Childhood obesity is a prevalent nutritional disorder that increases the risk of various health complications, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. The majority of cases are idiopathic, with less than 10% linked to hormonal or genetic factors, and effective management includes lifestyle changes and, in some cases, surgical intervention. Guidelines recommend monitoring children with a BMI at or above the 85th percentile for associated conditions without routine endocrine evaluations unless growth is atypical.

1. PEDIATRIC OBESITY
Dr. Sayed Ismail
Professor Of Pediatrics ,
Alazhar university

2. Introduction
• Obesity is common nutritional disorder among children
and adolescents.
• Childhood obesity predisposes to insulin resistance
and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, liver
and renal disease, Cardiovascular disease and
reproductive dysfunction.
• More than 90% of cases are idiopathic; less than 10%
are associated with hormonal or genetic causes.

3. Prevalence of obesity is increasing in all pediatric age groups

4. Definitions
Body mass index = Calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m2)

6. Causes and effects of obesity

7. Pathogenesis

9. Knock knee

10. Blount disease (tibia vara)

11. Slipped femoral epiphysis
Perthes disease

12. Liver and gallbladder dysfunction
• Non-alcoholic liver disease, NAFLD), with elevated plasma
concentrations of transaminases, the liver dysfunction most
commonly reflects hepatic steatosis. Increasingly, hepatic
steatosis may progress to steatohepatitis, hepatic fibrosis and
cirrhosis
• Vitamin E supplements may be effective in reversing
steatohepatitis in some patients
• Although gallstones are unusual in childhood, nearly one half
of all cases of cholecystitis in adolescents are associated with
obesity.

13. Psychologic complications
• Depression
• Eating disorders
• Social isolation, peer
problems, and lower
self-esteem are
frequently observed.

14. Endocrine and Cardiovascular complications
• Hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance
• Hypercholesterolemia , hypertriglyceridemia, low - high-density
lipoprotein (HDL),
• Adolescent girls with obesity also demonstrate a hyperandrogenic
profile . The clinical picture resembles that of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
• Adolescents with central obesity (abdominal fat pattern) are more
likely to manifest these cardiovascular risk factors than individuals
with peripheral obesity (gluteal pattern).
– Hypertension
– Arthrosclerosis

17. Obesity

18. History and Physical Examination
Features DD
Short stature or a reduced rate of linear
growth in a child with obesity
growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism,
cortisol excess, pseudohypoparathyroidism,
or a genetic syndrome such as Prader-Willi
syndrome.
A history of dry skin, constipation,
intolerance to cold, or fatigability
Hypothyroidism .
Polyuria and polydipsia Diabetes
A history of damage to the central nervous
system (CNS) (eg, infection, trauma,
hemorrhage, radiation therapy, seizures
A history of morning headaches, vomiting,
visual disturbances, and excessive urination
or drinking
Hypothalamic obesity
a tumour or mass in the hypothalamus.

19. Early sexual development precocious puberty
Accumulation of fat in the neck and
trunk but not in the arms or legs
cortisol excess
Excess facial hair, acne, and/or
irregular menses in a teenage girl
cortisol excess or polycystic ovary
syndrome (PCOS).

20. Diagnostic Considerations
Two particularly useful clinical measures are the rate of linear
growth and the timing of puberty.
• Most patients who have familial or diet-induced obesity grow at
a normal or excessive rate and enter puberty at the appropriate
age; many mature more quickly than children with normal
weight, and bone age is commonly advanced.
• In contrast, growth rate and pubertal development are
diminished or delayed in growth hormone deficiency,
hypothyroidism, cortisol excess, and various genetic syndromes.
Conversely, growth rate and pubertal development are
accelerated in precocious puberty and in some girls with
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

23. Other tests when indicated
• Adrenal function tests, when indicated, to assess the possibility of
Cushing syndrome
• Karyotype for Prader-Willi [15q-]), as indicated by clinical history and
physical examination
• Growth hormone secretion and function tests, when indicated
• Assessment of reproductive hormones (including prolactin), when
indicated
• Serum calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone levels to
evaluate for suspected pseudohypoparathyroidism
• Serum leptin
• When clinically indicated, obtain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
of the brain with focus on the hypothalamus and pituitary.

26. • Even regular walking for 20-30 minutes per day can facilitate weight
control.
• WHO suggests a further reduction of the intake of free sugars to
below 5% of total energy intake. Free sugars include
monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and beverages
by the manufacturer, cook or consumer, and sugars naturally present
in honey, syrups, fruit juices, and fruit juice concentrates.
• Reduced Fat
– Reductions in total and saturated fat may be particularly useful in adolescents
who consume large quantities of high fat, snack, and packaged fast foods,
including french fries, pizza, chips, and crackers
– Reducing fat intake to 30% of total energy is recommended by the World
Health Organization (WHO

28. Surgical Intervention
• Various bariatric surgical procedures have
been used in adults and some adolescents (in
most centers, patients ≥ 15 y) with a body
mass index (BMI) of more than 40 kg/m2 or
weight exceeding 100% of ideal body weight
(IBW).

29. Long-Term Monitoring
• Reinforcement of nutritional goals and exercise objectives
• Identification of social and emotional barriers to therapy
• Family support and counseling (if indicated)
• Assessment of growth, pubertal development, and reproductive
function
• Assessment of glucose tolerance and fasting lipid levels
• Identification and management of obesity-related acute and chronic
complications

31. Guidelines Summary
• Children with (BMI) ≥85th percentile should be evaluated for
related conditions such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes,
prediabetes, or hypertension.
• Children or teens affected by obesity do not need routine
laboratory evaluations for endocrine disorders that can cause
obesity unless their height or growth rate is less than
expected based on age and pubertal stage.
• Specific genetic testing is suggested when there is early-onset
obesity (before 5 yr of age), an increased drive to consume
food known as extreme hyperphagia, other clinical findings of
genetic obesity syndromes, or a family history of extreme
obesity.

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34. Thanks you