speak for all. This is troublesome as there is a range of Aboriginal cultures in Broome coming from
different places, heritage and ancestors. Broome has been described by Kliger and Cosgrove (1999
p. 54) as a "multicultural Aboriginal community"

The Pros And Cons Of Democratic Traditions
Throughout the years, democratic traditions have grown. Specifically during the enlightenment era,
the so called " age of reason", some brainy individuals started looking at how governance is
organized, then they examined the standards by which they were governed. As simple as it may
seem, each one of us can sit and contemplate the way they are commended and its drawbacks on the
population. This examination that was done with high scrutiny has caught the interest of early
political scientists who have adopted new fundamental and liberal ideas about the government, and
shared rights and responsibilities between the people and their sovereign or ruler. Hence, these new
principles are known as the social contract between the people who had ... Show more content on
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This new term is a belief that there will be a written government contract stating which powers were
given to whom and to what extent. Moving forward in history, several countries started adopting
new reforms to their government by writing new constitutions, putting these constitutional thoughts
or liberal ideas into paper, these new reforms started happening mainly after the American and the
French revolution. Political theorists launched their revolutionary ideas and took them farther to
examine the laws of the government, which wasn't given to anyone before. They made sure to focus
on the individual rights granted to the citizens and investigate on how the country is led by the
general will of the people. These political thinkers have played a prominent role in the growth of the
democratic traditions. Starting with John Locke who believed all individuals had natural rights to
life, liberty and property. Moreover, he believed in religious freedom and supported women's rights.
Lock, also made it clear that the state is supposed to protect all individual rights and that citizens
had the power to rebel against any unjust

Although there are advantages and disadvantages to both a...
Although there are advantages and disadvantages to both a representative government and
deliberative democracy the benefits are largely dependant on the context of policy making and
whose interests are being considered. A representative democracy is one that is currently in place
across Australia and, for the most part, the rest of the world whereby a group of representatives
deliberate without unequal distributions to power on behalf of the nations citizens by denoting their
beliefs, attitudes and perspectives. Recent and ongoing concerns regarding the self–interested,
bureaucratic nature of government has lead to increased interest in a more classical deliberative
form of democracy particularly at the idea of public participation ... Show more content on
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The argument being that representative democracy allows for politically educated and aware elected
representatives, who have the resources and expertise, to make informed decisions. This views the
decision to allow the general public who may lack political awareness or inclination to make
rational, well–considered judgments, incredibly detrimental as average citizens may not consider
long–term solutions or may marginalise individuals and minorities. Begging other questions in
regards to whether elected officials should utilise their skill and knowledge to lead the public
through more informed decision that may be better for the greater good of the community by acting
independently or operate merely as relay mechanisms for the views of their constituents (Australian
Politics 2010). Some advocates of representative democracy acknowledge its limitations, but argue
that deliberative democracy is simple unfeasible in modern conditions. A direct government with
high levels of participation may be possible amongst relatively small communities, because personal
communication can take place between and amongst its citizens, however it is impractical and
ineefgctive when it comes to larger nations or states. The idea of consulting the general public on all
issues, sanctioning wide–ranging discussion and debate, and holding mass meetings conducted in
modern

The Education Of The United States
In the two hundred forty–one years since the founding of the United States, few have seriously
argued the importance of education to society. Although education was left out of the United States
Constitution in the interest of states' rights, Thomas Jefferson was not alone in believing that "the
most important bill in our whole code is that for the diffusion of knowledge among the people...
[which is necessary] for the preservation of freedom and happiness." (251). Despite a consensus on
the necessity of education, its actualization has a storied past, one riddled with intense ideological
debates, landmark court cases, petty politics, and, at times, military intervention (e.g. during
desegregation). While lawmakers and judges have addressed ... Show more content on
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Next, I will outline key elements of Amy Gutmann's "Democratic State of Education," including
nonrepressionism and freedom in choosing among "competing conceptions of good life and good
society." Once this framework is in place, I will proceed to explore the perceived incompatibility of
Common Core with the principles of Gutmann's Democratic State. Ultimately, I will conclude that
the standards are indeed compatible with a Democratic State of Education given the latitude that
states have in tailoring the standards and given the fact that Common Core does not exclusively
determine curriculum.
The Common Core State Standards are the contrivance of a commission of governors and education
leaders from forty–eight states sponsored by the National Governors Association and the Council of
Chief State School Officers. The overarching goals of the commission in drafting the standards were
to "ensure that all students have the skills and knowledge necessary to succeed in college, career,
and life... regardless of where they live," and to "promote equity by ensuring all students are well
prepared to collaborate and compete with their peers in the United States and abroad." In essence,
the standards were created to correct for geographical disparities in educational quality which had
made for unequal opportunities available to students after graduation. Two separate sections of
Common Core Standards, "English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science,

