Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
The document discusses electrochemistry and electrolysis. It defines electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and explains how electrolytes can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous states through the movement of ions. Examples are given of electrolysis processes and how electrolysis can be used for metal extraction, purification, and electroplating.
1. The document discusses effective nuclear charge (Z*), which is the charge felt by outer electrons and increases across a period due to incomplete shielding by inner electrons. This explains trends in atomic properties like ionization energy.
2. Atomic size decreases across a period as Z* increases, making electrons more tightly bound. Size increases down a group as electrons are added to higher principal energy levels farther from the nucleus.
3. Ionization energy generally increases across a period and decreases down a group as Z* and size trends affect electron-nucleus attraction. This influences which elements form cations and which form anions.
Electrolysis is the process of using electric current to cause non-spontaneous chemical changes. During electrolysis, ions are discharged at the electrodes. The key factors that determine which ions are discharged include the position of ions in the electrochemical series, concentration of ions, and type of electrode. Electrolysis has important industrial applications such as electroplating, metal purification, and metal extraction.
This chapter discusses the nomenclature of inorganic compounds. It covers common and systematic naming of compounds, writing formulas from names of ionic compounds, and naming binary ionic compounds. The key points are:
- Common names are arbitrary while systematic names precisely identify chemical composition.
- Ions are named by changing the element name or using stock/classic prefixes depending on the charge. Formulas are written by balancing charges between cations and anions.
- Binary ionic compounds are named by identifying the cation and anion, including charge information for transition metals.
Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance by an electric current, where electrolytes carry current as ions in solution. During electrolysis, ions move to the electrodes and undergo oxidation or reduction reactions. At the cathode, electrons are gained and reduction occurs. At the anode, electrons are lost and oxidation occurs. The amount of substance deposited or gas produced can be calculated using Faraday's law, relating current, time, and moles of electrons in the electrode reactions.
The document discusses electrolytes, non-electrolytes, and electrochemistry concepts including:
- Electrolytes can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous solutions due to freely moving ions, while non-electrolytes cannot.
- During electrolysis of molten compounds, ions are discharged at the electrodes producing different products. Factors like concentration and position in the electrochemical series determine which ions are selectively discharged.
- In aqueous electrolysis, hydrogen and hydroxide ions are present in addition to the ions from the electrolyte. Selective discharge of ions depends on their position in the electrochemical series and concentration.
The document provides an overview of electrolysis, including what it is, how it works, and key factors that affect the products formed. Electrolysis is the separation of an ionic compound using direct current, where ions move to electrodes and gain or lose electrons. The type of electrolyte, position of ions in the electrochemical series, concentration of the solution, and type of electrodes used can impact what substances are produced during electrolysis.
This document discusses different types of chemical bonds including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding. It explains how ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals, resulting in ions. Covalent bonds form through the sharing of electron pairs between nonmetals. Metallic bonding occurs through the interaction of positively charged metal ions in a "sea" of delocalized electrons. The properties of compounds formed by different bonding types are also summarized.
The document discusses electrochemistry and electrolysis. It defines electrolytes and non-electrolytes, and explains how electrolytes can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous states through the movement of ions. Examples are given of electrolysis processes and how electrolysis can be used for metal extraction, purification, and electroplating.
1. The document discusses effective nuclear charge (Z*), which is the charge felt by outer electrons and increases across a period due to incomplete shielding by inner electrons. This explains trends in atomic properties like ionization energy.
2. Atomic size decreases across a period as Z* increases, making electrons more tightly bound. Size increases down a group as electrons are added to higher principal energy levels farther from the nucleus.
3. Ionization energy generally increases across a period and decreases down a group as Z* and size trends affect electron-nucleus attraction. This influences which elements form cations and which form anions.
Electrolysis is the process of using electric current to cause non-spontaneous chemical changes. During electrolysis, ions are discharged at the electrodes. The key factors that determine which ions are discharged include the position of ions in the electrochemical series, concentration of ions, and type of electrode. Electrolysis has important industrial applications such as electroplating, metal purification, and metal extraction.
