The circulatory and respiratory systems are closely linked. The circulatory system transports oxygen to tissues via blood flow and removes carbon dioxide through a dual circuit pathway. The respiratory system oxygenates blood in the lungs through gas exchange and is regulated to meet metabolic demands through controlled breathing. Diseases that impact these systems like COPD and heart attacks disrupt their functions and ability to effectively deliver oxygen and remove wastes.
When the body is exposed to extreme heat conditions, the body most important mechanism to dissipate heat and prevent an increase in core temperature is sweating but when in cold conditions, in order to prevent hypothermia, the body's main objective is heat conservation predominantly through peripheral vasoconstriction
Mechanism of Respiration
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – 1) Mechanism of Respiration 2) 2 Stages of Respiration 3) Muscles of Respiration 4) Bucket Handle movement of ribs 5) Pump Handle movement of Sternum 6) Role of Expiratory Muscles 7) Role of Accessory Muscles 8) Respiration & Ayurved
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
When the body is exposed to extreme heat conditions, the body most important mechanism to dissipate heat and prevent an increase in core temperature is sweating but when in cold conditions, in order to prevent hypothermia, the body's main objective is heat conservation predominantly through peripheral vasoconstriction
Mechanism of Respiration
By Prof. Dr. R. R. Deshpande
• This PPT has following Imp Contents – 1) Mechanism of Respiration 2) 2 Stages of Respiration 3) Muscles of Respiration 4) Bucket Handle movement of ribs 5) Pump Handle movement of Sternum 6) Role of Expiratory Muscles 7) Role of Accessory Muscles 8) Respiration & Ayurved
• Visit – www.ayurvedicfriend.com
Phone – 922 68 10 630
Mail ID – professordeshpande@gmail.com
In this lab, you will observe diagrams that show the major component.docxwiddowsonerica
In this lab, you will observe diagrams that show the major components of the endocrine, circulatory, and respiratory systems. Using the textbook and virtual library resources, fill in the tables.
Explore Endocrine, Circulatory, and Respiratory Systems Lab
Using the M.U.S.E. link, review the background information and animation to complete your report. There are 2 parts to this lab on human body systems.
Use the following worksheets to complete your assignment:
Use the
lab 4 part 1 worksheet
to complete your work from part 1 of the lab in the M.U.S.E.
Use the
lab 4 part 2 worksheet
to complete your work from part 2 of the lab in the M.U.S.E.
Human body systems have a variety of interconnectivity. This lab will explore the functions and structures of the endocrine, circulatory (cardiovascular), and respiratory systems. The lab will also examine the interdependency of the body systems.
Your lab report will consist of the completed tables and related questions.
Table 1
–
Endocrine System Hormones
Number
Name of the Organ
Function\Hormone(s) Produced or Secreted
1
Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid hormone
2
Thyroid Gland
Thyroxine, calcitonin
3
Pineal Gland
Melatonin
4
Hypothalamus
Produces ADH and oxytocin, regulatory hormones for the anterior pituitary.
Produces and secretes TRH, Dopamine, GHRH, Somatostatin, Gonadotropin.
5
Pituitary Gland
Anterior: Produces and secretes ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, LH, MSH
Posterior: Secretes Oxytocin and ADH
6
Thymus
Thymosins
7
Heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide
8
Stomach
Ghrelin, Gastrin, Histamine, Neuropeptide Y, Endothelin
9
Kidney
Erythropoietin, Renin, Calcitriol
10
Small Intestine
(duodenum)
Secretin, cholecystokinin
11
Liver
Insulin-like Growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Angiotensinogen, Thrombopoietin
12
Adrenal Glands
Medulla: epinephrine, norepinephrine.
