Childhood obesity. Definition, Causes, Metabolic syndrome, treatment. By: Faculty of medicine, Alexandria university students.

2. Childhood Obesity
is a condition where excess body
fat negatively
affects a child's health or well being.

3. Epidemiology
• The prevalence has increased at an
alarming rate.
• Globally, in 2013 the number of
overweight children under the age of
five, is estimated to be over 42 million.

4. • In 1996, Egypt had the highest average BMI in
the world at 26.3.
• In 1998, 1.6% of 2- to 6-year-olds, 4.9% of 6- to
10-year-olds, 14.7% of 10- to 14-year-olds, and
13.4% of 14- to 18-year-olds were obese.

5. Diagnosis of childhood
obesity
• Body mass index (BMI) is acceptable for
determining obesity for children two
years of age and older.
Formula: weight (kg) / [height (m)]2
• The normal range for BMI in children
vary with age and gender.

6. • While a BMI above the 85th percentile
is defined as overweight, a BMI greater
than or equal to the 95th percentile is
defined as obesity by CDC.

9. • References:-
 Haemer MA, Daniels SR. Special issues in treatment of pediatric obesity. In: Gray GA,
Bouchard C, editors. Handbook of obesity, volume 2: clinical applications. 4th ed. Boca
Raton: CRC Press; 2014.
 Public Health Agency of Canada (2012). Curbing Childhood Obesity: A Federal, Provincial
and Territorial Framework for Action to Promote Healthy Weights. http://www.phac-
aspc.gc.ca/hp-ps/hl-mvs/framework-cadre/index-eng.php
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
 http://www.who.int/countries/egy/en/
 http://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/obesity/facts.htm
• Name :-
 Mostafa Mohamed Mostafa Abdelkader
• ID :-
• 897
Thank you

10. Causes of childhood obesity
• By: Mustapha Mansour Ahmed
• No.: 898

11. • Genetics and early life factors.
– Leptin encoding gene mutation.
– Syndromes with certain genetic mutations.
(Prader-Willi).
• Neuroendocrinal causes.
– Hypothyroidism.
– Cushing’s $.
– 1ry hyperinsulinism.

12. Diet and
Energy
input.
Physical
activity and
Life style.

14. Thank you

15. METABOLIC SYNDROME
‫يونس‬ ‫ابراهيم‬ ‫حلمي‬ ‫معتز‬
900

26. Metabolic
syndrome
High blood
glucose
level
Visceral
obesity
Reduced
HDL
Raised
triglyceride
s
High
arterial
blood
pressure

27. obesity insulin
resistance
hyperinsulinemia
increases
the
sympatheti
c activity
Increases the activity in
the renin-angiotensin
system
hypertension

28. Classification Systolic or diastolic blood pressure*
Normal < 90th percentile
Prehypertension 90th to < 95th percentile or ≥ 120/80 mm Hg†
Stage 1
hypertension
95th to < 99th percentile plus 5 mm Hg
Stage 2
hypertension
> 99th percentile plus 5 mm Hg
Diagnosis

31. Management
:
If blood pressure < normal
Lifestyle modification for several weeks
BP not on goal : add ACEI or ARB
BP not on goal : add CCB
BP not on goal : add carvedilol or nebivolol

32. mechanism

33. • Impaired fasting glucose (IFG): IFG is 100-125 mg/dL
• Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT): A plasma glucose level
(obtained 2 hours after a 75-g oral glucose challenge) > 140
mg/dL but < 200 mg/dL
• Hemoglobin A1c (A1c): A1c level of 5.7%-6.4% as an indicator of
prediabetes. The advantage of A1c measurement is that it reflects
plasma glucose levels over time and does not require fasting
Prediabetes

34. Criteria for diagnosing diabetes in childhood are
based on glucose levels and the presence of
symptoms :
1. Fasting glycemia > 126 mg/dl
2. Post-overload glucose levels with 1.75 g/kg of anhydrous
glucose up to 75 g dissolved in water, ≥ 200 mg/dl
3. Classic symptoms of diabetes and casual glycemia ≥ 200
mg/dl, where ‘casual’ is defined as any time of day, not
related to the last meal, and ‘classic symptoms’ include
polyuria, polydipsia and unexplainable weight loss.
Plasma C peptide levels over 1 ng/mL one year after
diagnosis are highly suggestive of T2D

35. Diet
Exerci
se
pharmacothera
py

36. By: Manar Sabry
No.: 902
Prevention and treatment of
child obesity

38. OFFICE-BASED MANAGEMENT.
Anticipatory Guidance: Establishing Healthy Eating
Habits in Children

41. MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND COMMUNITY-
BASED MANAGEMENT.
• Community-based programs to inform
families regarding age-appropriate
healthy eating choices, meal and
portion size planning, decreasing
“screen time,” and approaches to
increasing physical activity provide an
important service for families with
children at risk for becoming
overweight or mildly to moderately
overweight without comorbidities.
• Teams may include a physician, a
psychologist, a dietitian, an
exercise specialist (physical
therapist, exercise physiologist,
educator), a nurse, and counselors.

42. Proposed Suggestions for the
Prevention of obesity
PREGNAN
CY
POSTP
ARTUM
AND
INFANC
Y
FAMILIES SCHOOLS
COMM
UNITIE
S
HEALTH
CARE
PROVIDERS
INDUSTR
Y
GOVERNMENT
AND
REGULATORY
AGENCIES

43. MEDICATIONS.
Pharmacologic
treatment is
sometimes
indicated as an
adjunct to diet
and physical
activity in
overweight
adults with
obesity -related
complications.
sibutramine
Orlistat
Topiramate
Metformin
octreotide
Rimonabant