This chapter discusses the nomenclature of inorganic compounds. It covers common and systematic naming of compounds, writing formulas from names of ionic compounds, and naming binary ionic compounds. The key points are:
- Common names are arbitrary while systematic names precisely identify chemical composition.
- Ions are named by changing the element name or using stock/classic prefixes depending on the charge. Formulas are written by balancing charges between cations and anions.
- Binary ionic compounds are named by identifying the cation and anion, including charge information for transition metals.
Electrolysis is the decomposition of a substance by an electric current, where electrolytes carry current as ions in solution. During electrolysis, ions move to the electrodes and undergo oxidation or reduction reactions. At the cathode, electrons are gained and reduction occurs. At the anode, electrons are lost and oxidation occurs. The amount of substance deposited or gas produced can be calculated using Faraday's law, relating current, time, and moles of electrons in the electrode reactions.
The document discusses electrolytes, non-electrolytes, and electrochemistry concepts including:
- Electrolytes can conduct electricity in molten or aqueous solutions due to freely moving ions, while non-electrolytes cannot.
- During electrolysis of molten compounds, ions are discharged at the electrodes producing different products. Factors like concentration and position in the electrochemical series determine which ions are selectively discharged.
- In aqueous electrolysis, hydrogen and hydroxide ions are present in addition to the ions from the electrolyte. Selective discharge of ions depends on their position in the electrochemical series and concentration.
The document provides an overview of electrolysis, including what it is, how it works, and key factors that affect the products formed. Electrolysis is the separation of an ionic compound using direct current, where ions move to electrodes and gain or lose electrons. The type of electrolyte, position of ions in the electrochemical series, concentration of the solution, and type of electrodes used can impact what substances are produced during electrolysis.
This document discusses different types of chemical bonds including ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding. It explains how ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals, resulting in ions. Covalent bonds form through the sharing of electron pairs between nonmetals. Metallic bonding occurs through the interaction of positively charged metal ions in a "sea" of delocalized electrons. The properties of compounds formed by different bonding types are also summarized.
Chemical Structure: Chemical Bonding. Molecular Orbitalsulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical and Physical Properties: Isotopes and Forensic Scienceulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical Structure: Chemical Bonding. Homonuclear Covalent Bondsulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical and Physical Properties: Practical Sessionulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical Structure: Chemical Bonding. Ionic, Metallic & Coordinate Bondsulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical Structure: Chemical Nomenclature. Inorganic Compoundsulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical and Physical Properties: Chemical vs. Physical Propertiesulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical Structure: Structure of Matter. Elements, Ions & Isotopes ulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
This document discusses various topics in thermochemistry including:
- Enthalpy changes in chemical reactions and how they are measured using calorimetry. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are explained.
- Hess's law, which states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the reaction pathway. It can be used to calculate enthalpy changes.
- Standard enthalpies of formation and how they allow calculation of enthalpy changes using Hess's law and bond dissociation enthalpies.
- Measuring enthalpy changes using bomb calorimetry and coffee cup calorimetry. Limitations of each method are discussed.
Chemical Structure: Chemical Bonding. Polar Bondsulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Organic Chemistry: Classification of Organic Compoundsulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Organic Chemistry: Classification of Organic Compounds: Seminarulcerd
This document discusses various organic functional groups including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, amines, amides, halogenoalkanes, nitriles, nitro compounds, and thiols. It provides examples of each functional group and discusses their classifications. Primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols and amines are defined. Common illegal and recreational drugs like amphetamines, aspirin, cannabis, LSD, cocaine, morphine, and codeine are analyzed in terms of their functional group components.
Analytics for http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk, Feb/March 2011ulcerd
The document summarizes website analytics for the forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk site from February 20, 2011 to March 21, 2011. It received 45 visits from 11 countries over this period. The majority of traffic came from search engines (53.33%) and referring sites (37.78%). The United Kingdom contributed the most visits (14) and had the highest average pages per visit (2.14) and average time on site (1 minute, 44 seconds). The overall bounce rate was 64.44% and 93.33% of visits were from new visitors.
