Luminescence, fluorescence, and phosphorescence principle of each and applications. everything is well explained.

1. INTRODUCTION
• Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living
organism. It is a form of
chemiluminescence.
• Bioluminescence occurs widely in marine vertebrates and invertebrates, as
well as in some
fungi, microorganisms including some bioluminescent bacteria, and
terrestrial arthropods such
as fireflies.
• In some animals, the light is bacteriogenic, produced by symbiotic bacteria
such as those from
the genus Vibrio; in others, it is autogenic, produced by the animals
themselves.
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2. INTRODUCTION
• Bio means 'living' in Greek while lumen means 'light' in Latin.
• During the process, chemical energy is converted into light energy.The
process is caused by an
enzyme-catalyzed chemiluminescence reaction.
• The light production from bioluminescence is “cold light” emission,
wherein less than 20% of
the light is thermal radiation.
• Bioluminescence on land and in freshwater is rare compared to its
occurrence in the ocean. In
the deep ocean 90% of the animals are luminescent Higher in deep-living
and planktonic
organisms.
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3. HOW DOES BIOLUMINESCENCE
WORKS?
Bioluminescence is a product of a chemical reaction in an organism. In a general
sense, the
principal chemical reaction in bioluminescence involves a light-emitting molecule
and an
enzyme, generally called luciferin and luciferase, respectively.
• Because these are generic names, luciferins and luciferases are often
distinguished by including
the species or group, e.g. firefly luciferin.
• It involves a class of chemicals called luciferins (light bringers). The luciferin
oxidizes in the
presence of a catalytic enzyme (luciferase) to create light and an ineffective
compound
(oxyluciferin).
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4. 4

5. DIFFERENT ORGANISMS
SHOWS
BIOLUMINESCENCE
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6. 1. Bacteria
•Family Vibrionaceae contains most
bioluminescent
bacteria
• Typically found as symbionts with deep sea
animals,
gram negative, one or more flagella.
• It uses bacterial luciferin for bioluminescence.
They
create the phenomenon of a "milky sea" known
to
sailors for centuries
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7. 2. Mushrooms and other Fungi
• “Foxfire” referred to the green glow
light emitted
by wood decaying mushrooms and
other fungi. It
was used as a light source for the
early wooden
submarine.
•They use luciferin illudin for
bioluminescence,
which is toxic to ingest.
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8. 3.Worms
• •Both marine and
terrestrial worms that
exhibit
• bioluminescence.
• •Earthworm luminescence
is produced by the
• coelomic fluid, and ranges
from blue to orange
• depending on the specie.
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9. 4. Insects
Firefly is the most common
terrestrial
bioluminescence organism.
Variety of firefly species are
found in the temperate
to tropical regions of the
Americas and parts of S.E.
Asia.
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10. 5. Jelly Fishes:
• It is estimated that about 50% of jellyfish are
bioluminescent. Most jellyfish bioluminescence is
used for defense against predators.
•Jellyfish such as comb jellies produce bright flashes
to startle a predator, Some jellyfish can release their
tentacles as glowing decoys.
•Others produce a glowing slime that can stick to a
potential predator an make it vulnerable to its
predators
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11. USES OF BIOLUMINESCENCE
1. In nature
• Counter- illumination camouflage
• Attraction
• Defense
• Warning
• Communication
• Mimicry
• Illumination
2. Biotechnology
• Biology and medicine
• Light production
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12. FLUORESCENCE
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13. INTRODUCTION
• Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other
electromagnetic radiation. It is a form of luminescence.
• In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore lower energy,
than the
absorbed radiation.
• Fluorescent materials cease to glow nearly immediately when the radiation source stops,
unlike
phosphorescent materials, which continue to emit light for some time after.
• Fluorescence has many practical applications, including mineralogy, gemology, medicine,
chemical sensors (fluorescence spectroscopy), fluorescent labeling, dyes, biological
detectors,
and cosmic-ray detection.
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14. HISTORY
• An early observation of fluorescence was described in 1560 by Bernardino de Sahagun
and in
1565 by Nicolas Monardes in the infusion known as lignum nephriticum (In Latin "kidney
wood").
• It was derived from the wood of two tree species, Pterocarpus indicus and Eysenhardtia
polystachya. The chemical compound responsible for this fluorescence is matlaline, which
is
the oxidation product of one of the flavonoids found in this wood.
• Later in 1819, Edward D. Clarke and in 1822 Rene Just Hauy described fluorescence in
fluorites, Sir David Brewster described the phenomenon for chlorophyll in 1833 and Sir
John
Herschel did the same for quinine in 1845.
