Political and Party system A political system refers to the section of the society which deals with matters and issues related to distribution of resources and conflict resolution. The system comprises of institutions, organizations, rules, principles, and behaviours related to conflict resolution, ie court system, executive, parliament, behaviours like voting. a political system in which citizens govern themselves either directly or indirectly. The term democracy comes from Greek and means “rule of the people.” In Lincoln’s stirring words from the Gettysburg Address, democracy is “government of the people, by the people, for the people.” In direct (or pure) democracies, people make their own decisions about the policies and distribution of resources that affect them directly.

1. Personalities

2. A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
a.Define and Explain the various political
behavior.
B. LEARNING CONTENT
 Political And Party System
 Interest Group & Social Movements
 Political Culture
 Political Activism

3. POlitical And
Party System

4. POlitical And Party system
Political System
-David Easton (1917-2014)
-His Book ‘The Political System (1953).
- A political system refers to the section of the society
which deals with matters and issues related to distribution of
resources and conflict resolution. The system comprises of
institutions, organizations, rules, principles, and behaviours
related to conflict resolution, ie court system, executive,
parliament, behaviours like voting.

5. The major types of
political systems in
the world today

6.  Democracy
a political system in which citizens govern
themselves either directly or indirectly. The term
democracy comes from Greek and means “rule of the
people.” In Lincoln’s stirring words from the
Gettysburg Address, democracy is “government of the
people, by the people, for the people.” In direct (or
pure) democracies, people make their own decisions
about the policies and distribution of resources that
affect them directly.

7.  Monarchy
is a political system in which power resides
in a single family that rules from one generation to
the next generation. The power the family enjoys is
traditional authority, and many monarchs
command respect because their subjects bestow
this type of authority on them.

8.  Authoritarianism and
totalitarianism
are general terms for nondemocratic political
systems ruled by an individual or a group of
individuals who are not freely elected by their
populations and who often exercise arbitrary power.

9. To be more specific:
Authoritarianism refers to political systems in
which an individual or a group of individuals holds
power, restricts or prohibits popular participation in
governance, and represses dissent.
Totalitarianism refers to political systems that
include all the features of authoritarianism but are
even more repressive as they try to regulate and
control all aspects of citizens’ lives and fortunes.

10. -Compared to democracies and monarchies, authoritarian and totalitarian
governments are more unstable politically. The major reason for this is that
these governments enjoy no legitimate authority. Instead their power rests on fear
and repression. The populations of these governments do not willingly lend their
obedience to their leaders and realize that their leaders are treating them very poorly;
for both these reasons, they are more likely than populations in democratic states to
want to rebel.
In contrast, populations in democratic states usually perceive that they
are treated more or less fairly and, further, that they can change
things they do not like through the electoral process.
Positive and Negative Effects:

11. Features of Africa’s Political System
 Colonial Legacy
 Dependency
 Economic Underdevelopment
 Ethnicity
 Natural resource endowment
 Weak institutions (less institutionalized and rather personalized
institutions).
Precolonial Political System in Africa
 Africa (Hugh Redwald Trevor-Roper 1914-2003)- Historical Philosophy of
enlightenment (1963).
 Underdevelopment and dependence in Black Africa-Samir Amin (1972).
 Water Oyugi-‘Politics and administration in East Africa’ (1994)

12. Party System
-Political system in which individuals who share a
common set of political beliefs organize
themselves into parties to compete in elections for
the right to govern.
-Party systems are typically categorized according to
the number of parties that participate meaningfully in
the struggle for power.

13. Types of
party
systems:

14. -A single-party state, one-party state, one-party
system, or single-party system is a type of state in
which a single political party has the right to
form the government, usually based on the
existing constitution.
One-party Systems

15. -A two-party system is a system where two major
political parties dominate politics within a
government. One of the two parties typically holds
a majority in the legislature and is usually referred
to as the majority party while the other is the
minority party.
two-party Systems

16. -A dominant-party system or one-party dominant
system, is a system where there is “a category of
parties/political organizations that have
successively won election victories and whose
future defeat cannot be envisaged or is unlikely
for the foreseeable future.”
dominant party systems

17. -A multi-party system is a system in which
multiple political parties have the capacity to
gain control of government offices, separately
or in coalition.
multiparty systems