Rousseau 's View Of Morality And Human Nature
The is obvious from Rousseau's depiction of the general will and how it is to be performed in a
democratic society that the philosopher holds a minimalist view of morality and human nature. This
view stands on the belief that there is shared concept of human nature and what is good. The
fallibility of Rousseau's Social Contract is its very foundation on the general will and the capacity of
human beings to give up their personal wills for the common good. of human beings to stems from a
few questions that are left unanswered. Even though Rousseau provides a decent framework for a
direct democracy, one question still remains. Are there limitations to the general will? In 1762,
Rousseau published what he believed to be the solution to society's ills, Social Contract. The French
philosopher held politics to a high esteem viewing it as the key to retrieving the freedom that
individuals traded for socio–economic and political inequality and the blueprint for the le vivre
ensemble, a collective body. "Each of us puts his person and all of his power in common under the
supreme direction of the general will, and in our corporate capacity, we receive each member as an
indivisible part of the whole (Rousseau)." Through assimilation of our individual will into one
collective, Rousseau believes that the general will is born. It is expected of each individual, under
the comprehension that all other members are prepared to do the same, to willingly discard his or
her individual will for

Democracy Is The Worst Form Of Government
Democracy originating from the Greek word 'dēmokratía' literally means 'rule of the people'. 'In an
oligarchy the standard of definition is wealth... in a democracy the standard of distribution is
citizenship.' (Burns, T 2009). This suggests that people are at the centre of political power in a true
democracy. Democracy is the form of government which allows people to have their say either
directly through voting and referendums or indirectly by voting for elected representatives to stand
for them in deliberative chambers to propose, develop and establish laws and statute by which their
society is ran. 'democracy is the worst form of Government except all those other forms that have
been tried from time to time; but there is the broad feeling in our country that the people should rule,
continuously rule, and that public opinion, expressed by all constitutional means, should shape,
guide, and control the actions of Ministers who are their servants and not their masters.' (Churchill,
W 1947)
However, Is Britain really a democracy? Britain is a constitutional monarchy with a Westminster
style type of government. The government is run by the prime minister who selects all the other
ministers for his cabinet. There is a bi cameral parliament with a fully elected house of commons
and a wholly unelected upper house of lords. This does tend to suggest that yes Britain is a
democracy however everything is not so black and white. As stated above Britain has a bicameral
parliamentary

European Union Integration And Deliberative Democracy
2.0 European Union integration and deliberative democracy The European Union (EU) was
established back in (REFERENCE) with the aim of (REFERENCE peace and economic prosperity).
Since then, much has happened, and the EU is now considered more than just an economic
collaboration. This brings along both new challenges and new opportunities when considering the
future EU. Recent developments has shown an increasingly worry about the economic situation in
the EU (REFERENCE GREECE AND SPAIN), which challenges the legitimacy of the EU as solely
an economic union – if the internal economy is falling apart, how can we then justify the upholding
of the union? This has become a major concern to several EU countries. One example is the United
Kingdom, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The political relationship between nation–states is built upon negotiations between national
governments. In this sense, the theory draws upon an 'ration actor model', where the nation–state is
the primary analytical unit of interest, and intergovernmental negotiations are the context (Cini,
2007, p. 97). More precisely, Moravcsik writes that "Actors calculate the alternative courses of
action and choose the one that maximizes (or satisfies) their utility under the circumstances."
(Moravcik and Schimmelfennig, 2009, p. 68). He argues that nation–states in the EU seek to
maximise economic profit based on existing preferences. This form of rationality indirectly implies
that a collaboration between EU countries is undesirable when there is no economic profit to be
made by the nation–state. This also means that the theory is unable to accommodate alternative
forms of political integration. If one believes in the idea that EU integration is (or should be) built
upon economic profitable results alone, then it should be no surprise that the EU is currently
witnessing the appearance of an increasing number of euroscepticist parties within several EU
countries. The other main theory about EU integration, namely the neofunctionalist (NF) tradition,
opposes the idea of LI in several ways. One of the main differences is the NF notion of positive
spillover effects, e.g. that integration within the economic sector provides strong incentives for
integration within other sectors.