This document summarizes different types of magnetism, including diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic. It discusses Curie's law and the Curie-Weiss law, which describe how magnetic susceptibility varies with temperature. The document also covers how to measure magnetic susceptibility using a Faraday balance or torsion balance, and how the magnetic behavior of different materials can be distinguished based on their magnetic susceptibility values and temperature dependence.
Chemical and Physical Properties: Radioactivity & Radioisotopes ulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical Structure: Chemical Bonding. Molecular Orbitalsulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical and Physical Properties: Isotopes and Forensic Scienceulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical Structure: Chemical Bonding. Homonuclear Covalent Bondsulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical and Physical Properties: Practical Sessionulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical Structure: Chemical Bonding. Ionic, Metallic & Coordinate Bondsulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical Structure: Chemical Nomenclature. Inorganic Compoundsulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical and Physical Properties: Chemical vs. Physical Propertiesulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical Structure: Structure of Matter. Elements, Ions & Isotopes ulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
This document discusses various topics in thermochemistry including:
- Enthalpy changes in chemical reactions and how they are measured using calorimetry. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are explained.
- Hess's law, which states that the enthalpy change of a reaction is independent of the reaction pathway. It can be used to calculate enthalpy changes.
- Standard enthalpies of formation and how they allow calculation of enthalpy changes using Hess's law and bond dissociation enthalpies.
- Measuring enthalpy changes using bomb calorimetry and coffee cup calorimetry. Limitations of each method are discussed.
Chemical Structure: Chemical Bonding. Polar Bondsulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Organic Chemistry: Classification of Organic Compoundsulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Organic Chemistry: Classification of Organic Compounds: Seminarulcerd
This document discusses various organic functional groups including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, amines, amides, halogenoalkanes, nitriles, nitro compounds, and thiols. It provides examples of each functional group and discusses their classifications. Primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols and amines are defined. Common illegal and recreational drugs like amphetamines, aspirin, cannabis, LSD, cocaine, morphine, and codeine are analyzed in terms of their functional group components.
Analytics for http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk, Feb/March 2011ulcerd
The document summarizes website analytics for the forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk site from February 20, 2011 to March 21, 2011. It received 45 visits from 11 countries over this period. The majority of traffic came from search engines (53.33%) and referring sites (37.78%). The United Kingdom contributed the most visits (14) and had the highest average pages per visit (2.14) and average time on site (1 minute, 44 seconds). The overall bounce rate was 64.44% and 93.33% of visits were from new visitors.
This document summarizes different types of magnetism, including diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic. It discusses Curie's law and the Curie-Weiss law, which describe how magnetic susceptibility varies with temperature. The document also covers how to measure magnetic susceptibility using a Faraday balance or torsion balance, and how the magnetic behavior of different materials can be distinguished based on their magnetic susceptibility values and temperature dependence.
Chemical and Physical Properties: Radioactivity & Radioisotopes ulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Chemical Structure: Structure of Matter. Atoms – the building blocks of matterulcerd
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
This document provides information on naming inorganic compounds, including:
- Cations are named after the metal, and transition metals include the charge in Roman numerals.
- Anions ending in "-ide" are named by replacing the ending with "-ide". Others ending in "-ate" or "-ite" indicate the number of oxygen atoms.
- Ionic compounds are named by combining the cation and anion names.
- Acids are named by adding prefixes like "hydro-" or suffixes like "-ic" or "-ous" depending on the anion.
Fuel cells generate electricity through an electrochemical reaction without combustion. They convert chemical energy stored in hydrogen fuel into electricity. Fuel cells were first demonstrated in 1839 and the first practical fuel cell was developed in 1959. Key parts include an anode, cathode, catalyst and electrolyte. Hydrogen ions pass through the electrolyte and electrons travel through an external circuit to generate electricity. Fuel cells have various applications and advantages like high efficiency and low emissions but also have disadvantages like high costs. Different types of fuel cells operate at different temperatures using different fuels and electrolytes.
The document provides an overview of electrochemistry concepts including:
- Reference electrodes like the standard hydrogen electrode and calomel electrode are used to measure electrode potentials.
- The electrochemical series arranges metals based on their electrode potentials and can predict displacement reactions and reaction spontaneity.