18. Interest Group &
Social
Movements

19. Interest Group
 Organizations which have some autonomy from
government or political parties and try to influence
public policy
 Pursue common political goals
 Seek to influence government but unlike political
parties do not aspire to take control of it
 Do not run candidates
 Focus is on influencing governments

20. Social Movement
 The term social movement refers a variety of political and social
collective actions, focused on issues such as gender equality, sexual
freedom, health, civil rights, anti-racism, international development, the
environment, and peace.
 Movements focus on issues of a moral and social nature, as well as
political.
 Emphasize participatory, inclusionary, and democratic organization
 Make greater use of non-institutional forms of political expression
such as protest and public education
 Hold critical attitudes towards bureaucratic and state solutions
 Ultimate goals and forms of action are not negotiable within existing
political arrangements

21. in all types of political systems can
be placed broadly in five
categories: economic interests,
cause groups, public interests,
private and public institutional
interests, and non-associational
groups and interests.

22. Economic interest groups
are ubiquitous and the most prominent in all
countries. There are literally thousands of them with
offices in national capitals from London to Ottawa to
New Delhi to Canberra. There are several different
kinds of economic interests: business groups,
labour groups, farm groups, and professional
groups.

23. CAUSE groups
are those that represent a segment of society but whose primary
purpose is noneconomic and usually focused on promoting a
particular cause or value. This category is wide-ranging,
including churches and religious organizations, veterans’
groups, and groups supporting the rights of people with
disabilities. Some cause groups are single-issue groups,
focusing very narrowly on their issue to the exclusion of all
others—such as those favouring or opposing abortion rights or
foxhunting—though most cause groups are more broadly based.

24. PUBLIC interest groups
promote issues of general public concern (e.g.,
environmental protection, human rights, and consumer
rights). Many public interest groups operate in a single country
(e.g., the German Union for Nature Conservation in Germany).
Others, such as the American organization Sierra Club and the
affiliated Sierra Club Canada, may operate in only a few
countries.

25. Private and public institutional interest
Private and public institutional interests constitute
another important category. These are not
membership groups (hence, they are termed
interests as opposed to interest groups) but
private organizations such as businesses or
public entities such as government departments.

26. Governmental institutional interests
are often the most important interests in authoritarian
regimes, where private interest groups are severely
restricted or banned. In communist countries (both before and
since the fall of the Soviet Union and its satellites in eastern
Europe), such governmental interests have included economic
planning and agricultural agencies and the secret police. In
some Muslim countries (e.g., Iran and Saudi Arabia), religious
institutions are prominent interests.

27. political
culture

28. What is a Political Culture?
The term 'political culture' is used in the
field of social science. It refers to historically-
based, widely-shared beliefs, feelings, and values
about the nature of political systems, which can
serve as a link between citizens and government.

29. Different countries have different political
cultures, which can help us understand how and
why their governments are organized in a certain
way, why democracies succeed or fail, or why some
countries still have monarchies. Understanding our
own political culture can also provide clues to
political relationships, such as those we share with
each other or our governments.

30. Theories about
Political Culture:

31. In 1963, two political scientists, Gabriel
Almond and Sydney Verba, published a study of the
political cultures associated with five democratic
countries: Germany, Italy, Mexico, the United
Kingdom, and the United States. According to
Almond and Verba, there are three basic types of
political culture, which can be used to explain
why people do or do not participate in political
processes.

32. Parochial Political Culture:
This type of political culture is one in which the citizens of
the country have very little awareness of the central
government, and they do not play an active role in
government affairs. Parochial political cultures are commonly
found in underdeveloped countries. This could be due to the
citizens being uninformed, or disinterested, in politics. Because of
their lack of involvement, the government officials tend to have
disregard for the citizens there, and thus a parochial political
culture is established. Some examples of parochial political
cultures can be seen in various regions in Asia and Africa.

33. Subject Political Culture:
In this type of political culture, people play a
more important role. The people know and
understand the political system and how it
impacts their lives. They sometimes participate
in political decisions. An example of a subject
political culture is Germany.

34. Participant Political Culture:
All citizens have the opportunity to participate in
politics in a participant political system. Citizens
are aware of their rights and ability to
influence political workings, and many feel
that it is their duty to participate. An example
of a participant political culture is the United
States of America.

