9. Circulation Functions
1. Transport nutrients to working tissue.
2. Deliver waste products from metabolic processesto urinary
and respiratory systems.
3. Transport components of the endocrine system to target tissue.
(Hormones)
11. Heart
1. SmaF upper chambers (Left and RightAtrium)
2. Large lower chambers
A. Right Ventricle -blood to lungs
B. LeftVentricle -blood to body
3. Valves control fluid travel between chambers and between vessels.
12. Heartbeat
1. Initiation -impulse from the SA node (RightAtrium) causesatria to contract
2. Electrical impulse is conveyed by theAV node (Central Heart) to the ventricles
3. Atrioventricular bundle relays signal through Purkinje fibres to the rest of the
ventricles
4. Delay in signal at theAV node aFows for ventricular fiFing.
13.
14.
15. Electrocardiogram (ECG)
1. Measures electrical activity in the heart.
2. Normal sinus rhythm vs atrial fibriFation
3. AED -automated electrical defibriFator
17. Pulmonary Circuit
1. Blood travels from the heart (Right Ventricle) to the lungs via the pulmonary
arteries
2. This blood is said to bedeoxygenated
3. Gas exchange occursin the lungs
4. Blood travels back to the heart (LeftAtrium) via the pulmonary veins.
18. Inspiration and Expiration
1. Air is drawn into the lungs asa result of decreased pressure in the thoracic
cavity.
2. We expand our thoracic cavity to decreasepressure by swinging our rib cageup
and out and flattening our diaphragm.
3. Inspiration is an active process-muscles contract to perform this task
4. Expiration is the opposite activity and is passive -muscles relax
19.
20. External Gas Exchange
1. O2 and CO2 gasexchangebetween the air and the blood.
2. Occurs asa result of partial pressure (P)differences.
3. The lungs (alveoli) have a PO2 of 100mmHg (shown asPAO2)
4. The blood entering the lungs has a PO2 of 20-40mmHg
5. The lungs (alveoli) have a PCO2 of 35mmHg
6. The blood entering the lungs has a PCO2 of 40mmHg
21. Internal Gas Exchange
1. O2 and CO2 gasexchange between the blood and tissue.
2. The arterioles (blood)have a PO2 of y5mmHg
3. The interstitial fluid has a PO2 of 40mmHg
4. The arterioles (blood)have a PCO2 of 40mmHg
5. The interstitial fluid has a PCO2 of 45mmHg
22. Gas Transport in Blood
1. Oxygen is transported in the blood attached to RBC Hemoglobin
2. Carbon Dioxide is transported in three ways:
1. Attached to Hemoblogin asCarbaminohemoglobin (smaFamount)
2. Dissolved in the blood (smaFamount)
3. As bicarbonate ions (H+and HCO3- Ions)-Majority
23. Hemoglobin Saturation
1. Definition -The percentageof hemoglobin moleculesthat are bound to oxygen,
written as %SO2.
2. Normal range from y5-100%
3. <y0%is said to behypoxic.
4. We measure this using a pulse oximeter.
5. pH and temperature can influence hemoglobin saturation.
26. Control of Heart Rate
1. Rate is fixed at 85bpm without external controls (SA node)
2. Cardiac control centre in the MeduFa Oblongata controls rate.
1. Sympathetic NS -increases HR
2. Parasympathetic NS -decreasesHR
3. Hormonal Control -Epinephrine and Norepinephrine release increase HR
27. Control of Respiratory Rate
1. Resting rate is typicaFy between 12-20 breaths per minute
2. Respiratory control centre in the MeduFa Oblongata controls rate.
3. Nerve bundles (carotid and aortic bodies)stimulate the brain when CO2 levels
in the blood are elevated.
29. Systemic Blood Circuit
1. Blood travels from the heart (LeftVentricle) to the working tissue of the body.
2. This blood brings nutrients to ceFs.
3. Major arteries lead to minor arteries, arterioles and capiFaries.
4. Venules, minor veins, then major veins return blood to the heart.
30. Blood Pressure
1. Created by the heart.
2. Systolic blood pressure -pressure on blood vessels while ventricles contract
3. Diastolic BP -pressure while the heart is relaxed
4. Blood flow (velocity) and pressure decreaseasyou move farther away from the
heart.
31.
32.
33. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
1. Organs require at least 60mmHg MAP to sustain function.
2. Determining MAP in post-operative patients is important asblood pressure
may drop causing organ damage.
3. The body can regulate BP a number of ways to compensate:
1. Decreaseurine production to maintain blood volume.
2. Constriction of blood vessels to decreasevessel volume.
38. Respiratory Values
1. VT
2. Respiratory Rate (RR) -number of breaths in oneminute
3. Minute Ventilation (VE) -total volume of gasentering the lungs in oneminute.
Calculated asthe RR x VT
39. Adaptation to Exercise
1. The metabolic requirements during exercise affectsthe respiratory and circulatory system.
2. These adaptations can beacute (short term) asweF aslong term adaptations.
Respiratory Circulatory
Short Term Inc. RR, small inc. VT Inc. HR
Long Term
Vascularization around
Alveoli
Inc. Stroke Volume
Increase RBC
40. VO2
1. Definition:The amount of oxygen consumed by the body.
2. VO2max is a measurement of the maximum amount of oxygen consumption.
3. Measurement is done using a metabolic cart and sampling of inspired and expired air.
4. Tests are done at maximal exertion.
5. Submaximal estimated tests canbeperformed, but are lessaccurate.
43. Respiratory Disease -COPD
1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
2. Diagnosed using Spirometry
3. FEV1 -Forced expiratory volume in onesecond
4. FVC -forced vital capacity
5. FEV1/FVC ration and FEV1 values provide information regarding
respiratory health
44. Cardiovascular Diseases
1. Atherosclerosis
1. Build-up of plaque on the waFs of blood vessels.
2. Can causethrombosis to form (Blood clot)
2. Myocardial Infarction
1. Loss of perfusion to heart muscle tissue leading to death of tissue