Cortex: glucocorticoids (cortisol), aldosterone, testosterone
13
Pancreas
Insulin, glucagon
14
Testes
Androgens, testosterone
15
Uterus
Prolactin and Relaxin, when pregnant
16
Ovary
Estrogens, progesterone
Table 2
–
Circulatory (Cardiovascular) System Functions
Number
Name of the Structure
Major Function
1
Carotid arteries
Delivers blood to the head and brain
2
Jugular veins
Carries blood from the head to the heart
3
Superior vena cava
Carries blood from the upper body back to heart
4
Pulmonary veins
Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
5
Aorta
Delivers blood to the body tissue
6
Pulmonary arteries
Delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
7
Coronary arteries
Delivers blood to the heart muscle cells
8
Inferior vena cava
Carries blood from the lower body back to heart
9
Renal vein
Carries blood from the kidney to the heart
10
Iliac vein
Delivers blood from the pelvic organs and abdominal wall to the heart
11
Radial vein
Carries blood from the hand to the heart
12
Renal artery
Delivers blood to the kidneys
13
Iliac artery
Delivers blood to the pelvic organs and abdominal wall
14
Radial artery
Delivers blood t.
Anatomy & Physiology of Cardiovascular system,pulmonary and Systemic circuits, Heart Anatomy, blood,Layers of the heart wall, Coronary Circulation, The cardiac cycle, Electrophysiology and Contraction, Electrophysiology of Cardiac Cells, Action potentials and impulse conduction, Circulation, Differences between arteries and veins, Actin-myosin interaction, Hemodynamics, Cardiac Output
respiratory system, respiratory mechanism and volumes.pptxGarimaMittal46
respiratory system, respiratory mechanism and volumes and capacities, Human Respiratory system, gaseous exchange, pulmonary system,
submitted by Garima Mittal
Cardiac output by Dr. Amruta Nitin Kumbhar Assistant Professor, Dept. of Phys...Physiology Dept
Definition of cardiac output and related terms
Measurement of cardiac output
Variations in cardiac output
Regulation of cardiac output
Cardiac output control mechanisms
Role of heart rate in control of cardiac output
Integrated control of cardiac output
Heart–lung preparation
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
9. Circulation Functions
1. Transport nutrients to working tissue.
2. Deliver waste products from metabolic processes to urinary
and respiratory systems.
3. Transport components of the endocrine system to target tissue.
(Hormones)
11. Heart
1. Small upper chambers (Left and RightAtrium)
2. Large lower chambers
A. Right Ventricle - blood to lungs
B. Left Ventricle - blood to body
3. Valves control fluid travel between chambers and between vessels.
12. Heartbeat
1. Initiation - impulse from the SA node (RightAtrium) causes atria to contract
2. Electrical impulse is conveyed by theAV node (Central Heart) to the ventricles
3. Atrioventricular bundle relays signal through Purkinje fibres to the rest of the
ventricles
4. Delay in signal at theAV node allows for ventricular filling.
13.
14.
15. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
1. Measures electrical activity in the heart.
2. Normal sinus rhythm vs atrial fibrillation
3. AED - automated electrical defibrillator
17. Pulmonary Circuit
1. Blood travels from the heart (Right Ventricle) to the lungs via the pulmonary
arteries
2. This blood is said to be deoxygenated
3. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs
4. Blood travels back to the heart (LeftAtrium) via the pulmonary veins.
18. Inspiration and Expiration
1. Air is drawn into the lungs as a result of decreased pressure in the thoracic
cavity.
2. We expand our thoracic cavity to decrease pressure by swinging our rib cage up
and out and flattening our diaphragm.
3. Inspiration is an active process - muscles contract to perform this task
4. Expiration is the opposite activity and is passive - muscles relax
19.