35. Daniel Elezar published his theory on political
culture in 1966 in the book American Federalism: A
View from the States. He believed that the United
States' political culture could be divided into three
categories. Elezar believed that these three belief
systems spread throughout the country as people
immigrated and traveled. The three political culture
categories that Elezar described are:

36. Individualistic Political Culture:
In an individualistic political culture, people
have expectations that the government will
provide them with certain things, focusing on
their individual needs rather than the needs of
everyone. An example of a state with an
individualistic political culture is New York.

37. Moralistic Political Culture:
In a moralistic political culture, people tend to
believe that the government has the people's
best interests in mind. They think that
government officials are generally honest and
moral in their decisions. They tend to support
programs that help marginalized communities.
An example of a state that has a moralistic political
culture is California.

38. Traditionalistic Political Culture:
In a traditionalistic political culture, the
political decisions are made to keep the elite at
the top. New political ideas and policies are not
embraced if they do not somehow benefit those in
power. There is less civic participation because
those in power do things to hinder many people
from participating, like requiring voters to show
an ID to vote. An example of a state with a
traditionalistic political culture is Alabama.

39. political
activism

40. According to “Political science encyclopedia”
political activism is the form of political activity,
which matter is an affect on political decisions
and lobby of own interests. The political activism is
determined through the activity phenomenon, the
specific of which consists of actions aggregation both
of individuals and social groups (classes, parties,
community organizations etc.) which are directed on
realization of their political interests, firstly on the
conquest, retention and using of power.

41. M. Mordovets says that political activism is an
activity, which is done disinterestedly, by
internal motivation as: supporting minorities
rights and political parties, fighting with
discriminations, nature defense, etc. Activism
consists of efforts of impeding or promotion of
social, political, ecological and economic changes or
stagnation.

42. D. Olshanskyi determines political activism
as political groups or individual activity,
connected with the formation and expression
of own demands and interests with the
ambition to change political, social and
economic system and appropriate
institutions.

43. Criterions of allocation of political activism forms.
By the subject:
1) Individual political activism. The separation on social
groups is also able to divide: by sex (male, female) and by
age (youth, middle-aged, retired);
2) Mass-activism (political parties, movements, groups of
interest, lobby).
By organization: purposeful, situational, spontaneous.

44. By the level:
1) International(diplomatic, social);
2) Society(regional, local, collective);
3) Personal(dismissal, hunger, absenteeism).
By intensity:
active and passive political activism.

45. By the form of displaying:
-forms are absent (activism is undeveloped);
-primary forms: political thoughts, ideas, knowledge of political
situation, reading of political literature, watching of TV-
programs, web-sites and forums visiting etc.;
-middle forms: participation in elections, referendums,
plebiscite, electioneering, petitions, etc.;
-highest forms: participation in meetings, strikes, actions, riots,
demonstrations, political parties,movements, groups of interest,
professional politics.

46. By time:
permanent, protracted and temporary.
By tension: dynamic (radical), moderate and formal.
The above-mentioned forms of political activis
It may be considered as classic. But we have to say that
mentioned forms is changing and perfecting with
founding and development of new technologies and
using them in politics. The development of Internet
reaches new abilities of involving society to politics.

47. political
communication

48. Political communication is the process by
which language and symbols, employed by
leaders, media, or citizens, exert intended or
unintended effects on the political cognition,
attitudes, or behaviors of individuals or on
outcomes that bear on the public policy of a
nation, state, or community.

49. Political communication relates to the
exchange of messages among political actors. For
example, most of what politicians do is political communication.
Likewise, citizens communicate politics when they discuss political
issues with friends or family members, phone in to political radio
talks shows, or participate in political chats on the Internet.
Demonstrations and other forms of protest are more expressive,
sometimes even violent, forms of political communication.

50. Political communication channels
Typically, the media outlets that campaigners
need a plan for include:

51. 1.Print media: This includes written words or images
on a hard copy. For example, newspapers, posters,
banners, etc.
2.Broadcast media: Channels that broadcast images
or sounds (or both) like television and radio.
3. New media: This is an umbrella term that
encompasses all the latest digital or electronic
communication like email, social media, online
communities, etc.

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