Democracy
TITLE : DEMOCRACY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction of Democracy 2. Definition of Democracy 3. Types of Democracy 4. Characteristics
of Democracy 5. Principles of Democracy 6. Advantages & Disadvantages of Democracy 7.
Conclusion 8. Bibliography
1. Introduction of Democracy
Democracy is the form of government in which the ruling power of a state is legally vested not in
any particular class or classes but in the members of the community as a whole. It is a government
in which the will of the majority of citizens rules without overriding the rights of the minority. The
ideal of democracy is about equality, freedom and welfare for all. It involves the abolition of varies
form of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Democratic systems by nature prefer to have a system of check and balance so that all power is not
rested in one indivdual. This can sometimes lead to situations where doing any legislation becomes
very complex or nearlly impossible. In a parilamentary form of government a hung parlaiment or in
a presidential form of government a President and Parliament from different political parties are
examples of such complicated scenarios. A dictator can however carry out this action throught a
decree. The problem faced by Indian governemt in convincing its coalition partners to accept the
nuclear deal with US is an example of such complication.
Democracy can bring even more complications to the developing nations, where resources are
scarce and political infrastruture might not be developed enough to help people make the right
democratic choice. In order to increase their chances of victory politicians sometimes play up the
racial sentiments of a community. Such actions can produce big problems in the long term and can
lead to cracks in the social fabrics that can be very complicated to hear for the government.
Many democracies agree to this arguemnt of complexiteis in a democracy. Hence many democracies
provide options whereby head of state or parliament can suspend goverments and granting powers to
one person or group of people under

The Importance Of Deliberation In Higher Education
The process of deliberation has been used in higher education in a number of areas including
classroom pedagogy (Harriger 2014; Shaffer 2014), campus communications (Mallory 2010;
Thomas 2010), encouraging contact with communities (Saltmarsh and Hartley 2011) and the impact
of deliberation in a classroom (Latimer and Hempson 2012). The updated research attempts to
expand the literature concerning using deliberation as a pedagogical tool in higher learning at an
institution where students work outside the classroom. Literature Review There has been an appeal
for increased teaching approaches to focus on the importance of citizenship and engagement
(Cooper 2014; Lenzi et al., 2014). Education has not been a "panacea" for preventing the escalation
of disengaged and politically lethargic students. Even though levels of education have increased
since the 1950s, political efficacy, civic learning and engagement have either largely stayed the same
or declined over the same period (Finley 2011; Whiteley 2011). There has been limited research on
whether using deliberation in the classroom can influence civic learning, opinion formation, and
levels of social and political engagement. There have been research projects that use deliberation in
the classroom. Harriger and McMillan (2007) conducted a four–year study and tracked thirty
incoming freshman students. The authors showed the students in the control group how to deliberate
and recognize their own authority to affect