- The Nernst equation relates cell potential to standard potential and activity of products and reactants, allowing prediction of cell potential under non-standard conditions.
- Key applications of concepts like the electrochemical series, equilibrium constants, and Nernst equation include calculating standard cell potentials and determining reaction feasibility and direction.
I Hope You all like it very much. I wish it is beneficial for all of you and you can get enough knowledge from it. Clear and appropriate objectives, in terms of what the audience ought to feel, think, and do as a result of seeing the presentation. Objectives are realistic – and may be intermediate parts of a wider plan.
This document provides an overview of molecular spectroscopy. It discusses how spectroscopy involves observing the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. The electromagnetic spectrum is described, ranging from gamma rays to radio waves. Different regions of the spectrum excite molecules in different ways. Visible spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy are explained in detail. The Beer-Lambert law and how it allows for quantitative analysis is also summarized.
UV-visible spectroscopy involves using light in the UV-visible spectral region to analyze chemical substances. It works on the principle of Beer-Lambert's law, where absorbance is directly proportional to concentration and path length. Different functional groups and conjugated systems can absorb light at characteristic wavelengths. The technique is used for quantitative and qualitative analysis of samples through measurement of absorption spectra. It provides information about electronic transitions and molecular structure of compounds.
The document summarizes the key components and operation of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), also known as Grätzel cells. It describes how DSSCs work by using a sensitizing dye to absorb sunlight and generate excited electrons, which are then injected into a titanium dioxide semiconductor and collected via an electrolyte and cathode. The document also discusses research efforts to improve the efficiency of DSSCs beyond their current maximum of 12% by developing new dyes, electrolytes, and plastic hole conductors.
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY- Solved Model question paper,2017-18rashmi m rashmi
This document contains the solved question paper for Engineering Chemistry. It discusses several topics:
1. The derivation of the Nernst equation for single electrode potential and its relationship to Gibbs free energy.
2. Concentration cells and calculating concentrations from cell potential.
3. The construction and working of a methanol-oxygen fuel cell.
4. The construction, working, and applications of lithium-ion batteries.
5. Key battery characteristics like cell potential, capacity, and cycle life.
6. The construction and advantages of a calomel reference electrode.
UV/Visible spectroscopy involves electronic transitions that absorb light in the ultraviolet-visible region. There are several types of transitions including n→π*, π→π*, and σ→σ* transitions. The energy and wavelength of absorbed light depends on the difference between molecular orbital energies. Chromophores and auxochromes determine absorption properties, and solvents, concentration, and temperature can affect observed spectra. UV/Vis spectrometers contain a light source, monochromator, sample holder, and detector to measure absorption of light by a sample.
The document discusses the molecular structure of water. It explains that a water molecule is formed by two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together at an angle of 104.5 degrees. The polarity of the water molecule arises from oxygen's higher electronegativity which gives it a partial negative charge and the hydrogen atoms a partial positive charge. This polar nature is an important feature of water and causes it to have unique properties.
Introduction to electrochemistry by t. haraToru Hara
This document provides an introduction to electrochemistry. It discusses how electrochemistry involves the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy, as in primary batteries where a spontaneous reaction between zinc and copper electrodes produces a flow of electrons. It also discusses the reverse process of converting electrical energy to chemical energy, as in secondary batteries that can be recharged. Key concepts covered include oxidation, reduction, standard reduction potentials, anodes, cathodes, and how electrochemical cells work through balanced redox reactions while conserving mass and charge.
Introduction to electrochemistry by t. haraToru Hara
This document provides an introduction to electrochemistry. It discusses how electrochemistry involves the conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy, as in primary batteries where spontaneous redox reactions produce a flow of electrons. It also discusses the conversion of electrical energy to chemical energy, as in secondary batteries that can be recharged. Key concepts covered include redox reactions, oxidation and reduction half-reactions, standard reduction potentials, and how primary cells like the Daniell cell use differences in standard reduction potentials to generate electrical energy through spontaneous redox reactions.
