Chemiluminiscence
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This document discusses chemiluminescence, which is the emission of light from a chemical reaction. It provides examples of chemiluminescence in fireflies, deep sea creatures, bacteria, and fungi. The mechanism of firefly chemiluminescence is explained. Applications of chemiluminescence discussed include its use in forensics, biomedical research, glow sticks, gas phase reactions, and DNA hybridization. Thermoluminescence is also summarized as the emission of light from crystals upon heating, which can be used for dating purposes in archaeology and geology.
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3) Stepwise line fluorescence involves relaxation through an intermediate level with partial deactivation before emitting fluorescence.
4) Two-step excitation uses two lasers to excite the atom through an intermediate state to a higher excited state which then emits fluorescence as it relaxes.
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Assignment
Chlorophyll and carotenoids are the primary light-absorbing pigments in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll is found within chloroplasts in the thylakoid membranes, which contain stacked sacs called grana. Light energy is absorbed by the pigments and passed between chlorophyll molecules until it reaches a reaction center, where it is used to convert NADP+ to NADPH and drive ATP synthesis via an electron transport chain. This captures the key elements of how photosynthesis uses pigments to harness light energy.
Radio isotopes
This document discusses radioactivity and radioactive decay. It defines key terms like isotopes, half-life, and units of radioactivity. It describes different types of radioactive decay including alpha, beta, gamma emission and electron capture. Detection methods like autoradiography, gas detectors, and scintillation counting are summarized. Applications of radioisotopes in areas like tracing metabolic pathways, enzyme assays, and diagnostic tests are briefly mentioned. Some therapeutic uses and health hazards of radiation are also noted.
Photosynthesis
The document summarizes photosynthesis, including:
1) Photosynthesis uses light energy, water, carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen through two phases - the light reactions and dark reactions.
2) The light reactions use light to produce ATP and NADPH using chlorophyll and a series of electron carriers in the thylakoid membranes.
3) The dark reactions use ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into glucose through the Calvin cycle in the chloroplast stroma.
Fluorimetry presentation
This document discusses the principles and applications of fluorimetry. It defines fluorescence as the emission of light from excited electrons returning to ground state. Fluorimetry involves using ultraviolet light to excite sample molecules, which then emit light of lower energy. Factors that influence fluorescence intensity are discussed. Common instrumentation includes light sources, monochromators, cuvettes, detectors, and data analyzers. Applications include determining inorganic substances, proteins, and steroids. Two case studies on analyzing glucose in milk and silver in food/water samples using fluorimetry are presented.
photosynthesis in Plants its importance and site
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It occurs in the chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light-dependent reactions where light energy is captured to form ATP and NADPH, and the light-independent reactions where carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds to form carbohydrates such as glucose. Many factors can influence the rate of photosynthesis including light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide levels, and water availability. Photosynthesis is essential for life as it provides energy and organic compounds for all organisms on Earth.
Luminescence presentation
The document discusses different types of luminescence including bioluminescence used by deep sea organisms. It then describes how luminol is used by crime scene investigators to detect trace amounts of blood, even if cleaning products were used. Finally, it mentions green fluorescent protein (GFP) which was used to win the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and is now used in medical research to track proteins in diseases like cancer and Alzheimer's.
Bioluminescence Vs Fluorescence
The narrator logs into an online game looking for a quest to do with their friend Matt. They choose a language-focused quest hoping it will engage both of them. However, Matt seems distracted while preparing and mentions a minor equipment malfunction. The narrator notices something seems off but they continue planning. Matt then joins and agrees to the language quest, though the narrator gets the sense Matt may not be fully present.
Energy from visible radiation-Cyanobacteria
Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria, are photosynthetic prokaryotes that evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria. They contain chlorophyll and accessory pigments that allow them to perform oxygenic photosynthesis using two photosystems. This generates ATP through cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. Cyanobacteria have diverse applications including nitrogen fixation in agriculture, production of anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial compounds, and use as a nutritional supplement.
Application of uv visible spectroscopy in microbiology
UV-visible spectroscopy can be used to analyze various biomolecules and nitrogen compounds in microbiology. The interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter allows for identification of unknown biomolecules based on their characteristic absorption spectra. Beer's law demonstrates that absorbance is directly proportional to concentration, allowing for quantification of substances. Total nitrogen can be determined by digesting all nitrogenous compounds to nitrate via autoclaving, then analyzing the nitrate concentration. Second derivative UV-visible spectroscopy provides an accurate technique for determining nitrate and total nitrogen in wastewater samples.
