The document discusses childhood obesity, its definitions, and classification, highlighting that obesity rates in children globally have risen significantly, particularly in developing countries like India. It outlines epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, evaluations, management strategies, and prevention techniques, while also referencing the WHO's initiative to address the issue. The need for multidisciplinary approaches, including dietary changes, physical activity, and potential pharmacological or surgical interventions, is emphasized to combat this growing health concern.

1. APPROACH
TO
CHILDHOOD OBESITY
Speaker:
Abhinav Agarwal
Moderator:
Prof. Rajniti Prasad
Date:
01st April 2016

2. DEFINITION:
 Excess accumulation of body fat
 Varies with the parameter used for
measuring
 Most common parameter:
 Weight for age: >120%
 Body mass index (Quetelet’s
Index):
weight (kg)/ height (m²)
Overweight Obesity
Adult 25 – 30 ≥ 30
Children 85 – 95 centile ≥ 95 centile

3.  Waist circumference
 Men > 40inch Women >35 inches
 Waist:hip ratio
 Indicator for coronary artery diseases in adults
 Men >0.9 Women >0.8

4. OTHER PARAMETERS:

5. CLASSIFICATION:
Adults:
Category BMI
Underweight <19
Ideal BMI 19-25
Overweight 25-30
Obese >30
Severely Obese >35
Morbidly Obese >40
Super Obese >50

6. EPIDEMIOLOGY:
 In aged 0 to 5 years increased from 32 million globally in 1990
to 42 million in 2013.
 In current trends globally obesity will increase to 70 million by
2025.

7.  The vast majority of overweight or obese children
live in developing countries.
 India have shown prevalence of overweight 10 – 14
% and obesity in 3 – 6% of pediatric population.
 In Chennai > 22% HSE group, 15% from MSE
groups and only 4.5% from LSE group, children
were obese.
Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002; 57: 185 -190.

8. In affluent schools:
 Delhi
 31% overweight;
 7.5% obese.
 Pune
 24% overweight.
 Chennai
 22% overweight.
(Indian Pediatr 2002; 39: 449-452)
(Indian Pediatr 2004; 41: 559-575)
(Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002; 57: 185-190)

9. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 1991(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

10. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 1992(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

11. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 1993(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

12. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 1994(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

13. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 1995(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

14. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 1996(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%

15. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 1997(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

16. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 1998(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

17. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 1999(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

18. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 2000(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% ≥20%

19. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 2001(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

20. (*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 2002
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

21. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 2003(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% ≥25%

22. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 2004(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

23. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 2005(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

24. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 2006(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

25. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 2007(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

26. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 2008(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

27. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 2009(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

28. OBESITY TRENDS* AMONG U.S. ADULTS
BRFSS, 2010(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

29. 1991
2010
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%

30. RISK FACTORS:
 Crucial periods
 prenatal period
 age 5 – 7 years
 adolescence.
 The point of lowest level of BMI around 6 years
after which it starts increasing is known as adiposity
rebound.

31.  Prenatal Factors: IUGR, Overweight mother
 Barker Hypothesis:
(Indian Pediatrics 2003; 40:480-502)

32.  Early feeding practices: Lack of breastfeeding,
increased formula feeds, complementary feeding
before 4 months
 Demographic: parental overweight, low parental
education
 Medication: Antipsychotics ( olanzapine,
resperidone), Antiepiletics (Carbamazepine,
Valproate), Steroids

33.  Dietary: increased junk food, sweetened
beverages, less fibre in diet
 Life style: More screen time, lack of physical
activity, irregular sleep

34. CLASSIFICATION:
 Primary/ Constitutional Obesity: No secondary
cause (>95% cases)
 Secondary/ Organic/ Exogenous obesity:
 Genetic Syndromes: Prader willi, Down’s,
Bradet-Biedl, Cohen, Carpenter
 Hypothalamic: Infectious (TBM, Post meningitic
sequelae), ICSOL, Radiation, Surgery, Head
trauma, Hypothalamic Hamartoma

35.  Prader willi syndrome:
 Short Stature
 Mental Retardation
 Hypogonadism
 Hypotonia
 Failure To Thrive

36.  Lawrence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl
syndrome:
 Retinal degeneration
 Polydactyly
 Mental retardation
 Renal dysplasia
 Short stature
 Hypogonadism

37.  Cohen syndrome:
 Hypotonia
 Characteristic facies
 High arched palate
 Short philtrum
 High nasal bridge
 Delayed puberty
 Hypogonadotropism

38.  Carpenter syndrome:
 Acrocephaly
 Flat nasal bridge
 High arched palate
 Low set ears
 Craniosynostosis
 Syndactyly
 Genu valgum
 Hypogonadism
 Mental retardation

39.  Endocrine: Cushing, hypothyroidism,
pseudohypoparathyroidism, PCOS
 Drugs: Antiepileptics, Antipsychotics, Steroids
 Psychological Factors: depression, attention
seeking, bulimia
 Handicapped children with sedentary life style.

40. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
++
Satiety Centre
Hunger Centre
GABA

41. COMPLICATIONS:
System In Childhood In adulthood
Metabolic Insulin Resistance,
dyslipidemia, metabolic
syndrome
Type 2 diabetes, metabolic
syndrome
Cardiovascular Hypertension Atherosclerosis, LVH,
hypertension
Respiratory Sleep abnormalities, asthma
Musculoskeletal Tibia vara, slipped capital
femoral epiphysis, flat feet
Osteopenia
Gastrointestinal GERD, NAFLD NAFLD, hernia,
cholelithiasis
Endocrine Early puberty, PCOS Type 2 Diabetes
Psychosocial Low self esteem, depression, anxiety, worsening school
performance, social isolation
Dermatological Cellulitis, acanthosis nigricans, carbuncles, intertrigo
Miscellaneous Raised CRP, pseudotumor cerebri, meralgia paresthetica

42. EVALUATION:
 Main aim is to ascertain whether primary or
secondary obesity.
 History:
 Antenatal history
 Birth weight
 Weight gain
 Sleep pattern
 Family history
 Medications
 Developmental assessment
 Menstrual history.

