This document provides an overview of chromatography. It defines chromatography as a separation technique based on differential distribution of substances between two phases. It discusses the history of chromatography and describes the key phases - stationary and mobile. It also covers different types of chromatography like adsorption, partition, ion-exchange and size exclusion. Specific techniques like paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography are also summarized. The document concludes by outlining the major uses and applications of chromatography.
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of glass, plastic, or aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide (alumina), or cellulose.
Chromatography : A seperation techniqueSHIVANEE VYAS
Chromatography is a method of seperating mixture of components into individual components through equlibrium distribution between two phases.
Each chromatographic method essentially consists of 2 phases a staionary phase and a mobile phase.
Stationary phase : solid or liquid
Mobile phase : liquid or gas
Instrumentation of HPLC, principle by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
Instrumentation of HPLC
TYPES OF HPLC
PARAMETERS
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
High-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC) is a specific form of column chromatography generally used in biochemistry and analysis to separate, identify, and quantify the active compounds.
HPLC mainly utilizes a column that holds packing material (stationary phase), a pump that moves the mobile phase(s) through the column, and a detector that shows the retention times of the molecules.
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a chromatography technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures. Thin-layer chromatography is performed on a sheet of glass, plastic, or aluminium foil, which is coated with a thin layer of adsorbent material, usually silica gel, aluminium oxide (alumina), or cellulose.
Chromatography : A seperation techniqueSHIVANEE VYAS
Chromatography is a method of seperating mixture of components into individual components through equlibrium distribution between two phases.
Each chromatographic method essentially consists of 2 phases a staionary phase and a mobile phase.
Stationary phase : solid or liquid
Mobile phase : liquid or gas
Instrumentation of HPLC, principle by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
Instrumentation of HPLC
TYPES OF HPLC
PARAMETERS
APPLICATION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
High-performance liquid chromatography ( HPLC) is a specific form of column chromatography generally used in biochemistry and analysis to separate, identify, and quantify the active compounds.
HPLC mainly utilizes a column that holds packing material (stationary phase), a pump that moves the mobile phase(s) through the column, and a detector that shows the retention times of the molecules.
Introduction
Definition
History
Types of chromatography
Principle of column chromatography
Types of column chromatography
Process of column chromatography
Requirement
Procedure
Precautions
Applications
Advantage of Column chromatography
Disadvantage of Column chromatography
Conclusion
References
chromatography, principle, adsorbent of TLC, mobile phase of TLC, techniques in TLC, preparation of TLC plate, standards for TLC, advantages, disadvantages of TLC, Application of TLC.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a form of column chromatography that pumps a sample mixture or analyte in a solvent (known as the mobile phase) at high pressure through a column with chromatographic packing material (stationary phase).
Introduction
Definition
History
Types of chromatography
Principle of column chromatography
Types of column chromatography
Process of column chromatography
Requirement
Procedure
Precautions
Applications
Advantage of Column chromatography
Disadvantage of Column chromatography
Conclusion
References
chromatography, principle, adsorbent of TLC, mobile phase of TLC, techniques in TLC, preparation of TLC plate, standards for TLC, advantages, disadvantages of TLC, Application of TLC.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a form of column chromatography that pumps a sample mixture or analyte in a solvent (known as the mobile phase) at high pressure through a column with chromatographic packing material (stationary phase).
Chromatography is an important biophysical technique that enables the separation, identification, and purification of the components of a mixture for qualitative and quantitative analysis.
The Russian botanist Mikhail Tswett coined the term chromatography in 1906.
The first analytical use of chromatography was described by James and Martin in 1952, for the use of gas chromatography for the analysis of fatty acid mixtures.
A wide range of chromatographic procedures makes use of differences in size, binding affinities, charge, and other properties to separate materials.
It is a powerful separation tool that is used in all branches of science and is often the only means of separating components from complex mixtures.
hromatography is based on the principle where molecules in mixture applied onto the surface or into the solid, and fluid stationary phase (stable phase) is separating from each other while moving with the aid of a mobile phase.
The factors effective on this separation process include molecular characteristics related to adsorption (liquid-solid), partition (liquid-solid), and affinity or differences among their molecular weights.
Because of these differences, some components of the mixture stay longer in the stationary phase, and they move slowly in the chromatography system, while others pass rapidly into the mobile phase, and leave the system faster.
Three components thus form the basis of the chromatography technique.