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15. HISTORY
•In his 1852 paper on the
"Refrangibility"
(wavelength change) of light, George
Gabriel
Stokes described the ability of fluorspar
and
uranium glass to change invisible light
beyond the
violet end of the visible spectrum into
blue light. He
named this phenomenon fluorescence.
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16. PRINCIPLE OF FLUORSCENCE
The electronic states of most organic molecules can be divided into
singlet states and triplet states
• Singlet ground state : All electrons in the molecule are spin-paired.
• Singlet excited state : Unpaired electrons of opposite spin-paired.
• Triplet state : Unpaired electrons of same spin-paired.
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17. PRINCIPLE OF FLUORSCENCE
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18. Perrin- Jablonski diagram
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19. PRINCILPE OF
FLUORSCENCE
• •Energy of emitted radiation is less than
• that of absorbed radiation because a part
• of energy is lost due to vibrational or
• collisional processes. Hence the emitted
• radiation has longer wavelength (less
• energy) than the absorbed radiation.
• • Vibrational deactivation takes place
• through intermolecular collisions at a
• time scale of 10 -12 s (faster than that of
• fluorescence process) .
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20. INTERNAL CONVERSION
• As electronic energy increases, the energy levels grow more closely spaced. It is more
likely
that there will be overlap between the high vibrational energy levels of S n-1 and low
vibrational energy levels of S n. This overlap makes transition between states highly
probable.
• Internal conversion is a transition occurring between states of the same multiplicity and it
takes
place at a time scale of 10 -12s (faster than that of fluorescence process).
• The energy gap between S ₁ and S ₀ is significantly larger than that between other
adjacent
states → S ₁ lifetime is longer → radiative emission can compete effectively with non-
radiative
emission
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21. INTERNAL CONVERSION
21

22. RULES
STOKES SHIFT
•The difference between the
max
wavelength of the excitation
light and
the max wavelength of the
emitted
fluorescence lights is a constant
– stokes
shift.
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23. MIRROR IMAGE
RULE
• •Vibrational levels in the excited
states
• and ground states are similar. An
• absorption spectrum reflects the
• vibrational levels of the electronically
• excited state.
• • An emission spectrum reflects the
• vibrational levels of the electronic
• ground state.
• • Fluorescence emission spectrum is
• mirror image of absorption spectrum
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24. MIRROR IMAGE
RULE
•Mirror-image rule typically
applies when only S₀ → S₁
excitation takes place.
•Deviations from the mirror
image
rule are observed when S₀
→ S₂ or transitions to even
higher excited states also take
place.
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25. TYPES OF FLUORSCENCE
A) Based upon the wavelength of emitted radiation when compared
to absorbed radiation :
I. Stoke’s fluorescence
II. Anti-stock’s fluorescence
III. Resonance fluorescence
B) Based upon the phenomenon
I. Prompt fluorescence
II. Delayed fluorescence
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26. TYPES OF FLUORSCENCE
A) Based upon the wavelength of emitted radiation when compared to
absorbed radiation :
I. Stoke’s fluorescence: The wavelength of emitted radiation is longer than
the Absorbed
radiation e.g . Conventional fluorimetric experiments.
II. Anti-stock’s fluorescence: The wavelength of emitted radiation is shorter
than the Absorbed
radiation e.g. Thermally assisted fluorescence.
III. Resonance fluorescence: When the wavelength of emitted radiation is
equal to the Absorbed
radiation e.g. Mercury vapour at 254 nm
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27. TYPES OF FLUORSCENCE
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28. APPLICATIONS
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29. Lighting
• The common fluorescent lamp relies on fluorescence. Inside the glass
tube is a partial vacuum
and a small amount of mercury.
• An electric discharge in the tube causes the mercury atoms to emit
mostly ultraviolet light. The
tube is lined with a coating of a fluorescent material, called the
phosphor, which absorbs
ultraviolet light and re-emits visible light.
• Fluorescent lighting is more energy efficient than incandescent
lighting elements.
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30. Analytical chemistry
• Many analytical procedures involve the use of a fluorometer, usually
with a single exciting
wavelength and single detection wavelength.
• Because of the sensitivity that the method affords, fluorescent
molecule concentrations as low
as 1 part per trillion can be measured. Fluorescence in several
wavelengths can be detected by
an array detector, to detect compounds from HPLC flow.
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31. Biochemistry and Medicine
• Fluorescence in the life sciences is used generally as a non-
destructive way of tracking or
analysis of biological molecules by means of the fluorescent emission
at a specific frequency.
