Childhood cancers
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This document discusses two childhood tumors - neuroblastoma and retinoblastoma. Neuroblastoma originates from neural crest cells and most commonly presents as an adrenal or sympathetic ganglia tumor. Microscopically, it appears as sheets of small, round, blue cells that may show maturation. Prognosis depends on factors like stage, age, MYCN gene amplification. Retinoblastoma is a malignant eye tumor of childhood caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. Microscopically, it resembles neuroblastoma and may form Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes. Both tumors can spread widely if not treated.
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The document describes a 35-year-old male who presented with seizures. Imaging showed a lesion in the right frontal lobe suspected to be an ischemic infarct. Further MRI revealed features suggestive of an anaplastic astrocytoma. The patient underwent surgery and the tumor was diagnosed as a low-grade oligodendroglioma. The patient is currently undergoing radiotherapy.
PEDIATRIC EMBRYONAL TUMOURS - UPDATE
This document discusses various types of embryonal brain tumors that occur in children. It begins by providing background on the incidence of childhood cancers and CNS tumors specifically. It then lists and describes the main embryonal brain tumor types seen in children, including medulloblastoma, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor, embryonal tumor with multilayered rosettes, pineoblastoma, and pituitary blastoma. For each tumor type, it discusses characteristics such as age of onset, location, histopathological features, molecular markers, treatment approaches, and prognosis. It emphasizes the importance of molecular classification in determining treatment strategies and clinical outcomes for these tumors.
Diagnostic approach to pediatric malignant small round cell
This document provides information on pediatric malignant small round cell tumors. It discusses key characteristics of these tumors including their appearance as relatively small, undifferentiated cells with a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio. Common small round cell tumors of childhood discussed include neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, retinoblastoma, medulloblastoma, hepatoblastoma, and others. The document outlines approaches to classifying and diagnosing these tumors based on their origin, cytogenetics, immunohistochemistry profiles, and other features. Detailed information is provided on diagnostic criteria and clinical characteristics of neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and retinoblastoma.
Retinoblastoma
1) A 2-year-old male child presented with a white spot in his left eye and gradual protrusion of the eye. Differential diagnoses included retinoblastoma, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, and Coats disease.
2) Imaging showed calcification in the eye, suggesting retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is a rare malignant tumor of the retina that can be heritable or non-heritable. Treatment may include laser therapy, cryotherapy, chemotherapy, or enucleation of the eye depending on the size and stage of the tumor.
3) The diagnosis in this case was retinoblastoma based on the presentation of a white spot in the eye, protr
Prostate Pathology
The document discusses various pathologies of the prostate, including:
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate due to aging. Histologic features include glandular and stromal hyperplasia.
- Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), which is considered a precursor lesion to prostate cancer. It is graded as low or high grade.
- Prostate adenocarcinoma, which microscopically appears as small, simple glandular structures. The Gleason grading system is used to characterize prostate cancers.
- Other rare pathologies that can involve the prostate such as lymphoma, small cell carcinoma,
Neuro oncology 1
- Gliomas are the most common malignant primary brain tumors, accounting for 80% of malignant tumors and 28% of all brain tumors.
- Prognosis and survival rates vary significantly by histological subtype, with oligodendroglioma having the best prognosis and glioblastoma having the worst.
- Young age and lower tumor grade are favorable prognostic factors, while radiation exposure and certain genetic mutations can increase risk.
Embryonal tumors in children
This document discusses embryonal brain tumors in children. Some key points:
- Embryonal tumors account for a large fraction of pediatric brain tumors and have a tendency to disseminate through cerebrospinal fluid.
- Major embryonal tumor types include medulloblastoma, CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumor, and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor.
- Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in children. It can be classified based on histology and molecular markers into subgroups like WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4 that have different clinical behaviors and prognoses.
- Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy
Glioblastoma multiforme
This document discusses glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive type of primary brain tumor in adults. It covers the histology, genetics, clinical presentation, diagnosis using MRI, and standard treatment approach of maximal surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy with temozolomide. The addition of carmustine wafers and consideration of MGMT promoter methylation status are discussed. Median survival ranges from 12-21 months even with aggressive multimodal therapy.
1. pediatric tumors dr. sinhasan, mdzah
This document discusses several tumors that commonly affect children, including:
1. Hemangiomas - benign tumors of blood vessels that often appear at birth and can involve the skin, mucosa, or viscera.
2. Neuroblastoma - a malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system that typically presents before 5 years of age and commonly involves the adrenal glands.
3. Retinoblastoma - a malignant tumor of the eye that is the most common eye cancer in children and may occur as a familial or sporadic condition associated with mutations in the RB gene.
2brain tumors.pptx
Primary brain tumors occur in around 250,000 people globally each year, accounting for less than 2% of all cancers. The most common primary brain tumors are meningiomas (20.8% of cases) and gliomas (50.4% of cases), which originate from glial cells. Gliomas include astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Astrocytomas are the most common glioma and are graded from I to IV based on factors like cellularity and presence of necrosis, with glioblastoma multiforme being grade IV. Meningiomas originate from the meninges and are typically benign, though some can become malignant. Primary brain tumors are
Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer that affects the retina in children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 gene that regulates cell growth. The disease can be hereditary or sporadic. Presenting symptoms include leukocoria, strabismus, and vision loss. Diagnosis is usually made through eye examination and imaging tests like ultrasound and MRI. Treatment depends on disease stage and extent, and may include enucleation, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, or brachytherapy to preserve vision and the eye. Retinoblastoma can spread from the eye to other parts of the body if not treated properly. Early detection and treatment are important for good outcomes.