20. External Gas Exchange
1. O2 and CO2 gas exchange between the air and the blood.
2. Occurs as a result of partial pressure (P) differences.
3. The lungs (alveoli) have a PO2 of 100mmHg (shown as PAO2)
4. The blood entering the lungs has a PO2 of 20-40mmHg
5. The lungs (alveoli) have a PCO2 of 35mmHg
6. The blood entering the lungs has a PCO2 of 40mmHg
21. Internal Gas Exchange
1. O2 and CO2 gas exchange between the blood and tissue.
2. The arterioles (blood) have a PO2 of 95mmHg
3. The interstitial fluid has a PO2 of 40mmHg
4. The arterioles (blood) have a PCO2 of 40mmHg
5. The interstitial fluid has a PCO2 of 45mmHg
22. Gas Transport in Blood
1. Oxygen is transported in the blood attached to RBC Hemoglobin
2. Carbon Dioxide is transported in three ways:
1. Attached to Hemoblogin as Carbaminohemoglobin (small amount)
2. Dissolved in the blood (small amount)
3. As bicarbonate ions (H+ and HCO3- Ions) - Majority
23. Hemoglobin Saturation
1. Definition - The percentage of hemoglobin molecules that are bound to oxygen,
written as %SO2.
2. Normal range from 95-100%
3. <90% is said to be hypoxic.
4. We measure this using a pulse oximeter.
5. pH and temperature can influence hemoglobin saturation.
26. Control of Heart Rate
1. Rate is fixed at 85 bpm without external controls (SA node)
2. Cardiac control centre in the Medulla Oblongata controls rate.
1. Sympathetic NS - increases HR
2. Parasympathetic NS - decreases HR
3. Hormonal Control - Epinephrine and Norepinephrine release increase HR
27. Control of Respiratory Rate
1. Resting rate is typically between 12-20 breaths per minute
2. Respiratory control centre in the Medulla Oblongata controls rate.
3. Nerve bundles (carotid and aortic bodies) stimulate the brain when CO2 levels
in the blood are elevated.
29. Systemic Blood Circuit
1. Blood travels from the heart (Left Ventricle) to the working tissue of the body.
2. This blood brings nutrients to cells.
3. Major arteries lead to minor arteries, arterioles and capillaries.
4. Venules, minor veins, then major veins return blood to the heart.
30. Blood Pressure
1. Created by the heart.
2. Systolic blood pressure - pressure on blood vessels while ventricles contract
3. Diastolic BP - pressure while the heart is relaxed
4. Blood flow (velocity) and pressure decrease as you move farther away from the
heart.
31.
32.
33. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
1. Organs require at least 60mmHg MAP to sustain function.
2. Determining MAP in post-operative patients is important as blood pressure
may drop causing organ damage.
3. The body can regulate BP a number of ways to compensate:
1. Decrease urine production to maintain blood volume.
2. Constriction of blood vessels to decrease vessel volume.
38. Respiratory Values
1. VT
2. Respiratory Rate (RR) - number of breaths in one minute
3. Minute Ventilation (VE) - total volume of gas entering the lungs in one minute.
Calculated as the RR x VT
39. Adaptation to Exercise
1. The metabolic requirements during exercise affects the respiratory and circulatory system.
2. These adaptations can be acute (short term) as well as long term adaptations.
Respiratory Circulatory
Short Term Inc. RR, small inc. VT Inc. HR
Long Term
Vascularization around
Alveoli
Inc. Stroke Volume
Increase RBC
40. VO2
1. Definition: The amount of oxygen consumed by the body.
2. VO2max is a measurement of the maximum amount of oxygen consumption.
3. Measurement is done using a metabolic cart and sampling of inspired and expired air.
4. Tests are done at maximal exertion.
5. Submaximal estimated tests can be performed, but are less accurate.
43. Respiratory Disease - COPD
1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
2. Diagnosed using Spirometry
3. FEV1 - Forced expiratory volume in one second
4. FVC - forced vital capacity
5. FEV1/FVC ration and FEV1 values provide information regarding
respiratory health
44. Cardiovascular Diseases
1. Atherosclerosis
1. Build-up of plaque on the walls of blood vessels.
2. Can cause thrombosis to form (Blood clot)
2. Myocardial Infarction
1. Loss of perfusion to heart muscle tissue leading to death of tissue