This document provides an overview of local and regional governance in the Philippines. It discusses the country's unitary form of government and three-tiered local government structure of provinces, cities/municipalities, and barangays. The document also examines the concepts of decentralization, devolution, and local autonomy. Key features of the 1991 Local Government Code are outlined, including the devolution of basic services, regulatory powers, and financial resources to local governments.

1. LOCAL AND REGIONAL
GOVERNANCE
Ariel P. Anghay , MDMG , DPA
Bukidnon State University (BukSU Medina
Satellite Campus
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

2. Sun Tzu
Know Yourself
Know your Enemy (Others)
in a hundred engagements
you will
never be in peril and lost.

3. Z

4. usually FAIR
BUT
STRICT persons

5. ORGANIZERS
BUT
AMBITIOUS persons

6. Z
CREATIVE
BUT
sometimes CRAZY persons

7. STRONG ACCOMPLISHMENTS
AND
STRONG SEX APPEALS

8. Expected Learnings
Understand the Basics of the Philippine Bureaucracy
Understand the Evolving Concept of Decentralization,
Autonomy and Local Governance

9. Game Na?

10. Understanding
The Philippine Bureaucracy
 The Philippines has a unitary form of
government, with the president as both head of
state and head of government.
 The president is elected by popular vote to a
term of six (6) years
 The President of the Philippines shall exercise
general supervision over local governments
(Article 10, Section 4 of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution).

11. Understanding
The Philippine Bureaucracy
 The Philippine national bureaucracy is a three-
branch government structure composed of the
executive, legislative, and the judicial branches
 A bicameral structure, the Congress is consists of
the Senate and the House of Representatives, with
all members elected by popular vote
 The Senate has 24 members
 The House of Representatives has 292 members

12. Understanding
The Philippine Bureaucracy
 To date, the national government bureaucracy
adds up to some 14 departments, about 30
bureaus, and hundreds of public agencies and
corporations
 In 2nd Quarter of 2010, the CSC documented a
total of 1, 312, 508 government personnel:
NGAs including SUCs- 834, 327 or 63.6%
GOCCs – 94, 754 or 7.2%
LGUs – 383, 422 or 29.2%
(http://excell.csc.gov.ph/cscweb/IGP2Q2010.pdf)

13. Understanding
The Philippine Bureaucracy:
Local Government Structure
Three-layered structure of local governments (1987
Philippine Constitution)
 Provinces
 Component Cities and Municipalities
 Barangays
HUCs are by virtue of their charters are independent units
from that of provinces
136 cities, 1,494 municipalities, 81 provinces (nscb.gov.ph,
2007)
42, 028 barangays (nscb.gov.ph, 2012)

14. Understanding
The Philippine Bureaucracy:
Local Government Structure
 Each LGU has a set of elected executive and
legislative officials
 Province: Governor, Vice-Governor, members of
the Sangguniang Panlalawigan
 Cities and Municipalities: Mayor, Vice-Mayor,
members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod and
Sanguniang Bayan, respectively

15. Features of Local Governments
 Local governments are political and territorial
subdivisions. Under a unitary set-up, local
governments are intra-sovereign subdivisions of
one sovereign nation
 There are five types of local governments,
namely, the autonomous regions, provinces, cities,
municipalities and barangays
 Local governments are public corporations

16. In Unitary System the central government is the
nation as a whole .The element of subordination
appears in any definition of local government.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
By nature, local
governments are
subordinate entities,
having no inherent
powers and must look up
to the higher
governmental level for
delegation of authority

17. Features of Local Governments
 Local Governments are agents of the state and the
community
 Local governments are institutions accountable to
their principals (state and community)
 Local governments derive their powers from three
sources, i.e. the Constitution, statutes, and their
charters

18. • While local government do not have inherent
powers, they do have legal authority to exercise
their powers
• The extent of local governments exercise
authority delegated to them varies according to
their capabilities
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC
This Photo by Unknown
Author is licensed under
CC BY-SA

20. Region –
A sub-national
administrative unit
comprising of several
provinces having more
or less homogenous
characteristics, such as
ethnic origin of
inhabitants, dialect
spoken, agricultural
produce, etc.
Province - The largest
unit in the political
structure of the
Philippines. It consists, in
varying numbers, of
municipalities and, in
some cases, of
component cities. Its
functions and duties in
relation to its
component cities and
municipalities are
generally coordinative
and supervisory
City - Three classes of
cities in the Philippines:
the highly urbanized, the
independent component
cities which are
independent of the
province, and the
component cities which
are part of the provinces
where they are located
and subject to their
administrative
supervision.

21. Municipality - Is a political
corporate body which is
endowed with the facilities of a
municipal corporation, exercised
by and through the municipal
government in conformity with
law. It is a subsidiary of the
province which consists of a
number of barangays within its
territorial boundaries, one of
which is the seat of government
found at the town proper
(poblacion).
Barangay - The smallest political
unit into which cities and
municipalities in the Philippines
are divided. It is the basic unit of
the Philippine political system. It
consists of less than 1,000
inhabitants residing within the
territorial limit of a city or
municipality and administered
by a set of elective officials,
headed by a barangay chairman
(punong barangay).

