1) Electrons fill atomic shells according to set rules, with the first shell holding up to two electrons and subsequent shells holding up to eight each.
2) Atoms form ionic bonds through the transfer of electrons from metals to nonmetals, creating positively charged cations and negatively charged anions. Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electron pairs between nonmetallic elements.
3) Molecular polarity depends on both the individual bond polarities and the overall molecular structure. Polar bonds result from unequal electron sharing between atoms of differing electronegativity.
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation talks about the formation of chemical bonds. This presentation gives insight into the formation of Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds and Metallic Bonds with examples.
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Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
The current presentation talks about the formation of chemical bonds. This presentation gives insight into the formation of Ionic Bonds, Covalent Bonds and Metallic Bonds with examples.
We will be going over information for Exam 2. Talking a lot about naming of compounds and learning electron domain geometries with molecular geometries.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. Electrons are placed in shells
according to rules:
1) The 1st shell can hold up to two electrons,
and each shell thereafter can hold up to 8
electrons.
3. Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so
as to have 8 electrons
C would like to
N would like to
O would like to
Gain 4 electrons
Gain 3 electrons
Gain 2 electrons
4. Why are electrons important?
1) Elements have different electron
configurations
different electron configurations mean
different levels of bonding
5.
6. Chemical bonds: an attempt to fill electron shells
1. Ionic bonds –
2. Covalent bonds –
3. Metallic bonds
7. Learning Check
A. X would be the electron dot formula for
1) K 2) H 3) Al
B. X would be the electron dot formula
1) B 2) N 3) P
9. Ionic Bond
• Between atoms of metals and nonmetals
with very different electronegativity
• Bond formed by transfer of electrons
• Produce charged ions all states. Conductors
and have high melting point.
• Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O
10. Formation of Ions from Metals
Ionic compounds result when metals react with
nonmetals
Metals lose electrons to match the number of valence
electrons of their nearest noble gas
Positive ions form when the number of electrons are
less than the number of protons
Group 1 metals ion 1+
Group 2 metals ion 2+
• Group 13 metals ion 3+
13. Some Typical Ions with Positive
Charges (Cations)
Group 1 Group 2 Group 13
H+ Mg2+ Al3+
Li+ Ca2+
Na+ Sr2+
K+ Ba2+
14. 1). Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl,
this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na
becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged
particles or ions.
17. Covalent Bond
• Between nonmetallic elements of similar
electronegativity.
• Formed by sharing electron pairs
• Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not
conductors at any state
• Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC
18. 2. Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell
electrons.
Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom
Oxygen Molecule (O2)
20. • To determine the polarity in a bond between
two atoms, you must use the value for
electronegativity.
• TYPES OF BOND BASED ON ΔEN OF BOUNDED
ATOMS
ΔEN BOND TYPE
0 Nonpolar covalent
Greater than 0 up to 1.8 Polar covalent
Greater than 1.8 Ionic
21. • A polar covalent bond is one in which a
shared pair of electrons is held more closely
to one atom.
• A non-polar covalent bond is one in which
the electrons are shared equally.
22. • A dipole is a molecule or part of a molecule
that contains both positively and negatively
charged regions.
23. Example
• C and CL
»C = 2.5
»Cl = 3.0
• ΔEN= 3.0 – 2.5 = 0.5 (polar covalent)
• Mg and O
»Mg = 1.2
»O = 3.5
• ΔEN= 3.5 – 1.2 = 2.3 (ionic)
24. Molecular Polarity
• The polarity of a molecule (compound)
depends on two things.
• The polarity of the bonds.
• The shape of the molecule.
26. Metallic Bond
• Formed between atoms of metallic elements
• Electron cloud around atoms
• Good conductors at all states, lustrous, very
high melting points
• Examples; Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co
29. Metals Form Alloys
Metals do not combine with metals. They form
Alloys which is a solution of a metal in a metal.
Examples are steel, brass, bronze and pewter.
30. Practice
• Compute the mass of the following compounds
round to nearest tenth & state type of bond:
• NaCl;
• 23 + 35 = 58; Ionic Bond
• C2H6;
• 24 + 6 = 30; Covalent Bond
• Na(CO3)2;
• 23 + 2(12 + 3x16) = 123; Ionic & Covalent