This document provides an overview of electrochemistry. It begins by defining electrochemistry as the study of chemical reactions at the interface of an electrode and electrolyte involving the interaction of electrical and chemical changes. The document then discusses the history and founders of electrochemistry, including Faraday's two laws of electrolysis. It explains key concepts such as oxidation-reduction reactions, balancing redox equations, and the Nernst equation. The document also covers applications including batteries, corrosion, electrolysis, and branches of electrochemistry like bioelectrochemistry and nanoelectrochemistry.
Exploration Geology- Radioactive method of explorationsruthy sajeev
This document provides an overview of radioactive dating methods and radioactive detectors. It defines key terms like atoms, isotopes, alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma radiation. It describes the three main types of radioactive decay and how decay rates are used to date materials. Two common radioactive detectors, the Geiger-Muller counter and scintillation counter, are summarized. The GM counter detects beta radiation close up while the scintillation counter is more efficient for gamma rays and can be used from a distance or while mobile.
This document provides an overview of covalent bonding and Lewis dot structures. It begins with an introduction to covalent compounds and how covalent bonding occurs through the sharing of valence electrons between nonmetal atoms. Lewis dot structures are introduced as a way to represent covalent bonds using dots to represent valence electrons. The document then covers steps for drawing Lewis dot structures, including finding the total valence electrons, identifying the central atom, adding single bonds, and adding electrons to attain full octets. Examples of drawing Lewis structures for PCl3 and NH3 are shown. The document concludes with sections on exceptions to the octet rule and practice drawing Lewis diagrams.
Fuel cells convert chemical energy from hydrogen into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. A fuel cell has an anode, cathode, electrolyte, and catalyst. Hydrogen enters the anode and splits into protons and electrons. The protons pass through the electrolyte while the electrons power an external circuit. At the cathode, oxygen and the protons react to form water. Fuel cells have advantages like zero emissions and high efficiency but also disadvantages like high costs. Applications include portable power, transportation, and power distribution.
Similar to Chemical Structure: Chemical Bonding. Properties of Coordination Compounds (20)
EPrints Analytics - Forensic Chemistry OER Course site, Feb/March 2011ulcerd
This document summarizes webpage analytics for content from the Introductory Chemistry institutional repository from February 21 to March 21. It shows the number of pageviews and unique pageviews for each page, as well as average time on page, bounce rate, exit percentage, and cost index for the overall page and individual pages. The most visited page was /2366/ with 15 pageviews and 14 unique pageviews. The average time on page for all content was 53 seconds, with bounce and exit rates lower than the site average.
1. The document discusses moles, molar mass, molarity, and provides example calculations involving these concepts. Molarity is defined as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
2. The document then provides 21 practice problems calculating things like the number of moles or grams of various substances, the molarity of different solutions, and multi-step dilution problems.
3. Students are asked to use the concepts of moles, molar mass, and molarity to solve quantitative chemistry problems involving substances in solutions.
Calculations using standard enthalpies of formationulcerd
1. The document provides standard enthalpies of formation (ΔfH°) for various compounds and asks the reader to use these values to calculate the enthalpy change for 10 chemical reactions and processes.
2. It lists the standard enthalpies of formation for common compounds such as water, carbon dioxide, benzene, cyclohexane, calcium carbonate, quicklime, sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, ethanol, bromoethane and more.
3. The reader is to apply Hess's law and add or subtract the given standard enthalpies of formation to determine the enthalpy change for the 10 processes listed, such as the enthalpy of solution of hydrogen bromide gas and
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
Lecture materials for the Introductory Chemistry course for Forensic Scientists, University of Lincoln, UK. See http://forensicchemistry.lincoln.ac.uk/ for more details.
‘Pencils and Pixels’ is a learning resource aimed at helping you to improve your communication skills through drawing. An important part of the design process is to develop ideas from the imagination and share those ideas in the wider world. Whether you are having a conversation with yourself or with others, improving your drawing skills will help you to explain that most important of questions, ‘but what will it look like?
For more information and related videos, visit: http://pencilsandpixels.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/lessons/lesson-1/
‘Pencils and Pixels’ is a learning resource aimed at helping you to improve your communication skills through drawing. An important part of the design process is to develop ideas from the imagination and share those ideas in the wider world. Whether you are having a conversation with yourself or with others, improving your drawing skills will help you to explain that most important of questions, ‘but what will it look like?
