The document explains various types of chemical bonding, focusing on ionic, metallic, and coordinate bonds. It details the nature of ionic bonds, their formation through electron transfer, and provides examples of common ions and structural geometries in ionic compounds. Additionally, it covers metallic bonding, emphasizing the sharing of electrons among metal atoms, and introduces coordinate bonding through ligands donating lone pairs to metal ions.

1. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Chemical Bonding 4 IONIC, METALLIC & COORDINATE BONDS University of Lincoln presentation

2. Ionic Bonding This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

3. IONIC BONDING Very important form of bonding – main bonding mechanism of metals: >80 elements are METALS 19 elements are non-metals 5 elements are metalloids This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

4. Ionic Bonding – main bonding mechanism of the metals This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Ionic f - block elements H Be Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Pb Bi Po At Rn Xe Kr Ar Ne Sb Te I Ga Al Ge Si P S Cl As Se Br Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr He B C N O F Lanthanoids Actinoids d – block elements Hydrogen and s – block elements p – block elements

5. Forming Ionic Bonds IONIC BONDS are electrostatic in nature, and are formed by transferring electrons from an electron giver to an electron taker This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ELECTRON GIVER ELECTRON TAKER e – Cation (+) Anion (-)

6. Electron Givers Most metals have 1–3 valence electrons that they would like to lose Metals are therefore ELECTRON GIVERS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

7. Electron Takers Elements on the RHS of the periodic table (non-metals) would like to gain electrons Non-metals are therefore good ELECTRON TAKERS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

8. For Example… Cu(I) Cu – e –  Cu + Cu(II) Cu – 2e –  Cu 2+ O + 2e –  O 2– Overall reactions: Cu(I) 4Cu + O 2  2Cu 2 O Cu(II) 2Cu + O 2  2CuO This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

9. Some Common Ions This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Silicate SiO 4 4– Hydroxide OH – Sulphate SO 4 2– Carbonate CO 3 2– Sulphide S 2– Peroxide O 2 2– Oxide O 2– Chloride Cl – Name Symbol ANIONS Tin(II) Sn 2+ Iron(III) Fe 3+ Iron(II) Fe 2+ Copper(II) Cu 2+ Copper(I) Cu + Calcium Ca 2+ Potassium K + Sodium Na + Name Symbol CATIONS

10. Structural types Common geometries adopted: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Octahedral geometry Tetrahedral geometry

11. There are only a few structural shapes adopted in solid ionic compounds (salts): Rock Salt (sodium chloride) Caesium chloride Fluorite (calcium fluoride) Rutile (titanium(IV) oxide) Structural shapes This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

12. Rock Salt Structure This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License S 2– Pb 2+ PbS Lead(II) sulfide S 2– Mg 2+ MgS Magnesium sulfide O 2– Fe 2+ FeO Iron(II) oxide O 2– Ba 2+ BaO Barium oxide O 2– Ca 2+ CaO Calcium oxide O 2– Mg 2+ MgO Magnesium oxide Cl – Ag + AgCl Silver chloride F – Ag + AgF Silver fluoride I – K + KI Potassium iodide Br – K + KBr Potassium bromide Cl – Li + LiCl Lithium chloride H – Na + NaH Sodium hydride F – Na + NaF Sodium fluoride Cl – Na + NaCl Sodium chloride Anion Cation Formula Compound

13. Rock Salt Type – cubic This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Cation + Anion – The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Cation + ion = 6 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Anion – ion = 6 NaCl: 801 C S=35.9g/100ml (25C)

14. The COORDINATION NUMBER of an ion is the number of nearest neighbours Definition… This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

15. Caesium Chloride Type – BCC This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License BCC = Body centred cubic Cesium chloride unit cell (space filling diagram) Cesium chloride unit cell (ball and stick diagram)

16. Caesium Chloride Type – BCC This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Cation + Anion – The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Cation + ion = 8 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Anion – ion = 8 CsCl: 645 C S=162g/100ml (1 C) A unit cell of caesium chloride Extending the caesium chloride structure

17. Fluorite Type This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Cation + Anion – The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Cation + ion = 8 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Anion – ion = 4 CaF 2 : 1402 C S=virtually insoluble CaF 2 unit cell

18. Rutile Type This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Cation + Anion – The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Cation + ion = 6 The COORDINATION NUMBER of each Anion – ion = 3 TiO 2 : 1870 C S=Insoluble Unit cell of rutile type TiO 2

19. Metallic Bonding This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

20. Solid State Metals METALLIC BONDING is a variation on both covalent and ionic bonding: The bonding is electrostatic in nature (like ionic) but involves the sharing of electrons (like covalent) over many atoms of the same type This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

21. The Metallic Bond This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Metal ion Electron The structure of a metal consists of a lattice of bonded metal cations with a ‘ sea of electrons ’. The electrons are not bound, and can move throughout the structure – hence metals are good conductors of electricity

22. Coordinate Bonding This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

23. Transition Metals This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License The TRANSITION METALS (d- and f-block metals) usually form COORDINATE BONDS f - block elements H Be Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Pb Bi Po At Rn Xe Kr Ar Ne Sb Te I Ga Al Ge Si P S Cl As Se Br Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr He B C N O F Lanthanoids Actinoids d – block elements Hydrogen and s – block elements p – block elements

24. The Coordinate Bond The COORDINATE BOND occurs when a species donates its lone pair of electrons to a metal ion This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Cl Lone pair The metal does NOT use its own valence electrons for bonding Fe 2+

25. Definition… A species that donates a lone pair of electrons to a metal ion to form a coordinate bond is called a LIGAND A ligand can be either anionic or neutral This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

26. Definitions… Covalent bond Ionic bond Metallic bond Coordinate bond Coordination number Ligand This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License

27. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Acknowledgements JISC HEA Centre for Educational Research and Development School of natural and applied sciences School of Journalism SirenFM http:// tango.freedesktop.org