Spinal cord lesions and its radiological imaging finding.
1. The document discusses imaging approaches for evaluating intramedullary spinal cord lesions. It outlines a systematic approach including assessing the lesion length, extent of cord involvement, location within the cord, cord swelling, and enhancement characteristics.
2. Differential diagnoses discussed include demyelinating diseases, tumors, vascular causes, and infections. Specific conditions like multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, transverse myelitis, and various tumor types are described.
3. Imaging features of different pathologies are provided to help differentiate between conditions like ependymoma, astrocytoma, ganglioglioma, and hemangioblastoma.
Retinoblastoma : Dr Shylesh B Dabke
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer that affects children. It is caused by mutations in the RB1 tumor suppressor gene. There are two main types - sporadic which occurs spontaneously, and hereditary which is inherited. Treatment depends on tumor size and extent, and may include chemotherapy, laser therapy, cryotherapy, plaque brachytherapy, or enucleation of the eye for large tumors. The goal is to save vision if possible or life if the eye cannot be saved. Screening of family members is important given the hereditary risk.
Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung (seminar)
This document summarizes neuroendocrine tumors of the lung according to the WHO classification of 2015. It describes the typical histopathological features of typical and atypical carcinoid tumors, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and small cell lung carcinoma. Special emphasis is given to the diagnostic criteria used to classify these tumors based on mitotic rate and necrosis. Immunohistochemistry and molecular features are also discussed. Treatment options are mentioned depending on the tumor type and stage. References are provided for further reading.
Brain tumors in children with Updates- Pranav
Brain tumors in children with Updates Pranav
The prognosis on the basis of histology, molecular subtyping for brain tumors with updates of WHO 2016 .
Osteosarcoma
This PPT presentation talks about osteosarcoma from the clinical point of view, summarizing the recent guidelines in diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma.
Embryonal Brain tumours in children
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children that arises in the cerebellum. It typically presents between ages 4-8 with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure and cerebellar dysfunction. Treatment involves surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy in a multimodal approach. Prognosis is generally better in adults compared to children due to differences in tumor biology and treatment tolerance. Relapse can occur in up to 30% of patients within 3 years after initial treatment.
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Diagnostic approach to pediatric malignant small round cell
Diagnostic approach to pediatric malignant small round cell
Spinal cord lesions and its radiological imaging finding.
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2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
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Childhood cancers
- 1. Belgorod State National Research University Department: Pathological Anatomy. Topic: Childhood Tumors. Compiled by: N. K. Gaur
- 2. Small,Round, Blue Cell Tumors in Childhood. Primitive appearance (not anaplastic or pleomorphic) Sheets of small,round,blue cells (with dark nuclei,scant cytoplasm,indistinct borders.) May show features of organogenesis specific to the tissue of origin.
- 4. Neuroblastoma Embryonal malignant tumour Neural crest origin Neoplastic neuroblasts Site: adrenal medulla &sympathetic ganglia 7-10% of solid paediatric malignancies. Sporadic occurance. Rarely familial (bilateral,multifocal)
- 7. Pathology of Neuroblastoma. Site :Paravertebral, Posterior mediastinum, abdomen ,Adrenal 1/3 Gross appearance: Nodular, of varying size May be encapsulated or infiltrative Cut section: grey-tan, soft and friable Varigated, necrosis, hemorrhage, calcification, cystic change
- 8. Microscopy of Neuroblastoma Sheets of small, round, blue cells with dark nuclei, scant cytoplasm, indistinct borders. Mitosis++, Karyorrhectic debris + Pleomorphism +/- Homer-Wright rosettes, Neuropil. Maturation: Schwann cell, stroma &ganglion cell differentiation.
- 10. Clinical features. Abdominal mass, fever Blueberry muffin Wide metastasis Secrete catecholamines Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)/Homovanillic acid (HVA) screening.
- 11. Prognosis Stage spread to regional lymph nodes,liver,lungs,bones etc Age :< 1 yr. Morphology –gangliocytic differentiation better MYCN (N myc) gene amplification-worse.
- 12. Retinoblastoma Malignant tumour of the eye in childhood Neuroepithelial origin –posterior retina Familial,- 60-70%, associated with germ line mutation, heritable. Sporadic:30-40%,somatic gene mutation. Associated with Rb 1 gene Secondary malignancy –osteosarcoma
- 13. RB gene RB gene is on chromosome 13 RB gene function is the most critical checkpoint in the cell cycle and allows the cell to enter from G1 to S Tumour supressor gene If both RB genes are abnormal i.e. mutated or have a missing allele, it permits unregulated cell proliferation. Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis People with RB mutations are susceptibe to malignancies especially osteosarcoma
- 15. Morphology of retinoblastoma. Gross: occular masses. Microscopy: Sheets of small,round,blue cells with dark nuclei,scant cytoplasm,indistinct borders Flexner-Wintersteiner rosettes.
- 17. Behaviour . Spread through optic nerve or to subarachnoid space to CNS, bone, lymph nodes. Cure with treatment. Spontaneous cure. Second malignancy.