The document discusses key concepts in psychological science including the scientific method, experimental design, correlation versus causation, and research ethics. It provides examples of different research methods like surveys, case studies, and naturalistic observation. It also explains the difference between correlation and causation, defines correlation coefficient, and gives examples of positive, negative, and no correlations. Finally, it discusses important concepts like independent and dependent variables, confounding variables, measures of central tendency and variation in data, and evaluating study results.

1. Lecture 2 Ch. 1 Psychological Science

2. Lecture 2 Why do we need to use a scientific approach? What does science value? The Scientific Method Experimental Designs Correlation vs. Causation In-class Activity 1 Research Ethics

3. Why do we need to use a scientific approach? Are intuition and common sense enough?

4. What characteristics are valued in scientists?

5. The Scientific Method

6. Methods for studying Psychology Be able to identify each method Know the pros and cons for using each method

7. Description Case Study Susan Kuklin/ Photo Researchers

8. Survey http://www.lynnefeatherstone.org

9. Naturalistic Observation Courtesy of Gilda Morelli

10. How well do you understand correlations? I get it! I’m almost there. Sort of. Not really. I have no clue what you’re talking about.

11. Correlation Correlation Coefficient is a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables. When one trait or behavior accompanies another, we say the two correlate. r = 0.37 + Correlation coefficient Indicates direction of relationship (positive or negative) Indicates strength of relationship (0.00 to 1.00)

12. Positive Relationships High Low GPA 1-3 4-6 7-9 Hours studying

13. Negative Relationships High Low GPA Low Mod High Alcohol Consumption

14. No relationship Honesty High Low SES Low Mod High

15. Figure 5-5: A Perfect Positive Correlation r = 1

16. Figure 5-6: A Perfect Negative Correlation r = -1

17. Non-perfect correlation The relationship between being in a state of anxiety and performance on a memory task with emotional distracters r=-0.326

18. People who smile more intensely as children (as measured by number of crow’s feet around the eyes in photos) are more likely to remain married through middle age. Positive correlation B. Negative correlation C. Zero correlation People who sleep less than 5 hours a night on average are more likely to have calcium deposits in their arteries. People who are taller are more likely to have higher incomes. (This is especially true in sales.) People who multitask the most are the worst at it (memory, ability to switch from one task to another and being able to focus on a task).

19. Illusory Correlation The perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists. Parents conceive children after adoption. Michael Newman Jr./ Photo Edit Confirming evidence Disconfirming evidence Do not adopt Disconfirming evidence Confirming evidence Adopt Do not conceive Conceive

20. Many factors influence our behavior. Experiments (1) manipulate factors that interest us, while other factors are kept under (2) control . Be able to identify the independent and dependent variables in examples of studies. Exploring Cause & Effect

21. Students are randomly assigned to take a test in either a hot room or a comfortable room. We’ll then compare test scores to see if hot rooms negatively affect test-taking. What is the independent variable? Students Room temperature Test scores Tests All of these What is the dependent variable? Students Hot room Comfortable room Test scores All of these

22. Describing Data A meaningful description of data is important in research. Misrepresentation may lead to incorrect conclusions.

23. Measures of Central Tendency A Skewed Distribution

24. Measures of Variation Range Standard Deviation

25. Evaluating the results of a study What increases the chance that a difference between groups is a real, reliable effect?

26. Research Ethics Animal research Human research

27. In-class activity 1 Get into groups of 2-4 Make sure you turn in the handout with all your names on it