For more information and related videos, visit: http://pencilsandpixels.blogs.lincoln.ac.uk/lessons/lesson-1/
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Chemical Structure: Chemical Bonding. Properties of Coordination Compounds
1. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Properties of Coordination Compounds University of Lincoln presentation
2. Coordination Compounds What is their main characteristic property? This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
3. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License A clue…
4. Nearly all coordination compounds are COLOURED This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
5. Breathalyzers This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
6. Presumptive tests for drugs This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License e.g. the Duquenois test for marijuana
7. Remember! Coordination compounds are the compounds of the transition metals (d block elements) Why are TM compounds coloured? This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
8. We need to look at the electronic configuration of the transition metals, to answer this question This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
9. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License [Ar] 4s 2 3d n Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 d 5 d 6 d 7 d 8 d 9 d 10 H Be Li Na K Rb Cs Fr Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra Sc Y La Ac Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Zr Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Pb Bi Po At Rn Xe Kr Ar Ne Sb Te I Ga Al Ge Si P S Cl As Se Br Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr He B C N O F Lanthanoids Actinoids
10. There are 5 d-orbitals This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License d yz d xy d xz d z 2 d x 2 y 2 Note change of axis
11. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Energy 1 s 2 s 3 s 2 p 3 p 3 d N = 1 N = 2 N = 3 Each orbital will hold 2 electrons d-orbitals can hold from 1 – 10 electrons
12. We get a clue as to how their colour arises, by considering zinc Zn = d 10 (completely FULL d-orbitals) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
13. Zinc (d 10 ) compounds are WHITE (not coloured!) This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License When d-orbitals are FULL there is no colour
14. COLOUR must have something to do with partially filled d-orbitals This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
15. Crystal Field Theory This theory explains why TM compounds are coloured This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
16. Crystal Field theory says… This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License “ In the ELEMENT, the d-orbitals are DEGENERATE (of the same energy) Each orbital will hold 2 electrons Energy 3 d
17. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License … But, in a COORDINATION COMPOUND, NOT all of the orbitals have the same energy” For example, in an octahedral coordination compound, the d-orbitals are split as follows: Energy
18. How does this help us to explain COLOUR ? This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
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21. Note: we haven’t changed the number of PAIRED electrons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
22. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ONE pair of electrons ONE pair of electrons Energy Energy
23. When an electron is promoted from a low energy level to a higher energy level, the process is called an ELECTRONIC TRANSITION This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
24. How do electronic transitions make compounds COLOURED ? This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
25. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License If the electron is going to jump from the lower level to the higher level, it has to ABSORB energy from visible light It needs to absorb an amount of energy = Energy
26. Electronic Spectrum – Visible light This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License LOW HIGH Energy
27. Whatever energy is absorbed, the remainder is TRANSMITTED It is the TRANSMITTED light that gives the compound its colour This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
28. For Example This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License TRANSMITTED LIGHT COLOUR of compound would be a mixture of these ABSORBED LIGHT
29. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License is large High energy is needed to promote electron: Blue end is absorbed Red end is transmitted is small Low energy is needed to promote electron: Red end is absorbed Blue end is transmitted Energy Energy
30. So, why are Zinc compounds white? This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License Because the orbitals are completely filled, there is no room for electronic transitions to take place NO COLOUR (WHITE) Energy
31. What happens if is so big, that electrons prefer to pair up in the lower level, and not jump up to the higher level? This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
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33. Consider the Fe 2+ octahedral complex, again This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License SMALL VERY LARGE Energy Energy
34. How does this affect the COLOUR ? This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
35. Extended Electronic Spectrum This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License ULTRA VIOLET INFRARED When is very large, the amount of energy required to promote an electron from the lower to the higher level is outside the visible range – hence the compound will appear WHITE
36. What other characteristic properties do the TM compounds display? This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
37. Look again at the Fe 2+ octahedral complex This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License The MAGNETIC properties of these two Fe 2+ compounds are very different Energy Energy
38. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License PARAMAGNETIC DIAMAGNETIC Energy Energy
39. This dual magnetic behaviour is another characteristic property of coordination compounds This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License
40. SUMMARY This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License