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Prepare for NEET with comprehensive Class 11 notes on photosynthesis in higher plants. Master the key concepts, processes, and factors affecting photosynthesis to excel in your exam preparation.
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The nucleic acids
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Hazards of genetic engineering
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Chemiluminiscence
- 1. By-Sanju Sah St. Xavier’s college, Maitighar, Kathmandu Department of Microbiology
- 6. Important!
- 7. Occurrence In Nature Fireflies, glow worms 90% of deep-sea creatures Bacteria Fungi Dinoflagellate
- 8. Chemiluminesc ence Emission of light (usually in visible and near infrared) as a result of a chem. reaction. [A] + [B] → [◊] → [Products] + light A: chemiluminescent precursor B: oxidant ◊: excited intermediate Sometimes in a presence of catalyst (reduce activation energy), intermediate in electronically excited state, subsequently relax to ground state by the emission of photon.
- 9. EXAMPL ES Marine microorganisms signal distress – in this case, being disturbed by the waves. An Anglerfish trying to make a snack of Marlin use chemiluminescence to and Dory in Finding Nemo. The real fish is almost as scary. Fireflies use chemiluminescence to find their mates
- 10. Firef ly luciferin + ATP →luciferyl adenylate+ Pyrophosphate luciferyl adenylate + O2 → Oxyluciferin +Adenosine monophosphate + light Light is emitted because the reaction forms oxyluciferin in an electronically excited state. The reaction releases a photon of light as oxyluciferin returns to the ground state. Luciferase
- 11. Application Of Chemiluminescence Gas-Phase Reactions In Forensic Science In Biomedical research Glow Stick In DNA Hybridisation
- 12. Gas-Phase Reactions 1.Oxidation of white phosphorus One of the oldest chemiluminescent reactions is that of elemental white phosphorus oxidising in moist air ,producing a green glow . This is a gas phase reaction of phosphorus vapour ,above the solid ,with oxygen producing excited states (PO)2 and HPO . 2.Detection of the amount of Nitricoxide To detect the amount of nitric oxide present in a sample ,Ozone is combined with nitric oxide to form nitrogen dioxide in an activated states which luminesces broadband visible to infrared light asit reverts to a lower energy state .
- 13. Application In Forensic Science Chemiluminescence has been applied by forensic scientists to solve crimes.in this case they use luminol and hydrogen peroxide .The iron from blood act as a catalyst and react with luminol and hydrogen peroxide to produce blue light for about 30 seconds .As only small amount of blood is required for Chemiluminescence , trace amounts of blood are sufficient.
- 15. Application In Biomedical Research In biomedical research the protein luciferin that gives fireflies their glow and its co factor are used to produce red light through consumption of ATP.This reaction is used to detect the effectiveness of cancer drugs that choke off a tumour's blood supply .This form of bioluminescence imaging help the scientists to test drug in pre-clinical stage . Another protein aequorin ,found in jelly fish which produce blue light in presence of calcium use to assesscalcium levels in cells .
- 16. Glow sticks First container contains Phenyl Oxalate and dye. Glass vial contains Hydrogen Peroxide. Reaction produces 2 molecules of phenol and one molecule of Peroxyacid ester. Peroxyacid decompose to CO2 and releases energy which excites the dye. Dye relaxes by releasing a photon. Wavelength is dye dependant!
- 17. Other Applications It is used for analysis of inorganic species in liquid phase. Detection of biomolecules in system . Used for DNA sequencing . Used for lighting objects .
- 19. emission of light from some minerals and certain other crystalline materials. The light energy released is derived from electron displacements within the crystal lattice of such a substance caused by previous exposure to high-energy radiation. Heating the substance at temperatures of about 450° C (842° F) and higher enables the trapped electrons to return to their normal positions, resulting in the release of energy. The intensity of the emission can be correlated to the length of time that a given substance was exposed to radiation; the longer the time allowed for the radiation to build up an inventory of trapped electrons, the greater the energy released. Because of this feature, thermoluminescence has been exploited as a means of dating various minerals and archaeological artifacts.
- 20. Thermoluminescence Dating Thermoluminescence dating (TL) is a technique that is based on the analysis of light release when heating crystalline material. TL-dating is used in mineralogy and geology, but is also increasingly being applied for dating of anthropological and archaeologica