1. Stationary phase: This phase is always composed of a “solid” phase or “a layer of a liquid adsorbed on the surface solid support”.
2. Mobile phase: This phase is always composed of “liquid” or a “gaseous component.”
3. Separated molecules
Types of Chromatography
Substances can be separated on the basis of a variety of methods and the presence of characteristics such as size and shape, total charge, hydrophobic groups present on the surface, and binding capacity with the stationary phase.
This leads to different types of chromatography techniques, each with their own instrumentation and working principle.
For instance, four separation techniques based on molecular characteristics and interaction type use mechanisms of ion exchange, surface adsorption, partition, and size exclusion.
Other chromatography techniques are based on the stationary bed, including column, thin layer, and paper chromatography.
Applications of Chromatography
Pharmaceutical sector
To identify and analyze samples for the presence of trace elements or chemicals.
Separation of compounds based on their molecular weight and element composition.
Detects the unknown compounds and purity of mixture.
In drug development.
Chemical industry
In testing water samples and also checks air quality.
HPLC and GC are very much used for detecting various contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in pesticides and oils.
In various life sciences applications.
In forensic pathology and crime scene testing like analyzing blood and hair samples.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. MEMBERS
1. TOWHIDUR RAHMAN TUHIN 032182016
2. TOFAYAL AHMED 032182017
3. NUSRAT TAIFA 032182018
4. ESHITA ANAM SHANTA 032182019
5. HEERA BARUA 032182020
6. EITIKA ROY 032182006
7. SHAMIMA NASRIN BITHI 032182011
3. INTRODUCTION
Chromatography is derived from two Greek
words chroma meaning “color” and graphein
meaning “to write “ that is chromatography
means “color writing”
Chromatography may be defined as the
separation technique based on the differential
distribution of a mixture of substances
between two phases one of which is
percolated through the others.
According to IUPAC definition it is a technique
of separation, distribution and determination
of individual component from mixture by
using two phases
4. History of chromatography
Chromatography was first developed and
defined by the Russian botanist M. Tsweet in
1906.
He produced a colorful separation of plant
pigments using a column of calcium
carbonate.
The paper and thin layer chromatography
was first discovered in 1938.
The GLC was first developed in 1952.
The HPLC was first developed in 1968.
5. PHASES IN CHROMATOGRAPHY
There are two phases in
chromatography. Stationary phase and
Mobile phase.
1) Stationary Phase: It is a kind of fixed
bed of large surface area. The
stationary phase is a solid, a liquid, or
a gel that remains static when a gas
or liquid moves over its surface and
separates out into its various
components.
2) Mobile Phase: The liquid or gas that
flows through a chromatography
system, moving the materials to be
separated at different rates over the
stationary phase.
6. IMPORTANCE OF
CHROMATOGRAPHY
It is one of the most important
analytic tool.
It serves as a means for resolution
of mixtures and for the isolation
and partial description of the
separated substances.
It permits the separation and
partial description of unsuspected
and unknown substances.
It is an indispensable laboratory
method in all sciences dealing with
chemical substances and their
chemical reactions.
7. Theory of Chromatography
There are two theories to explain
chromatography.
They are :
• Plate theory : - older
- described by Martin and Synge.
• Rate Theory: - currently in use
- discussed by Grindings
8. Plate Theory
The plate theory considers that,
The chromatographic column contains a large
number of separate layers, called theoretical
plates.
Separate equilibrations of the sample
between the stationary and mobile phase
occur in these plates.
The solute moves down the column which is
considered as a series of stepwise transfer from
one plate to the next.
9. Rate Theory
The rate theory considers the
dynamics of the solute particle as it
passes through the void spaces
between the stationary phase
particles in the system.
It also considers the kinetics of
solutes as it is transferred to and
from the stationary phase.
The chromatogram may be evaluated
qualitatively by determining the Rf
value.
The Rf value can be defined as the
ratio of the distance moved by the
solute and the distance moved by the
solvent.
11. Adsorption Chromatography
If the stationary phase is a solid, the process is called
adsorption chromatography.
In this method, the sample is dissolved in the mobile phase
and by means of electrostatic forces, the stationary surface
absorbs the dissolved solute from the mobile phase.
12. Partition Chromatography
If the stationary phase is a liquid, the process is
called partition chromatography.
Here the stationary phase contains an inert solid material,
which support the thin layer of liquid. The retention and
separation of solutes of the mixture depend on their partition
co-efficient.