The Importance Of Education In Education
In a democratic education system, there is a balance of authority between the state, the parents, the
individual, and the educators. While each group has their own claim to power over the education of
children, there is still the question of who should have the most. This question often comes down to
the state or the parents because they are the most complicated and influential. The primary goal of
democratic education is to equip children with the knowledge and moral character needed to find
success and contentment in life and society. Therefore, when education focuses on this goal, the
state should have more power than the parents. The state must have more authority over education
because they will equip children with the skills needed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Simply–put, placing more authority in the hands of the state is more likely to prevent bigotry.
Gutmann refers to John Rawls' liberal moralist theory, which addresses the importance of instilling a
respect for differences in children. According to Gutmann's analysis of liberal moralism, the goal of
education should be "producing in children the desire and capacity to make moral choices based on
principles that are generalizable among all humans."(Gutmann 59). If the parents were free to teach
their biases to the children, society would become more polarized and intolerant than it already is. A
democratic education coincides with Rawls' liberal moralist theory in that both value respect for
differences. The state's authority over education strives to educate children in a way that creates a
more tolerant and understanding society, while also preparing the children for success in that
society. A strong argument in favor of more parental authority in education is that according to the
facts of reproduction, educating their children is a part of the parent's individual freedoms.
This argument is supported by Charles Fried, who argues "the right to form one's child's values,
one's child's life plan, and the right to lavish attention on the

The cure for ills of Democracy is More Democracy
Democracy is always named and used in the liberal discursive process. But if we refer to history,
democracy of these days is not the same as democracy decades ago. Thus, it is important that
democracy is understood as an evolution and not as a static concept. Similarly it is necessary to
understand democracy by its principles and not by its practitioners in power.
Liberal democracy can be briefly defined as a system of government in which the people rule
themselves, either directly or indirectly but in either case subject to constitutional restraints on the
power of the majority (Dickerson and Flanagan 239).
If we analyze democracy by the principles extracted from the definition: equality of political rights,
majority rule, political ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also it is necessary to realize that the level in which direct democracy is applied depends on the rest
of the liberal democracy's principles: equality of political rights, majority rule, and political
freedom.
Greece was a practitioner of direct democracy. Citizens would gather in the Agora, which was a
coliseum, to deliberate and make legislations. This was not very difficult because cities would not be
larger enough to be an organizational problem. In the other hand, a problem with the Agora was the
imposition of rhetoric and demagoguery legislation that ended up being negative to the state.
Due to critics on representative democracy, questioning the impartiality of representatives and their
acts to represent people's demands, the ideas of referendum, initiative, and recall have been
proposed to be active in liberal democracy.
In a referendum, citizens vote on a single question or several questions on a constitutional
amendment or a policy proposal. Referendums can be classified by binding referendums or
nonbinding referendum or plebiscite. Several countries use referendums as a way to get closer to a
popular decision and avoid unpopular decision making. However in a nonbinding referendum only
makes a suggestion that legislators may use to make a law or legislation. In Canada binding
referendums are not consider by the constitution because it would be a restriction on the authority of
the Crown.
In an Initiative if a proportion or a determined number of the adult

The Importance Of A Prerequisite For A Deliberative Democracy
Model In order to analyse the effect of a prerequisite for a deliberative democracy, more specifically
the degree to which an individual identify oneself with understanding different people on trust in the
European Parliament, multilevel modelling is applied to the ESS data set. Level 1 is individuals
nested within region–years at level 2, which are again nested within regions at level 3. The data
structure takes shape as shown in FIGURE XX. Figure XX: Data structure The reason for adopting
this data structure in a multilevel framework is two–fold. First, by using NUTS–regions rather than
countries, it is possible to obtain a more nuanced picture of between regional differences. This is not
only because estimating multilevel models with less than 20 clusters is problematic, unless Bayesian
methods are used (REFERENCE), but also because it will be possible to investigate geographical
similarities that go beyond national borders. Second, the design allows for the inclusion of region–
years at level 2, thereby taking utilising the characteristics of a repeated cross–sectional survey. As
will be explained in more detail in section XX, it is possible to not only investigate changes in the
outcome variable over time but also to track changes in the effect of some x_ijk on y over time by
including the an aggregated longitudinal component x_Mjk=(x_jk ) ̅–(x_k ) ̅. In total, the sample
consists of 86,026 individuals nested within 675 region–years, which are again nested within 399

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