25. Decentralization and Local
Governance
 Decentralization in broad perspective is the
transfer of power and authority from the central
government to the lower or local levels of a
government system (Tabunda and Galang, 1991)
 The central government decentralizes when it
delegates or transfers a little or large measure of its
power and authority to the lower levels or smaller
units in at least three main forms: deconcentration,
devolution and debureaucratizationm (Tabunda and Galang,
1991)

26. Decentralization and Local
Governance
 Deconcentration is when the government transfers
power, authority, responsibility or the discretion to
plan, decide, and manage from a central point to
lower or local levels, but within the central or
national government itself (Tabunda and Galang, 1991)
 The nature of transfer is administrative and the
approach is sectoral.
 Also referred to as administrative or sectoral
decentralization (i.e. NGA shifting workload from
central office to field offices).

27. Decentralization and Local
Governance
 Devolution is the transfer of power and authority
from the national government to local government
units which the 1987 Constitution refers to as the
territorial and political subdivisions of the State
(Tabunda and Galang, 1991)
 The nature of power transfer is political, in
contrast to deconcentration’s administrative; and
the approach is territorial in contrast to sectoral.
 Devolution is also called political or territorial
decentralization.

28. Decentralization and Local
Governance
 Debureaucratization also involves the transfer of
public functions and responsibilities, but the
recipients are the voluntary, private or
nongovernmental organizations (Tabunda and Galang, 1991)
Includes the more familiar term, “privatization”
BOT/PPP are examples

29. Decentralization and Local
Governance
 Local Autonomy in its ideal sense implies that
LGUs enjoy the highest degree of independence in
managing, deciding and planning their own
administrative, fiscal and developmental affairs.
“the ability and power to chart its own destiny
with minimal intervention from the national
government…so that it is directly accountable to
its people rather than to the national
government” (Limbona v. Mangelin, G.R. No. 8391, 28 February
1989).

30. Principles of Local Autonomy
 All local governments enjoy local autonomy
 Local autonomy vests on local governments
limited self-governing powers
 Under a unitary setup, local autonomy is either
decentralization of administration (administrative
autonomy) or decentralization of power (political
autonomy)

31. Principles of Local Autonomy
 Local governments are accountable to the
national government in terms of executive
supervision and legislative control
 Local autonomy is characterized by its active and
passive nature
 Local autonomy means that local concerns are
better addressed by local governments

32. Principles of Local Autonomy
 Fiscal autonomy is an essential component of
local autonomy
 Local autonomy must be reconciled with other
constitutional mandates
 Laws and policies must be interpreted in favor of
local autonomy (Atty. Alberto C. Agra, 2005 as cited in Running a Bureaucracy by Ma.
Gladys Cruz-Sta. Rita, 2008)

33. Major Features of the LGC of 1991
Devolution to LGUs of responsibility to deliver various
aspects of basic services. These services include: health
(field health and hospital services and other tertiary
services); social services (social welfare services);
environment (community-based forestry projects);
agriculture (agriculture extension and on-site research);
public works funded by local funds; education (school
building program); tourism (facilities, promotion and
development); telecommunications services and housing
projects for provinces and cities; and other services such
as investment support.
(Brillantes and Moscare (2002)

34. Major Features of the LGC of 1991
Devolution to LGUs of responsibility to enforce
certain regulatory powers. These include:
reclassification of agricultural lands; enforcement
of environmental laws; inspection of food products
and quarantine; enforcement of the national
building code; operation of tricycles; processing
and approval of subdivision plans; and
establishment of cockpits and holding of cockfights.

35. Major Features of the LGC of 1991
 Providing for the legal and institutional
infrastructure for expanded participation of civil
society organizations in local governance. It allocates
for NGOs and POs specific seats in local special
bodies such as the LSB, LDC, LHB.
 Increase in the financial resources available to
LGUs. This is achieved by: (1) broadening their taxing
powers; (2) providing them with a specific share of
the national wealth in their area, e.g. mining, fishery
and forestry charges; and (3) increasing share from
national taxes

36. Major Features of the LGC of 1991
Providing a foundation to develop and evolve more
entrepreneurial-oriented local governments. It
allows LGUs to enter into BOTs arrangements with
the private sector, obtain loans from local private
institutions and encourages LGUs to be more
business-like and competitive in their operations in
contradistinction to traditional government norms
and operations.

38. References :
*PSGC Summary NSCB Dec. 31, 2013.
*DILG 10
*Dr. Betonio , J. (Nature and State of Local Govt)
*R.A 7160 (Local Govt. Code)
*Atty. Alberto C. Agra, 2005 as cited in Running a Bureaucracy by Ma. Gladys Cruz-
Sta. Rita, 2008)
*Dept of Finance , D.O 20-05 (Jul.2005)
*Tabunda and Galang, 1991
* (Brillantes and Moscare (2002)
* (http://excell.csc.gov.ph/cscweb/IGP2Q2010.pdf)
* Introduction to Public Administration in the Phils. : A Reader : Bautista
Victoria 2nd Edition 2003
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