43.  Examination:
 General and systemic examination
 Anthropometry
 Blood Pressure
 Acanthosis nigricans
 Acne
 Hirsutism
 Hair fall
 Dysmorphic facies
 Pubertal status
 Psychiatric evaluation.

44.  Investigations: Routine +
 Lipid profile
 Glucose tolerance test
 Thyroid function
 Gonadal axis – serum LH, FSH, testosterone
 Bone age assessment
 Growth hormone
 Serum Parathyroid/ Vitamin D
 Serum insulin, Glycosylated Hemoglobin
(HbA1C)

45. MANAGAMENT:
 Multidisciplinary approach
 Non – pharmacological:
 Dietary:
of total calories:
 Carbohydrate 45 – 65 %
 Protein 10 – 20%
 Fat 30 – 40%
 Weight monitoring:
 ≤ 11years= 0.5kg/month
 >11 years 1 kg/week

46.  Physical activity: safe, interesting and practical

47.  Pharmacological:
 Antiobesity drugs still being evaluated in children.
 Advised only in children >16 years with obesity related
complications.
 Only drug approved is Orlistat.
 Can be used in ≥12 years
 120 mg TDS with each meal or within 1 hour
 Same as adult

48.  Surgical:
 BMI >50 kg/m² without comorbidity
 >40 kg/m² with comorbidities.
 Techniques:
 Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)
 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB)
 Sleeve gastrectomy

49.  Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB)

51.  Sleeve gastrectomy

52. PREVENTION:
 Diet:
 Exclusive breast feeding
 Timely complementary feeding
 Healthy feeding practices
 No fat restriction to be done in infants < 2 years
 For > 2yr, fat contributes 20 – 30 % of calories
 Fiber in diet = age + 5g

53.  Traffic light diet approach:
 Green (go) - fruits and vegetables
 Yellow (caution) - grains and processed meat
 Red (stop) - sweetened and dried fruits, fried foods
 Proper guidance for age appropriate foods
 Skipping breakfast, frequent snacking and eating
out to be avoided

55.  Lifestyle
and
physical activity:
 No TV for < 2 years
 > 2 years not >2hr/day
 Young child and toddler daily ½ to 1 hr of outdoor
activity
 Older child vigorous exercise for 60min/day

56.  Behaviour:
 Parental motivation
and commitment
 No stacking of unhealthy food in house
 Setting realistic goals for exercise
 Positive reinforcement
 Timely monitoring.

59. ENDING CHILDHOOD OBESITY (ECHO)-
WHO COMMISSION:
 Goals:
 Provide policy recommendations to governments to
prevent infants, children and adolescents from
developing obesity and to identify and treat pre existing
obesity in children and adolescents.
 To reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality due to non-
communicable diseases, lessen the negative
psychosocial effects of obesity both in childhood and
adulthood and reduce the risk of the next generation
developing obesity.

60.  Recommendations:

61. THE LOSER ?
90 kg
BMI: 33.05
Obese
60 kg
BMI: 22.03
Ideal

62. THE BIGGEST LOSER ?
230 kg
BMI: 75.1
Super Obese
75 kg
BMI: 24.48
Ideal
Thank You

63. REFERENCES:
 Gahagan S. Overweight and obesity. In: Nelson textbook of pediatrics. Eds. Kliegman RM,
Stanton BF, Schor NF, Geme JWS, Behrman RE. 20th Edn. Elsevier, Philadelphia, USA. 2015: pp.
307-16.
 Ravikumar KG. Acute and chronic complications of Diabetes Mellitus. In: PG Textbook of
Pediatrics. Eds. Gupta P, Menon PSN, Ramji S, Lodha R. 1st Edn. Jaypee, New Delhi, India 2015:
pp. 2384-8
 Agarwal KN. Obesity and thinness. In: The Growth: infancy to adolescence. Eds. Agarwal KN. 3rd
Edn. CBS, New Delhi, India 2015: pp 53–72.
 Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Vinitha R, Thayyil M, Kumar CK, Sheeba L, Joseph S, Vijay V.
Prevalence of overweight in urban Indian adolescent school children. Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
2002; 57(3):185-90.
 Bhave S, Bavdekar A, Otiv M. IAP National Task Force for Childhood Prevention of Adult
Diseases: Childhood Obesity. Indian Pediatr. 2004; 41(6):559-75.
 Kapil U, Singh P, Pathak P, Dwivedi SN, Bhasin S. Prevalence of obesity amongst affluent
adolescent school children in delhi. Indian Pediatr. 2002;39(5):449-52.
 The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 1991 to 2010
 Fall CH. The fetal and early life origins of adult disease. Indian Pediatr. 2003; 40(5):480-502.
 Lustig RH. Hypothalamic obesity after craniopharyngioma: mechanisms, diagnosis, and
treatment. Front Endocrinol 2011;2:60.
 Report of the WHO commission on Ending Childhood Obesity (ECHO) published January 2016.<
http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204176/1/9789241510066_eng.pdf?ua=1>