• In fact, a protein or other component can be "labelled" with an
extrinsic fluorophore, a
fluorescent dye that can be a small molecule, protein, or quantum dot,
finding a large use in
many biological applications
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32. Forensics
Fingerprints can be visualized with fluorescent compounds such as
ninhydrin or DFO(1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one). Blood and other substances
are sometimes detected by fluorescent reagents like fluorescein, fibers
and other materials that may be encountered in forensics or with a
relationship to various collectibles.
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33. Non-destructive testing
Fluorescent penetrant inspection is used to find cracks and
other defects on the surface of a part.
Dye tracing, using fluorescent dyes, is used to find leaks in
liquid and gas pluming systems.
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34. PHOSPHORESCENCE
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35. INTRODUCTION
• Phosphorescence is a type of photoluminescence related to fluorescence. Unlike fluorescence, a
phosphorescent material does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs.
• The slower time scales of the re-emission are associated with "forbidden" energy state
transitions in quantum mechanics.
• As these transitions occur very slowly in certain materials, absorbed radiation is re-emitted at a
lower intensity for up to several hours after the original excitation.
• Everyday examples of phosphorescent materials are the glow-in-the dark toys, stickers, paint,
wristwatch and clock dials that glow after being charged with a bright light such as in any
normal reading or room light.
• Typically, the glow slowly fades out, sometimes within a few minutes or up to a few hours in a
dark room.
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36. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• The term ‘phosphor’ has been used since the Middle Ages. Phosphorescence was first
observed
in the 17th century but was not studied scientifically until the 19th century.
• Around 1604, Vincenzo Casciarolo discovered a "lapis solaris" near Bologna, Italy.
• Once heated in an oxygen-rich furnace, it thereafter absorbed sunlight and glowed in the
dark.
The study of phosphorescent materials led to the discovery of radioactivity in 1896.
• This was followed by the discovery of a number of substances which become luminous
either
after heating or exposure to light:
Homberg’s phosphorus(obtained by heating calcium chloride)
John Canton’s phosphorus(calcium sulphide)
Balduin’s phosphorus(calcium nitrate).
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37. HOW PHOSPHORESCENCE WORKS
• A phosphorescent materials store and re-emit light because of their unusual property of trapping
electrons in a higher state of movement.
• A Phosphorescent materials absorbs high energy light, causing the electrons to move into the
higher energy state, but the transition to a lower energy state occurs much slowly and the
direction of the electron spin may change.
• A phosphorescent materials may appear to glow for several seconds up to a couple of days after
the light source has been cut off. The reason behinds this is because of excited electrons jumps
to a higher energy level than for fluorescence.
• The electrons have more energy to loss and may spend time at different energy levels between
the excited state and ground state.
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38. 38

39. PHOSPHOR
• Phosphor is a chemical compound
which emits light when it is exposed to the
light of a different wavelength.
• Sometimes this element can be
confused with phosphorus but there are no
similarities between them.
• We can find this element in fluorescent
bulbs, toys or safety signs in buildings.
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40. CHEMILUMINESCENCE
• Some examples of glow-in-the-
dark
materials do not glow by
phosphorescence.
• In chemiluminescence, an
excited state is
created via a chemical reaction.
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41. LUMINOUS PAINT
Phosphorescent paint is made from phosphors
such as silver-activated zinc sulfide or doped
strontium aluminate.
Escape paths in aircraft and decorative use
such as "stars" applied to walls and ceilings.
 When applied as a paint or a more
sophisticated coating, phosphorescence can be
used for temperature detection or degradation
measurements known as phosphor
thermometry.
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42. TRITIUM &
LUMINOSITY IN
WATCHES
Tritium is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen very
difficult to find on Earth, it was first discovered in
1934.
This isotope can damage our health or contaminate
the environment, but it is still used for nuclear
weapons or controlled nuclear fusion.
Also, this material is used in watches because the
electrons produced by tritium create a fluorescent
light that can last up to 20 years. Obviously tritium
in watches is hermetically closed inside small glass
tubes.
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43. PHOSPHORESCENCE IN NATURE
Bioluminescence is the emission and production of light
by a living organism, this type of chemiluminescence is
produced when a pigment and an enzyme join in a chemical
reaction.
Bioluminescence is used by animals for communicating,
imitating other organisms, illuminating or even
camouflaging.
Sometimes the sea water can illuminate by some plankton
with this kind of bioluminescence, this is one of the most
beautiful events that bioluminescence can produce.
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44. MATERIALS USED
Common pigments used in
phosphorescent materials include
zinc sulfide and strontium
aluminate.
Strontium aluminate has a
luminance approximately 10
times greater than zinc sulfide.
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45. THE END
thank you for your patience
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