13. Ion-exchange chromatography
In this method, the stationary phase consists of a polymeric
matrix which contains some ionic fractional group on its surface.
Here the mobile phase is always liquid. As the mobile phase
passes over this surface, components of sample are retained by
forming electrostatic chemical bond.
14. Size exclusion chromatography
It is a chromatographic method in which molecules in
solution are separated by their size and in some cases
molecular weight.
In this method small molecules leave the mobile phase to
diffuse into the pores and large molecules which will not fit into
the pores remain in the mobile phase and are not retained.
15. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Paper chromatography was first
introduced by German scientist
Christian Friedrich Schonbein
(1865).
It is a liquid partition
chromatography.
It is an analytic technique for the
separation and identifying
mixtures that are either colored
or can be made colored.
Used for separation of amino
acids, sugars, sugar derivatives
and peptides.
16. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
PHASES
Stationary Phase: Filter paper
serves here as stationary
phase. Which is made of
cellulose.
Mobile Phase: Mixture of
immiscible solvents. Mixture
of alcohols such as butyl, iso-
propyl, and H2O commonly
are employed with NH3 or
CH3COOH.
17. DIFFERENT TYPES OR MODES OF
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
1) Ascending Chromatography:
Here the development of paper
occurs due the solvent
movement or travel in upward
direction on the paper.
2) Descending Chromatography:
Here development of paper
occurs due to solvent travel
downwards on the paper.
18. 3) Ascending-descending
Chromatography: Here solvent first
travels upwards and then
downwards on the paper.
4) Circular Chromatography:
Here the solvent travels from
the center(mid point) towards
periphery or circular
chromatography paper.
5) Two dimensional
Chromatography: Here the
chromatogram development
occurs in two directions at right
angles.
19. WHAT NEED IN PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
1. Chromatography paper
(stationary phase)
2. Chromatography
chamber
3. Paper clip
4. Skewer or pencil
5. Water soluble black
marker
6. Scissors
7. Solvents (mobile phase)
20. APPLICATION OF PAPER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
1. Determination of vitamin-C content of orange
juice.
2. Separation and identification of a mixture of free
amino acids.
3. Clarification of identity of powered cascara and
powdered Rhubarb.
4. Identification of barbiturates.
5. Chromatographic separation of Dichlophene and
Hexachlorophene.
21. THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Thin layer chromatography was first
introduced by Izamailov and
Shraiber in 1938. They both used it
for separation of plant extracts.
TLC is a Chromatography
technique used to separate
mixtures.
Thin layer chromatography is
performed on a sheet of glass,
plastic, or aluminum foil, which is
coated with a thin layer of
adsorbent material, usually silica
gel, aluminum oxide, or cellulose
(blotter paper. This layer of
adsorbent is known as the
stationary phase.
22. THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
PHASES
Stationary phase:
Silica is commonly used as stationary
phase.
The separation of sample mixture will
be dependent on the polarity of
sample.
Some modified silica is also used in
certain purposes.
Mobile phase:
The ability of mobile phase to move
up is dependent on the polarity itself
Volatile organic solvents is preferably
used as mobile phase.
25. USES OF THIN LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHY
Monitor the progress of a reaction
Identify compounds present in a
given substance
Determine the purity of a substance
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37. Purpose of
chromatography
Analytical: determine the chemical
composition of a sample.
it is done normally with smaller amounts of
material and is for establishing the presence
or measuring the relative proportions of
analyte in a mixture.
Preparative: it’s purpose is to separate the
components of a mixture for later use. It
purify and collect one or more components
of a sample.
38. Use of chromatography
• Pharmaceutical company
• Hospital
• Environmental agency
• Separating mixtures of compounds
• Identifying unknown compounds etc.
39. Column chromatography: it is generally used as a
purification technique. It isolates desired compounds from
a mixture.
Thin layer chromatography (TLC): it is use to separate the
non volatile mixtures. In food and cosmetic industry TLC is
used for separation and identification of colors,
preservatives, sweetening agents.
Paper chromatography: it is used in the sequencing of
DNA and RNA. It is also used in scientific studies to identify
the unknown organic and inorganic compounds from a
mixture.
40. Gas chromatography: it is use to test the purity of
a particular substance or separating the different
components of a mixture.
HPLC: it is both used in a laboratory and clinical
science. in medical industry it is use in drug analysis.
in labs to determine the amount of drug present in
blood or urine sample.
In forensic lab it is use to determine which fluids
and components are present in human body after
death .